Search Results (835)

Objectives: To systematically review and analyze electronic systems in competitive motorcycles (2020-2025), examining their technical specifications, performance impacts, and technological evolution across MotoGP, World Superbike (WSBK), MotoE, British Superbike (BSB), and Spanish Championship (ESBK) categories. Eligibility criteria: Included studies reporting technical specifications or performance data of electronic systems in professional motorcycle racing, published between January 2020 and December 2025 in English, Spanish, Italian, or Japanese. Excluded: opinion pieces, amateur racing, and studies without quantitative data. Information sources: IEEE Xplore, SAE Technical Papers, Web of Science, Scopus, and specialized motorsport databases were searched through December 15, 2025. Risk of bias: Modified Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for experimental studies and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for observational studies. Synthesis of results: Synthesis of results: Random-effects meta-analysis using DerSimonian-Laird method for homogeneous outcomes; narrative synthesis for heterogeneous data. The complete PRISMA 2020 checklist is provided in Appendix . Included studies: 87 studies met inclusion criteria (52 experimental, 38 simulation, 23 technical descriptions, 14 comparative analyses). Electronic systems were categorized into six domains: Engine Control Units (ECU, 28 studies, 22%), Vehicle Dynamics (23 studies, 18%), Traction Control (19 studies, 15%), Data Acquisition (21 studies, 17%), Braking Systems (18 studies, 14%), and Emerging Technologies (18 studies, 14%). Note that studies could address multiple domains. Limitations of evidence: Proprietary restrictions limited access to 31% of technical details; 43% lacked cross-category comparisons. Interpretation: Electronic systems are primary performance differentiators, with computational power following Moore’s Law. Future developments point toward distributed architectures and 5G telemetry. Funding: This project has been funded by the R&D programme with reference TEC-2024/TEC-62 and acronym iRoboCity2030-CM, granted by the Comunidad de Madrid through the Dirección General de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Orden 5696/2024. Full article

This study is guided by the pivotal yet underexplored question, “How does the resilience developed through the motherhood experience, particularly within the mother/child relationship, translate into a mother’s approach to her relationships with followers in a professional context?” This study delves into the impact of resilience fostered through motherhood on leadership styles, especially in professional interactions with subordinates. Adopting the grounded theory methodology, we collected qualitative data through in-depth interviews with 28 female leaders, each a mother of at least one child. We followed a grounded theory analytic procedure to systematically organize data and examine the intricacies of maternal leadership and its process-oriented resilience development. Our research uncovers a three-stage resilience-strengthening process among maternal leaders. The three stages involve the emergence of challenges, followed by the development of transformative resilience, culminating in the significant impact on inclusive leadership styles and the evolution of leader–follower relationships. This study contributes to the academic discourse in three key ways. First, it offers unique insights into how the challenges and adversities inherent in motherhood can be transformative for leadership development. Second, by identifying and detailing a three-stage process of resilience development in maternal leaders, the research provides a nuanced understanding of how personal experiences influence professional leadership capabilities. Third, the study broadens the current discourse on inclusive leadership by incorporating the maternal perspective, a relatively underexplored area, particularly in the context of transformed leader/follower relationships. Full article

The temporal dominance of sensations (TDS) and temporal liking (TL) methods offer complementary insights into the evolution of sensory and hedonic responses during food consumption. This study investigates the feasibility of predicting TL curves for food pairings from their TDS profiles using reservoir computing, a type of recurrent neural network. Participants evaluated eight samples—two crackers (plain, sesame), two spreads (peanut butter, strawberry jam), and their four binary combinations—performing both TDS and TL evaluations. This process yielded paired time-series data of TDS and TL curves. We trained various reservoir models under different conditions, including varying reservoir sizes (64, 128, 192, or 256 neurons) and the inclusion of auxiliary input dimensions, such as flags indicating the types of foods tasted. Our results show that models with minimal auxiliary inputs achieved the lowest root mean squared errors (RMSEs), with the best performance being an RMSE of 0.44 points on a 9-point liking scale between the observed and predicted TL curves. The ability to predict TL curves for food pairings holds some promise for reducing the need for extensive sensory evaluation, especially when a large number of food combinations are targeted. Full article

