Search Results (12)

Sustainable transport management (STM) has become an increasingly important issue in recent years, as cities have faced growing traffic congestion, air pollution, and other transport-related challenges. Travel time (TT) represents one of the critical determinants of Quality of Service (QoS) and user satisfaction in public passenger transport (PPT). TT extends beyond in-vehicle duration and encompasses a sequence of temporal components, including access, waiting, transfer, and egress times. TT reflects the complexity of an integrated passenger transport system (IPTS), where users experience transport services as a door-to-door journey rather than isolated trips. This article analyses the TT within IPTSs through the lens of European quality standards EN 13816 and EN 15140 for PPT. Standard EN 13816 provides a normative framework for defining TT as a key QoS criterion reflecting user expectations and a user-oriented perspective, while standard EN 15140 operationalises this framework by specifying methodological requirements for the measurement and evaluation of the delivered TT quality at system-level performance objectives. This research highlights a structural gap between the conceptualisation of TT as a door-to-door journey, a user-oriented phenomenon, and its measurement through fragmented, mode-specific performance metrics. It limits the ability of transport authorities and operators to accurately evaluate the QoS and to design efficient urban mobility (UM) systems. Full article

As a higher-layer protocol over a controller area network (CAN) or CAN with a flexible data-rate bus, Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) J1939 has been widely adopted in commercial vehicles. Although it supports advanced diagnostics, complex data transmission, and network management in harsh environments, SAE J1939 lacks native authentication mechanisms. Consequently, in-vehicle communication remains vulnerable to replay, spoofing, and injection attacks. In practice, deploying a Security-designated Electronic Control Unit (SeCU) is often deemed necessary to provide robust authentication, as generating and distributing session keys is essential. However, this introduces a single point of failure and renders the SeCU a high-value target for attackers. To address these issues, we propose J1939-ADBE, an authentication and key-distribution scheme that operates without a centralized SeCU. The scheme is built on Authenticated Distributed Broadcast Encryption (ADBE), a tightly integrated construction that augments distributed broadcast encryption with publicly verifiable sender authentication in a shared bilinear setting. By leveraging ADBE, we eliminate the requirement for a SeCU while achieving the desired security goals. Using the Tamarin Prover, we formally verify in the Dolev–Yao model that J1939-ADBE satisfies injective agreement, session secrecy, known-key security, and forward secrecy. Furthermore, the broadcast nature of ADBE reduces the communication cost of key distribution from $\mathcal{O}\left(n\right)$ to $\mathcal{O}\left(\right|\mathcal{G}\left|\right)$, where n denotes the number of Electronic Control Units (ECUs) and $\left|\mathcal{G}\right|$ denotes the number of ECU logical groups. Experimental results show that our proposal is practical for authentication within SAE J1939 networks. Full article

The convergence of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) and the Internet of Things (IoT) is giving rise to the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), a key enabler of next-generation intelligent transportation systems. This survey provides a comprehensive analysis of the architectural, communication, and computing foundations that support VANET–IoT integration. We examine the roles of cloud, edge, and in-vehicle computing, and compare major V2X and IoT communication technologies, including DSRC, C-V2X, MQTT, and CoAP. The survey highlights how sensing, communication, and distributed intelligence interact to support applications such as collision avoidance, cooperative perception, and smart traffic management. We identify four central challenges—security, scalability, interoperability, and energy constraints—and discuss how these issues shape system design across the network stack. In addition, we review emerging directions including 6G-enabled joint communication and sensing, reconfigurable surfaces, digital twins, and quantum-assisted optimization. The survey concludes by outlining open research questions and providing guidance for the development of reliable, efficient, and secure VANET–IoT systems capable of supporting future transportation networks. Full article

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from automotive interior materials and exchanged with external air seriously compromise cabin air quality and pose health risks to occupants. Electronic noses (E-noses) based on metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) sensor arrays provide an efficient, real-time solution for in-vehicle gas monitoring. This review examines the use of SnO₂-, ZnO-, and TiO₂-based MEMS sensor arrays for this purpose. The sensing mechanisms, performance characteristics, and current limitations of these core materials are critically analyzed. Key MEMS fabrication techniques, including magnetron sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, and atomic layer deposition, are presented. Commonly employed pattern recognition algorithms—principal component analysis (PCA), support vector machines (SVM), and artificial neural networks (ANN)—are evaluated in terms of principle and effectiveness. Recent advances in low-power, portable E-nose systems for detecting formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, and other target analytes inside vehicles are highlighted. Future directions, including circuit–algorithm co-optimization, enhanced portability, and neuromorphic computing integration, are discussed. MOS MEMS E-noses effectively overcome the drawbacks of conventional analytical methods and are poised for widespread adoption in automotive air-quality management. Full article

