Search Results (169)

In March 2018, seismic events associated with rock salt mining in Maceió, northeastern Brazil, led to the emergency relocation of families from risk areas, resulting in increased companion animal abandonment. This study assessed the association between systematic monitoring and environmental education and the reduction in abandonment during these relocation processes. Between March 2018 and September 2020, 567 animals were recorded in affected households, of which only 245 (43.2%) were relocated with their guardians. In response, the Integra Animal Project was implemented, integrating environmental education, continuous monitoring, sanitary management, and population control. By December 2024, 2559 households and 6673 animals had been monitored. A substantial reduction in abandonment and escape rates was observed over time, with abandonment decreasing from 56.8% to 5.45%. Cats showed significantly higher escape rates than dogs (chi-square test). These findings suggest that integrated strategies combining monitoring and environmental education are associated with improved animal retention during disaster-driven relocation, supporting their relevance for animal welfare, public health, and One Health approaches. Full article

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is a leading cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in companion animals. This study characterized 42 UPEC isolates recovered from dogs and cats at the University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine Diagnostic Laboratories between 2023 and 2024, focusing on antimicrobial resistance (AMR), virulence gene profiles, biofilm-forming ability, and phylogroup distribution of the isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) showed that 40.48% of the isolates were resistant to at least one of the tested antibiotics, and 9.52% exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR). Phylogroup B2 was predominant (69.05%), and 61.90% of isolates demonstrated strong biofilm formation in artificial human urine. Virulence gene analysis revealed the presence of genes mediating adhesion (fim, pap, sfa), iron acquisition (fyuA, iro), biofilm formation (csg, bcs, pga, ycg/ymg), motility (fli, mot, flh), and stress response (oxyR, soxR/S, kat). Multiple plasmids carrying AMR and virulence determinants were also identified. The co-occurrence of the traits underscores the potential for persistent and recurrent infections, which can complicate therapeutic outcomes and facilitate horizontal gene transfer (HGT). The detection of antimicrobial-resistant, highly virulent UPEC strains possessing human UPEC traits in companion animals suggests the risk of zoonotic and reverse-zoonotic transmission, particularly in households with close pet–owner interactions. These findings emphasize the importance of judicious antimicrobial use, routine molecular surveillance, and integrated One Health strategies to mitigate the veterinary and public health threats associated with UPEC infections in companion animals. Full article

Background/Objectives: The potential role of domestic animals in DNA transfer, persistence, prevalence and recovery (TPPR) warrants careful consideration in forensic contexts. This mini narrative review aims to provide an updated overview of human DNA transfer involving household dogs and cats as vectors, to clarify their forensic relevance, and to identify key considerations for the design of future experimental research. Methods: A narrative review was conducted using multiple electronic databases as search engines without restriction related to the timing of publication. Results: Experimental evidence shows that dogs and cats readily acquire human DNA following even brief contact, acting as reservoirs for primary DNA transfer. Once acquired, human DNA can be redistributed via secondary transfer to a wide range of substrates, such as gloved hands, vehicle interiors, clothing, and surfaces. Moreover, multi-step and higher-order transfer events have been documented, highlighting the complexity of DNA transfer involving household animals. Conclusions: The sampling on pets may be included in certain scenarios and may contribute to building a Bayesian network together with the experimental data. To deal with uncertainty during probability assignment, more experimental data, especially addressing the main variables impacting DNA TPPR involving pets, should be generated and are highly needed to assist in activity level evaluation. Full article

The rapid increase in companion animal ownership has intensified the demand for innovative tools that support animal health and overall welfare. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI), particularly machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), has emerged as a promising approach in veterinary medicine. However, its application beyond clinical diagnostics, especially in behaviour and personality assessment, remains fragmented and insufficiently integrated into routine practice. This systematic review aims to synthesise current knowledge on AI-based applications in companion animal care, with a focus on behavioural monitoring, personality prediction, and welfare-related challenges. Following PRISMA guidelines, a structured literature search was conducted in the Scopus and PubMed databases from 2020 to 2025. In addition, grey literature sources were searched to capture relevant non-peer-reviewed data. A total of 115 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. Eligibility criteria included studies applying AI methods (machine learning or deep learning) to companion animals (dogs, cats, and exotic pets), while studies on humans, farm animals, or without AI methods were excluded. Due to the heterogeneity of included studies, no formal risk of bias assessment was performed, and results were synthesised narratively. The findings indicate that AI applications are most advanced in diagnostic imaging and clinical decision support, where data availability and methodological maturity are highest. In contrast, AI-based approaches for behaviour and personality prediction remain limited, particularly in cats and exotic companion animals, largely due to small, heterogeneous datasets, potential bias, and a lack of external validation. Emerging technologies such as wearable sensors, computer vision, and multimodal data integration demonstrate substantial potential for continuous behavioural monitoring and early detection of welfare-related issues in real household environments. Nevertheless, significant challenges persist, including data heterogeneity, limited model explainability, ethical considerations, and the absence of regulatory frameworks specifically addressing AI-based veterinary applications. Overall, this review highlights a substantial gap between the technical potential of AI and its current readiness for widespread application in companion animal behaviour and welfare assessment. Future research should prioritise large-scale and standardised data collection, cross-species validation, and interdisciplinary collaboration to ensure that AI-driven tools effectively support veterinary decision-making, animal welfare, and the well-being of owners. Full article