The Chuankou deposit is a super-large W deposit formed during the Indosinian collision event in South China, and its mineralization is suggested to be related to the Indosinian muscovite granite. However, two types of W mineralizations were discovered in the Caledonian granite porphyry in the Chuankou W deposit: disseminated scheelite and quartz-wolframite-scheelite vein mineralizations. The genesis of W mineralization in the Caledonian granite porphyry is not yet clear. This paper focuses on fluid microthermometry and stable isotopes (C, H, O, S) analysis of the quartz and scheelite in the ores in the Caledonian granite porphyry in the Chuankou W deposit. The aims are to determine the nature and evolution of the ore-forming fluids, the origin of the ore-forming materials involved in the two types of W mineralization in the Caledonian granite porphyry, and to provide a detailed discussion of the deposit’s genesis. Microthermometry results of fluid inclusions with scheelite and quartz from two stages show that the average homogenization temperature in the quartz-veins within the Caledonian granite porphyry is 248 °C, and the average salinity is 6.31 wt.% NaCl eq (n = 85), the average homogenization temperature in the quartz-veins within the slate is 219 °C, and the average salinity is 5.57 wt.% NaCl eq (n = 49). The ore-forming fluids experienced an evolution from high temperature and high salinity to low temperature and low salinity. Sulfur isotope compositions show that the δ³⁴S values of pyrite and arsenopyrite in the quartz-veins within the Caledonian granite porphyry are 2.06 to 3.28‰ and −0.38 to 0.21‰, respectively, and the δ³⁴S value of pyrite in the quartz-veins within the slate is −1.72 to 0.47‰. The δ³⁴S values of each stage are close to 0‰, indicating that the origin of sulfur mainly from magma. The H-O isotope compositions of the quartz indicate that the ore-forming fluid was primarily magmatic water. The low δ¹⁸O_H2O values (1.74 to 1.58‰) are influenced by fluid–rock interactions or the incorporation of atmospheric precipitation. The carbon isotopes (δ¹³C = −9.5 to 8.3‰) indicate a magmatic origin, but the C isotopes of quartz in the quartz-veins within the slate shift toward sedimentary rocks, reflecting the incorporation of rock components in the late mineralization period. These isotopic differences indicate that the fluid–rock interaction gradually strengthened during fluid evolution. Full article

This Scoping Review (ScR) synthesizes advances in architectural eye-tracking (ET) research published between 2010 and 2024. Drawing on 75 peer-reviewed studies that met clear inclusion criteria, it monitors the field’s rapid expansion, from only 20 experiments before 2018, to more than 45 new investigations in the three years thereafter, situating these developments within the longer historical evolution of ET hardware and analytical paradigms. The review maps 13 recurrent areas of application, focusing on design evaluation, wayfinding and spatial navigation, end-user experience, and architectural education. Across these domains, ET reliably reveals where occupants focus, for how long, and in what sequence, providing objective evidence that complements designer intuition and conventional post-occupancy surveys. Experts and novices might display distinct gaze signatures; for example, architects spend longer fixating on contextual and structural cues, whereas lay users dwell on decorative details, highlighting possible pedagogical opportunities. Despite these benefits, persistent challenges include data loss in dynamic or outdoor settings, calibration drift, single-user hardware constraints, and the need to triangulate gaze metrics with cognitive or affective measures. Future research directions emphasize integrating ET with virtual or augmented reality (VR) (AR) to validate design interactively, improving mobile tracking accuracy, and establishing shared datasets to enable replication and meta-analysis. Overall, the study demonstrates that ET is maturing into an indispensable, evidence-based lens for creating more intuitive, legible, and human-centered architecture. Full article