With the rapid development of vehicle electronic communication technology, in-vehicle bus network system communicates with external electronic devices such as mobile phones and OBD II, causing in-vehicle bus networks to face severe network security threats. This study aims to explore the security scheme of in-vehicle bus networks based on a key management system to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, authenticity, and availability of vehicle communication, and innovatively propose a key management system. This key management system uses data encryption and signature algorithms based on the elliptic curve cryptographic domain, which is mainly composed of key generation and key distribution modules. By designing a key life cycle management strategy for In-Vehicle Ethernet and using the digital envelope technique, data encryption and digital signatures are combined to ensure the secure generation and distribution of keys. Experimental simulation results show that the session key negotiation speed of the proposed key management system for In-Vehicle Ethernet in this study is 1.533 ms, which improves the speed by 80.5% compared with the traditional key management system. The key management system proposed in this study improves the real-time information processing efficiency in In-Vehicle Ethernet and lays a solid foundation for the stable development of intelligent connected vehicles. Full article

At present, many network applications are seeking to implement Time-Sensitive Network (TSN) technology, which not only furnishes communication transmission services that are deterministic, low-latency, highly dependable, and have ample bandwidth, but also enables unified configuration management, permitting different network types to function under a single management system. These characteristics enable it to be widely used in many fields such as industrial sensor and actuator networks, in-vehicle networks, data center networks, and edge computing. Nonetheless, TSN’s configuration management faces numerous difficulties and challenges related to network deployment, automated operation, and maintenance, as well as real-time and safety assurance, rendering it exceedingly intricate. In recent years, some studies have been conducted on TSN configuration management, encompassing various aspects such as system design, key technologies for configuration management, protocol enhancement, and application development. Nevertheless, there is a dearth of systematic summaries of these studies. Hence, this article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of TSN configuration management. Drawing upon more than 70 relevant publications and the pertinent standards established by the IEEE 802.1 TSN working group, we first introduce the system architecture of TSN configuration management from a macro perspective and then explore specific technical details. Additionally, we demonstrate its application scenarios through practical cases and finally highlight the challenges and future research directions. We aspire to provide a comprehensive reference for peers and new researchers interested in TSN configuration management. Full article

While research in the field of automotive systems inclined in the past years towards technologies such as Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) or Connected and Automated Vehicle (CAV), the underlying system security still plays a crucial role in assuring trust and system safety. The work at hand tackles the issue of automotive system security by designing a multi-service security system specially tailored for in-vehicle networks. The proposed trusted security services leverage Trusted Platform Module (TPM) to store secrets and manage and exchange cryptographic keys. To showcase how security services can be implemented in a in-vehicle network, a Reference TestBed (RTB) was developed. In the RTB, encryption and authentication keys are periodically exchanged, data is sent authenticated, the network is monitored by a Stateful Firewall and Intrusion Detection System (SF/IDS), and security events are logged and reported. A formal individual and multi-protocol analysis was conducted to demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed services from a theoretical point of view. Two distinct scenarios were considered to present the workflow and interaction between the proposed services. Lastly, performance measurements on the reference hardware are provided. Full article

With the rapid development of the Internet of Vehicles, the increase in vehicle functional requirements has led to the continuous increase in complex electronic systems, and the in-vehicle network is extremely vulnerable to network attacks. The controller area network (CAN) bus is the most representative in-vehicle bus technology in intra-vehicular networks (IVNs) for its flexibility. Although the current framework to protect the safety of CAN has been proposed, the safety communication mechanism between electronic control units (ECUs) in the vehicle network is still weak. A large number of communication protocols focus on the addition of safety mechanisms, and there is a lack of general protocol formal modeling and security assessment. In addition, many protocols are designed without considering key updates and transmission, ECUs maintenance, etc. In this work, we propose an efficient in-vehicle authentication and key transmission scheme. This scheme is a certificateless framework based on identity cryptography, which can not only ensure the security of the in-vehicle network but also meet the real-time requirements between ECUs. Moreover, this scheme can reduce the complexity of key management for centralized key generators. To evaluate the security of this scheme, we adopt a protocol model detection method based on the combination of the colored Petri net (CPN) and the Dolev–Yao attack model to formally evaluate the proposed protocol. The evaluation results show that the proposed scheme can effectively prevent three types of man-in-the-middle attacks. Full article