Animal poisoning remains an underreported public health and veterinary concern in many low- and middle-income countries where comprehensive surveillance systems are limited. This study was initiated to describe the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of animal poisoning cases reported to a national poison center in Thailand over a 10-year period. We performed a retrospective review of cases recorded in the Ramathibodi Poison Center Toxic Exposure Surveillance System between 2015 and 2024. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize species distribution, exposure categories, clinical signs, treatment, and outcomes, and comparisons were conducted to identify factors associated with mortality. A total of 118 poisoning cases were identified, with annual numbers increasing over time. Companion animals accounted for most exposures (93.2%), particularly dogs. Pesticides were the most common toxic agents, followed by household products, pharmaceuticals, and plant toxins. Neurological signs were the predominant clinical presentation. Respiratory compromise and neurological involvement at presentation were significantly associated with mortality. Overall survival was 88.1%. Fatalities were mainly linked to exposure to highly toxic pesticides or plants, including confirmed cassava-associated cyanide poisoning in elephants. This study highlights preventable environmental toxic risks affecting animals in Thailand and demonstrates the value of centralized poison surveillance. Strengthening pesticide safety practices and integrating veterinary toxicology into broader public health monitoring may reduce avoidable poisonings within shared human–animal environments. Full article

Background: Rabies remains a neglected zoonotic disease in South Africa, particularly in rural areas where surveillance weaknesses, behavioral gaps, and limited One Health coordination persist. Objectives: This study assessed rabies surveillance, behavioral risk factors, and system responsiveness in two rural Eastern Cape communities, with a focus on post-pandemic resilience within a One Health framework. Methods: A cross-sectional, community-based pilot study was conducted among 109 residents using structured questionnaires to collect data on demographics, rabies awareness, vaccination practices, and service disruptions. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses identified predictors of dog-bite exposure and pet vaccination. Machine learning models (Decision Tree and Random Forest) were applied to explore risk hierarchies. A composite Surveillance Gap Index (SGI) was developed to integrate behavioral and systemic indicators. Results: While 88% of participants were aware of rabies, only 35% attended awareness campaigns. Dog-bite exposure affected 51% of households, with significantly higher risk among males (aOR = 4.33; p = 0.003). Education was positively associated with pet vaccination (aOR = 1.78). Despite 45% reporting COVID-19 disruptions, communities maintained high post-pandemic vaccination coverage (85.7%). Predictive models (AUC = 0.82–0.86) identified education, gender, awareness, and distance as key risk drivers. Conclusions: Integrating behavioral insights and predictive analytics into One Health strategies can strengthen rabies surveillance and support progress toward eliminating human rabies by 2030. Full article

Background and Clinical Significance: Fatal attacks by domestic dogs, particularly against familiar owners, are rare but represent a significant forensic and public health concern. Understanding the dynamics and forensic features distinguishing predatory aggression from postmortem scavenging is essential, especially when cases involve large breeds and vulnerable individuals, such as the elderly. Case Presentation: An 82-year-old man was found dead in his home, presenting extensive mutilation of the head and neck. He lived with his daughter and her four-year-old male German Shepherd. The dog exhibited blood and tissue residues on its mouth, forelimbs, and abdomen. Autopsy findings indicated death due to hemorrhagic shock from deep cervical and facial vessel lacerations. There were no defense wounds or classic bite marks; however, massive excision of musculocutaneous tissue from the neck to the scalp suggested active predation rather than postmortem scavenging. The facial and cervical soft tissues were completely avulsed, exposing deep anatomical structures and causing the loss of the right eye and dental elements. No signs of third-party involvement, intrusion, or external aggression were identified, and the dog appeared healthy and unrestrained. Conclusions: The findings support the theory of a fatal attack by the household German Shepherd occurring shortly after the victim’s meal. This case underscores the potential for lethal aggression in domestic dogs toward familiar humans, even in the absence of provocation or prior behavioral concerns. It highlights the importance of awareness and preventive measures when managing large, powerful dog breeds in environments with elderly or otherwise vulnerable individuals. Full article