We propose the Clustered Link-Prediction SEIRS model with Temporal Node Activation (CLP-SEIRS-T), a novel epidemiological framework that integrates community structure, link prediction, and temporal activation schedules to simulate malware propagation in urban communication networks. Unlike traditional static or homogeneous models, our approach captures the heterogeneous community structure of the network (modular connectivity), along with evolving connectivity (emergent links) and periodic device-usage patterns (online/offline cycles), providing a more realistic portrayal of how computer viruses spread. Simulation results demonstrate that strong community modularity and intermittent connectivity significantly slow and localize outbreaks. For instance, when devices operate on staggered duty cycles (asynchronous online schedules), malware transmission is fragmented into multiple smaller waves with lower peaks, often confining infections to isolated communities. In contrast, near-continuous and synchronized connectivity produces rapid, widespread contagion akin to classic epidemic models, overcoming community boundaries and infecting the majority of nodes in a single wave. Furthermore, by incorporating a common-neighbor link-prediction mechanism, CLP-SEIRS-T accounts for future connections that can bridge otherwise disconnected clusters. This inclusion significantly increases the reach and persistence of malware spread, suggesting that ignoring evolving network topology may underestimate outbreak risk. Our findings underscore the importance of considering temporal usage patterns and network evolution in malware epidemiology. The proposed model not only elucidates how timing and community structure can flatten or exacerbate infection curves, but also offers practical insights for enhancing the resilience of urban communication networks—such as staggering device online schedules, limiting inter-community links, and anticipating new connections—to better contain fast-spreading cyber threats. Full article

This work introduces the Reverse Steam Rising Process (RSRP), a novel dissolution method, for the preparation of highly homogeneous organo-nickel composites. This approach enables gradual material dissolution, resulting in improved material integration. We investigate two distinct synthetic pathways: a direct organic material–nickel composite and a surfactant-assisted variation. Our findings demonstrate that the inclusion of a surfactant significantly improves the properties of the resulting organo-nickel composite. The RSRP method differs from traditional synthesis methods in that it utilizes reverse steam condensation to create a highly porous, multi-level structure. This unique structure significantly boosts the material’s electrocatalytic performance, particularly for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The Ni-MOF-CTAB catalyst exhibits an overpotential of 397 mV at 10 mA cm⁻² and a Tafel slope of 183 mV dec⁻¹, outperforming pristine Ni-MOF. The hierarchical design promotes superior ion and gas transport, while the distinctive organometallic configuration optimizes electronic interactions critical for OER activity. This innovative process enables precise control over both the micro- and nanoscale morphology of the nickel-based catalyst, ultimately leading to superior performance metrics. This advancement offers a new pathway for developing high-performance nickel organometallic materials for diverse electrocatalytic applications. Full article

Water hammer is a critical transient phenomenon in pumping systems, occurring when a sudden change in flow velocity generates pressure waves propagating along the pipeline. This study focuses on the dynamic response of a long rising pipeline subjected to an emergency pump shutdown, with particular emphasis on the sudden release and propagation of hydraulic energy in the form of pressure waves. Such scenarios are typical for mine dewatering and water supply systems with high elevation differences. Two numerical approaches were investigated: the Method of Characteristics (MOC) implemented in TSNet as a reference model, and the Train Analogy Method (PKP) implemented in MATLAB R2024b/Simulink, where the fluid is represented as discrete masses connected by elastic links, enabling the inclusion of pump and motor dynamics. Simulations were performed for two configurations: first–with a check valve installed only at the pump discharge and second–with a check valve at the pump discharge and in the middle of the pipeline. The results demonstrate that both models capture the essential features of water hammer: a sharp initial pressure drop, the formation of transient waves, and pressure oscillations with decreasing amplitude. These oscillations reflect the propagation and gradual dissipation of hydraulic energy stored in the moving fluid, primarily due to frictional and elastic effects within the pipeline. The presence of a check valve accelerates the attenuation of oscillations, effectively reducing the impact of returning waves on the downstream pipeline. The novelty of this study lies in the use of the PKP method to simulate transient flow and energy exchange in long rising pipelines with dynamic pump behavior. The method offers a physically intuitive and modular approach that enables the modelling of local flow phenomena, pressure wave propagation, and system components such as pump–motor inertia and check valves. This makes PKP a valuable tool for investigating complex water hammer scenarios, as it enables the analysis of pressure wave propagation and damping, providing insight into the scale and evolution of energy released during sudden operational incidents, such as an emergency pump shutdown. The close agreement between the PKP and MOC results confirms that the PKP method implemented in Simulink is a reliable tool for predicting transient pressure behavior in hydraulic installations and supports its use for further validation and dynamic system analysis. Full article