Automotive cyber-physical systems are in transition from the closed-systems to open-networking systems. As a result, in-vehicle networks such as the controller area network (CAN) have become essential to connect to inter-vehicle networks through the various rich interfaces. Newly exposed security concerns derived from this requirement may cause in-vehicle networks to pose threats to automotive security and driver’s safety. In this paper, to ensure a high level of security of the in-vehicle network for automotive CPS, we propose a novel lightweight and practical cyber defense platform, referred to as CANon (CAN with origin authentication and non-repudiation), to be enabled to detect cyber-attacks in real-time. CANon is designed based on the hierarchical approach of centralized-session management and distributed-origin authentication. In the former, a gateway node manages each initialization vector and session of origin-centric groups consisting of two more sending and receiving nodes. In the latter, the receiving nodes belonging to the given origin-centric group individually perform the symmetric key-based detection against cyber-attacks by verifying each message received from the sending node, namely origin authentication, in real-time. To improve the control security, CANon employs a one-time local key selected from a sequential hash chain (SHC) for authentication of an origin node in a distributed mode and exploits the iterative hash operations with randomness. Since the SHC can constantly generate and consume hash values regardless of their memory capacities, it is very effective for resource-limited nodes for in-vehicle networks. In addition, through implicit key synchronization within a given group, CANon addresses the challenges of a key exposure problem and a complex key distribution mechanism when performing symmetric key-based authentication. To achieve lightweight cyber-attack detection without imposing an additive load on CAN, CANon uses a keyed-message authentication code (KMAC) activated within a given group. The detection performance of CANon is evaluated under an actual node of Freescale S12XF and virtual nodes operating on the well-known CANoe tool. It is seen that the detection rate of CANon against brute-force and replay attacks reaches 100% when the length of KMAC is over 16 bits. It demonstrates that CANon ensures high security and is sufficient to operate in real-time even on low-performance ECUs. Moreover, CANon based on several software modules operates without an additive hardware security module at an upper layer of the CAN protocol and can be directly ported to CAN-FD (CAN with Flexible Data rate) so that it achieves the practical cyber defense platform. Full article

In both the industrial and scientific fields, the need for very high-resolution cartographic data is constantly increasing. With the aging of offshore subsea assets, it is very important to plan and maintain the longevity of structures, equipment, and systems. Inspection, maintenance, and repair (IMR) of subsea structures are key components of an overall integrity management system that aims to reduce the risk of failure and extend the life of installations. The acquisition of very detailed data during the inspection phase is a technological challenge, especially since offshore installations are sometimes deployed in extreme conditions (e.g., depth, hydrodynamics, visibility). After a review of high resolution mapping techniques for underwater environment, this article will focus on optical sensors that can satisfy the requirements of the offshore industry by assessing their relevance and degree of maturity. These requirements concern the resolution and accuracy but also cost, ease of implementation, and qualification. With the evolution of embedded computing resources, in-vehicle optical survey solutions are becoming increasingly important in the landscape of large-scale mapping solutions and more and more off-the-shelf systems are now available. The issues raised in this review are mainly related to the qualification of the results produced by optical systems and their limitations to cover all the needs expressed by the oil and gas industry field. Interesting qualification works of these solutions are presented in this paper as well as the use of online processing tools such as visual odometry or VSLAM to guide the data acquisition and pre-qualified survey. Finally, it seems interesting to combine acoustic and optical technologies in order to extend the field of application of these methods to low visibility conditions, which remains one of the main limiting factors in the generalization of the use of optical sensors in high resolution underwater cartography applications. Full article

The intelligentization and connectedness of vehicles make vehicle cybersecurity an important research topic. In-vehicle key management is a critical function in vehicle cybersecurity countermeasures. After describing previous research on vehicle key management and the development trend of vehicle network architecture, a key management scheme for in-vehicle multi-layer electronic control units (ECUs) is proposed. The scheme is based on authenticated key exchange protocol 2 (AKEP2) and on-the-air (OTA) technology. Then, the key storage and trusted key usage based on secure hardware are analyzed and studied. Moreover, the AES Counter with CBC-MAC (AES-CCM) algorithm, which uses fewer keys, is introduced to in-vehicle secure communication. The simulation analysis for the proposed OTA-based key update protocol verifies the protocol’s security. The validity of the hardware-based trusted key usage environment and the feasibility of the AES-CCM algorithm for the CAN FD bus are proven with corresponding experiments. Full article

A Multi-Source Electric Vehicle Charging Station (MS-EVCS) is a local entity that combines the grid energy with Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) with the aim of reducing the grid impact due to electric vehicles (EVs) charging events. The integration of stationary and in-vehicle Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) in MS-EVCSs has gained increasing interest thanks to the possibility of storing energy at off-peak hours to be made available at peak-hours. However, the ESS technology and the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) concept show several issues due to cost, battery life cycle, reliability, and management. The design of the MS-EVCS energy management system is of primary importance to guarantee the optimal usage of the available resources and to enhance the system benefits. This study presents a novel energy management strategy for Real-Time (RT) control of MS-EVCS considering DERs, stationary ESS, and V2G. The proposed energy management control allows defining the MS-EVCS control policy solving several cascaded-problems with the aim of achieving the minimum operating cost when the battery degradation and the stochastic nature of the sources are considered. The key feature of the proposed methodology is the lower computational effort with respect to traditional optimal control methodologies while achieving the same optimal solution. Full article