Understanding the relationship between dogs and their guardians provides insight into the role that animals occupy within households and families and, by extension, within society. This perspective offers essential elements for informing policies and practices that affect outcomes in Public Health and animal welfare. This study aimed to comprehensively examine guardians’ perceptions, including expectations, meanings, and social roles attributed to dogs, in a municipality in Brazil. We conducted a qualitative and descriptive investigation grounded in Social Constructionism and Laurence Bardin’s Content Analysis, based on 40 semi-structured interviews. The findings indicate that guardians frequently describe dogs as “family members,” “sources of joy,” “companions,” or even a form of “therapy,” underscoring strong emotional bonds and noteworthy psychosocial benefits. At the same time, the interviews revealed neutral or negative perceptions of this relationship, as well as expressions of grief following the loss of an animal and indignation toward situations of mistreatment. Taken together, the results suggest that although dogs are widely viewed in a positive light and often regarded as family members, divergent understandings of their value and roles persist, reflecting cultural tensions that influence both human and animal well-being. Full article

Pet health insurance can reduce the financial burden of veterinary care and ensure adequate treatment for companion animals. In France, where 67% of households own at least one pet and 68% of owners consider them family members, awareness of pet insurance reaches 94%, yet only around 5–6% of pets are insured. This review aims to provide an overview of the French pet health insurance market, analysing its structure, coverage options, and potential implications for veterinary practice. A literature review was conducted using French and English sources, complemented by simulated price quotes from major insurance companies for four virtual pets (two dogs and two cats). The analysis compared 11 major French pet insurance providers across criteria such as species covered, waiting periods, age limits, coverage rates, reimbursement mechanisms, and preventive care benefits. The results reveal significant variability in coverage options, preventive care allowances, and reimbursement procedures. Across providers, simulated annual premiums for the virtual pets ranged from EUR 71.76 to EUR 1426.44, with reimbursement rates of 50–100% and annual caps of EUR 763–2500. It can be concluded that pet insurance may help owners manage unexpected veterinary costs and encourage preventive care. However, subscription rates remain low due to limited understanding of insurance plans and perceived high costs. Wider adoption of pet insurance could improve access to care and ensure fair remuneration for veterinarians. Full article

Raw meat-based diets (RMBDs) have become increasingly popular among pet owners, despite well-documented risks of contamination with pathogenic bacteria capable of causing severe illness in companion animals. This report describes a fatal case of botulism in a 3-year-old female Labrador Retriever weighing 37 kg that was fed exclusively RMBD. The dog presented with acute-onset flaccid paralysis of the limbs approximately 48 h after possible ingestion of decomposing raw meat discarded in household waste. Supportive therapy, including fluid administration, nutritional support and eventual mechanical ventilation was provided. However, the patient developed progressive respiratory failure and died. The presence of Clostridium botulinum type C neurotoxin was confirmed in the dog serum by neutralization test in mice. The case suggests RMBD as a potential source of botulism toxins, particularly when derived from improperly stored meat products. The findings underscore the importance of detailed dietary history in dogs presenting with acute flaccid paralysis and reinforce the need for heightened awareness regarding the microbiological risks associated with raw feeding practices. Full article

Salmonella is a Gram-negative enteric bacterium responsible for the foodborne and waterborne disease salmonellosis, which was the second most reported foodborne gastrointestinal infection in humans in the European Union in 2023. Animals represent the principal reservoir of this pathogen, with animal-derived food products serving as the main route of transmission to humans. In a household context, having numerous animals can be a crucial factor for contracting Salmonella spp. infection. In the present study, we report a case of a familiar outbreak of Salmonella Thompson that occurred in 2024 in central Italy, involving an infant and the companion animals (a dog, a cat and ten birds) of the family’s farm. To support the epidemiological investigations, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) were conducted on strains from the human case and from animals. Eleven strains were isolated in total, from fecal samples collected from the child and the animals at different times. WGS confirmed the genetic relatedness between human and animal isolates, supporting the hypothesis of a shared source of infection, but genes or plasmid involved in antibiotic resistance were not found. Moreover, AST revealed that isolates were fully susceptible to major antimicrobial classes tested. Despite being an uncommon serotype, the involved Salmonella Thompson serovar 6,7: k:1,5 O:7 (C1) demonstrated a high pathogenic potential, emphasizing the need for vigilance even toward serotypes not typically associated with major public health concerns. Moreover, these findings underscore the critical need for an integrated One Health approach to effectively monitor, prevent, and control zoonotic infections. Full article