Geopolitical instability poses a significant threat to food systems by disrupting production, trade, and market access, thereby undermining both food security and long-term sustainability. Unlike peacetime food insecurity driven by poverty or climate change, conflict-related crises often involve blockades, agricultural destruction, and deliberate famine. This paper conducts a bibliometric review of the academic literature from 2010 to 2024, and partially 2025, to examine how food security and resilience under the influence of conflict have been conceptualized, focusing on their intersections with war, global food systems, and sustainability. We used the Web of Science database and tools such as VOSviewer version 1.6.18, Microsoft Excel and Bibliomagika version 2.10.0, to map thematic clusters, identify influential authors, publishers, and academic partnerships and trace the evolution of scholarly attention on this topic. Our findings reveal a growing recognition of using food as a tool of war, the increasing politicization of food aid, and heightened awareness of the fragility of agricultural systems under conflict. At the same time, significant gaps still persist, particularly in the study of “unconventional” food systems such as black markets and informal supply chains, which often sustain communities during crises but remain underexplored in mainstream scholarship. By identifying these gaps, this review outlines research priorities for developing inclusive and resilient policies, ultimately enhancing the capacity of global food systems to withstand the pressures of conflict and geopolitical instability. Full article

This article critically examines the evolution of EU migration policy discourse from 1989 to 2024, highlighting the shift from overt securitization to a more humanitarian and managerial framing, which still retains some securitization elements. By analyzing key policy documents, including the Hague and Stockholm Programmes, the Global Approach to Migration and Mobility (GAMM), and the 2024 Pact on Migration and Asylum, this paper demonstrates how migration has been increasingly framed as a technical and economic issue while still maintaining exclusionary logics. Although humanitarian language has softened, policy goals remain focused on containment, selective inclusion, and externalizing responsibility. The second part of the article explores the religious aspect of EU migration policy, arguing that, despite the formal secularism of EU institutions, religious identity, particularly Islam, is implicitly intertwined with discourses of risk, cultural incompatibility, and integration. Drawing on Peter Berger’s theory of pluralism, the paper highlights a fundamental tension between the EU’s normative claims to diversity and its implicit preference for secular Christian frameworks. The analysis examines pathways for integrating religious consultation into EU governance and its potential to address the persistent marginalization of religion as a factor in inclusion and political agency. By linking migration discourse to the often-overlooked role of religion, this article calls for a more coherent, pluralist-informed EU strategy for migration and integration. Full article

Accessibility in the built environment is crucial for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to promote equity, inclusion, and sustainable urban development. This study examines how the quantity and content of research on the accessibility of built environments for people with physical, sensory, and cognitive/intellectual disabilities impacted the development of accessibility standards. A systematic review was conducted to investigate the correlation between standard evolution and pertinent research. A representative sample was selected and reviewed to identify connections between research and the development of standards and to highlight gaps and limitations that hinder comprehensive accessibility standards. Canada’s CSA/ASC B651 standard is used as a case study. The study revealed that the evolution of the standard is constrained by the status and type of research. Results indicated that 50% of the research reviewed focuses on individuals with physical disabilities, half of the studies are not data-driven, and most research on people with cognitive or intellectual disabilities follows medical models, with data that are not suitable for standard development. Full article

Background/Objectives: Formulating recombinant therapeutic proteins is essential to ensure their safety, efficacy, and stability. A growing trend in biopharmaceutical development is the move toward buffer-free formulations, which aim to reduce immunogenicity, improve tolerability, and simplify production. This review explores technological advances, regulatory perspectives, and safety considerations related to this shift. Methods: A systematic documentary review was conducted using the PSALSAR framework. Scientific publications, patents, and regulatory documents (2020–2025) were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and regulatory databases (FDA, EMA). Inclusion criteria focused on recombinant proteins, buffer-free formulations, and regulatory alignment. Results: The findings reveal an increasing adoption of self-buffering strategies in high-concentration subcutaneous biologics. Technologies such as Fc-fusion, PASylation, and XTENylation enhance stability without conventional buffers. Regulatory bodies are progressively accepting minimalist formulations, provided safety and biosimilarity are demonstrated. However, intellectual property barriers limit formulation transparency. A synthesis of recent FDA and EMA approvals illustrates this formulation evolution. Conclusions: Buffer-free formulations offer a promising alternative for therapeutic protein development by improving patient experience and reducing formulation complexity. They align with biosimilar goals and regulatory trends, although long-term transparency and safety assessments remain critical for widespread adoption. Full article