Does the head tilt observed in many domesticated dogs index lateralized language processing? To answer this question, the present study evaluated household dogs responding to four conditions in which owners provided an increasing number of communicative cues. These cues ranged from no communicative/affective cues to rich affective cues coupled with dog-directed speech. Dogs’ facial responses were first coded manually using the Dog Facial Action Coding System (DogFACS), followed by an in-depth investigation of head tilt behavior, in which AI-based automated analysis of head tilt and audio analysis of acoustic features extracted from communicative cues were implemented. In a sample of 103 dogs representing seven breed groups and mixed-breed dogs, we found significant differences in the number of head tilts occurring between conditions, with the most communicative (last) condition eliciting the most head tilts. There were also significant differences in the direction of the head tilts and between sex groups. Dogs were more likely to tilt their heads to the right, and neutered male dogs were more likely to tilt their heads than spayed female dogs. The right-tilt bias is consistent with left-hemisphere language processing in humans, with males processing language in a more lateralized manner, and females processing language more bilaterally—a pattern also observed in humans. Understanding the canine brain is important to both evolutionary research through a comparative lens, and in understanding our interspecies relationship. Full article

The environmental impact of companion animals has received little scientific attention compared to that of livestock, even though the global dog population is rapidly increasing, particularly in urban areas. This review addresses the overlooked contribution of dogs to environmental emissions, focusing on feces, urine, packaging waste, and other care-related by-products. The current knowledge from livestock research provides useful analogies for understanding nutrient excretion and gaseous emissions from dog feces, and data on nitrogen and phosphorus inputs highlight their potential to pollute soil and water. We also examine the role of plastic waste from food packaging, waste bags, and accessories, which can degrade into microplastics, and discuss recent developments in biodegradable materials. Evidence shows that owner choices—such as diet composition, protein sources, and product selection—directly affect the environmental pawprint of dogs. Mitigation strategies include optimizing diets to reduce nutrient excretion, applying feed additives developed for livestock, and improving waste management through composting or the use of emission-reducing amendments. In conclusion, dogs should no longer be viewed merely as individual household companions but as a population with a measurable environmental pawprint. Including dogs in emission reporting systems would provide a more accurate basis for mitigation policies and sustainable urban planning. Full article

The C-BARQ familiar dog aggression (FDA) subscale contains four items relating to threatening responses towards familiar dogs in the same household (i.e., dog rivalry). In a recent study, we noticed that 92 of 157 guardians who owned only one dog completed the FDA items, generating an unexpected score. We followed up with participants to explore whether lifestyle factors influenced their completion of the FDA items. Singleton dogs with FDA scores were more likely to regularly participate in social activities with other dogs, with many scores based on such interactions with non-household dogs. The singleton dogs with FDA scores also had marginally lower fear-related C-BARQ scores compared to singletons with no FDA score and dogs living in multi-dog households. We then conducted a scoping review of articles using English versions of the C-BARQ and found wide variation in whether or not FDA scores were reported. Studies that reported significant FDA findings often did not indicate the proportion of scores in their data that came from singleton dogs, raising issues of accuracy and interpretation of the subscale. We discuss ways to clarify the interpretation of the FDA questions by dog guardians and hope to promote further consideration of practices to improve replicability across studies. Full article

Enterocytozoon bieneusi (E. bieneusi) is a globally distributed microsporidian that infects both humans and animals. However, reports on its occurrence in free-ranging sheep and domestic dogs from rural areas are limited. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence and genotype distribution of E. bieneusi among freely grazing sheep and household dogs in the Hinggan Mountain region of China. A total of 235 fecal samples were collected, consisting of 95 from sheep and 140 from dogs, and screened for E. bieneusi by nested PCR targeting the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) within the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene. The total infection rate of E. bieneusi amounted to 3.0% (7/235), with sheep exhibiting a rate of 5.3% (5/95) and dogs demonstrating a rate of 1.4% (2/140). Sequence analysis identified two known genotypes in sheep (BEB6 and NESH4, both within phylogenetic group 2) and one known genotype in dogs (CHN-F1, phylogenetic group 1), with CHN-F1 being reported in dogs for the first time. Importantly, the detection of BEB6, a genotype previously associated with human infection, suggests that sheep could act as a potential reservoir contributing to zoonotic transmission and environmental contamination. These findings expand knowledge of the genotype spectrum of E. bieneusi in rural animal populations and provide evidence of possible cross-species transmission between humans and the surveyed animals in the region. Full article