Imagine picking up an e-scooter or e-bike from a charging dock on campus that combines solar panels with a filtered rainwater refill fountain, a mobile phone charging point, climbing plants, and insect habitats. What if the space also offered composting for food waste, shelter from the rain, and a space to meet friends—open to all to support the university’s civic role in the wider city? This paper explores the ideas affecting biodiversity, health, and wellbeing of co-created design explorations of 15-minute city principles on university campuses. Originating from urban planning, the 15-minute city proposes that essential needs like education, healthcare, work, and leisure are accessible by active travel. Applied to a university campus, it means students and staff can access classrooms, housing, food, and recreation in just 15 minutes. Beyond convenience, this approach is argued to foster inclusive, mixed-use, and potentially ecologically regenerative spaces. Drawing on regenerative design thinking—which aims to restore and co-evolve human and natural systems—this participatory design research critically responds to top-down models by involving students and university stakeholders in co-creating visions for a 15-minute campus. The results show that through this participatory design process, cocreators contributed to shaping ideas that foster belonging, emotional attachment, and co-responsibility for place. The research concludes by proposing an innovative reorientation of the 15-minute-city—from a model concerned primarily with needs and efficiency, to one grounded in ecological consciousness, autonomy, and human–nature co-evolution. Full article

Commemorative gardens—particularly those shaped by classical arboreal symbolism—offer underexplored potential for sustainable destination planning. This study investigates how evergreen species such as laurel, cypress, and holm oak function as cultural signifiers in historic cemeteries, contributing to ecological resilience, civic education, and ethical tourism. Through a qualitative, transdisciplinary methodology combining site observation, symbolic analysis, and landscape semiotics, the paper examines three Florentine memorial sites: Santa Croce, the English Cemetery, and the Florence American Cemetery. Each represents a distinct commemorative paradigm—national, cosmopolitan, and transnational—yet all employ a vegetated design to inscribe memory within a landscape. The findings reveal how these gardens foster slow, multisensory visitor engagement while anchoring cultural identity and biodiversity, with participatory stewardship and symbolic vegetation emerging as key factors in transforming cemeteries into living heritage infrastructures. By tracing the evolution of commemorative landscapes from Greco–Roman groves to Romantic and modern garden cemeteries, the study illuminates their enduring capacity to mediate memory, ecology, and place. The paper argues that integrating symbolic literacy and environmental care into tourism policy can generate meaningful, low-impact visitor experiences. Florence exemplifies how commemorative gardens, rooted in ancient codes yet adaptable to contemporary needs, can serve as ethical blueprints for resilient, inclusive, and culturally legible destinations. Full article

The Pinghu Oil and Gas Field in the East China Sea Shelf Basin represents a significant offshore hydrocarbon-producing region in East Asia. However, the Paleogene hydrocarbon system in the Pinghu Oil and Gas Field is complex, and the fluid properties, charging stages, and hydrocarbon accumulation process are still unclear. A comprehensive integrated analysis of the hydrocarbon accumulation characteristics, fluid properties, temperature pressure regimes, primary hydrocarbon sources and origins (genesis), charging stages, preservation conditions, and evolutionary history of hydrocarbon accumulation have been studied by utilizing a series of well data, oil and gas geochemical parameters, carbon isotope, and fluid inclusion analyses. Hydrocarbon charging in the Huagang Formation experienced one stage, and the crude oil is characterized as light and conventional, exhibiting low density and viscosity, a low pour point, and low contents of wax, resin, and sulfur. In contrast, the reservoir of the overpressured Pinghu Formation experienced a two-stage hydrocarbon charging process (oil filling and gas filling), exhibiting higher density, viscosity, and wax content compared to the Huagang Formation. The hydrocarbon charging and evolution process of the Pinghu Formation and Huagang Formation in the Pinghu Oil and Gas Field can be summarized in three different stages, including the oil filling period (10–5 Ma), gas filling period (5–2 Ma), and oil and gas adjustment period. The Pinghu Oil and Gas Field, especially in the lower Pinghu Slope Belt (Fangheting Structure), has good potential for further exploration. Full article