Search Results (3,285)

Background/Objectives: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a prevalent cardiac arrhythmia associated with significant morbidity, including stroke, heart failure, and increased mortality, necessitating oral anticoagulant (OAC) therapy to reduce thromboembolic risk. However, OACs, including warfarin and non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs), increase the risk of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, a serious complication requiring precise risk stratification in the emergency department (ED). Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted in the Emergency Department of Balikesir University Hospital in Turkey between 2019 and 2023 and evaluates systemic inflammatory markers as predictors of GI bleeding in AF patients receiving OACs. A total of 155 patients were divided into case (GI bleeding) and control (no GI bleeding) groups, comparing demographics, comorbidities, CHA₂DS₂-VASc and HAS-BLED scores, and inflammatory indices (uric acid/albumin ratio, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio [NLR], platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio [PLR], systemic immune inflammation index [SII]). Results: For patients receiving NOACs, the case group exhibited significantly higher uric acid/albumin ratio, NLR, PLR, and SII (p < 0.05). For patients receiving warfarin, only the uric acid/albumin ratio was significantly elevated (p < 0.001). Hypolipidemia and elevated uric acid were associated with bleeding risk in patients receiving NOACs, while hypoalbuminemia and elevated urea predicted bleeding in patients receiving warfarin. HAS-BLED scores were significantly higher in bleeding groups, unlike CHA₂DS₂-VASc scores. Conclusions: These findings suggest that inflammatory indices, particularly in patients taking NOACs, are associated with GI bleeding risk stratification. Integrating these biomarkers into clinical practice could optimize personalized anticoagulation strategies, reducing morbidity and mortality in AF patients. Full article

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), encompassing ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), is characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation with fluctuating clinical severity. Although fecal calprotectin (FC) and fecal occult blood (FOBT) are established noninvasive biomarkers of intestinal inflammation, their interplay with nutritional status and disease activity has not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to explore the relationship between FC, FOBT, and disease activity in IBD, and to assess the potential mediating role of nutritional status as measured by the prognostic nutritional index (PNI). Methods: This retrospective study includes 128 adult patients with confirmed IBD (50 UC and 78 CD) examined at a tertiary care center between December 2023 and August 2025. Disease activity was assessed using the Mayo score for UC and the Harvey–Bradshaw Index for CD. FC levels were quantitatively measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and fecal occult blood testing was performed with an automated latex agglutination-based system. Multivariable linear regression models were conducted to identify independent predictors of disease activity. Results: UC patients had significantly higher FC levels (278.0 vs. 133.5 µg/g, p < 0.001), FOBT positivity rates (76.7% vs. 43.6%, p = 0.002), and lower PNI (49.2 ± 4.2 vs. 51.5 ± 4.6, p = 0.048) compared to CD patients. In both UC and CD, disease activity scores were positively correlated with FC, FOBT positivity, CRP, and duration of illness, and negatively correlated with PNI (p < 0.05). In multivariable regression, PNI lost predictive value when FC and FOBT were included; FC and FOBT remained strong independent predictors of disease activity. Conclusions: FC and fecal occult blood are independently associated with higher disease activity in IBD, and may mediate the observed relationship between poor nutritional status and inflammation severity. The loss of significance of PNI in adjusted models suggests that intestinal inflammation and bleeding may act as intermediaries linking malnutrition to disease activity. Full article

Objective: To assess the predictive value of systemic inflammatory markers for postoperative complications in older adults undergoing posterior spinal instrumentation for either lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) or osteoporotic vertebral fractures (OVFs). This study design as a retrospective observational study. Methods: Fifty-four patients aged ≥ 55 years who underwent posterior spinal instrumentation between 2020 and 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were grouped into LSS (n = 27) and OVF (n = 27) cohorts. Preoperative, early postoperative, and 6-month follow-up systemic inflammatory marker levels, including the Systemic Inflammatory Response Index (SIRI), Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII), Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR), and Monocyte-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (MLR), were recorded. The primary outcome was the occurrence of postoperative infectious complications. ROC curve analysis was conducted to evaluate the discriminatory power of each marker. Results: SIRI values were significantly higher in the OVF group than in the LSS group at all time points (p < 0.05). Postoperative complications occurred in 7.4% of patients, equally distributed between groups. ROC analysis showed that preoperative SIRI had the highest predictive value (AUC = 0.743), with a cutoff value of 2.69 yielding 100% sensitivity and 65.3% specificity. Other indices showed poor predictive accuracy (AUC < 0.70). Conclusions: Preoperative SIRI is a promising, easily obtainable biomarker for identifying older patients at higher risk of postoperative complications following posterior spinal instrumentation. Its implementation may improve preoperative risk stratification in spine surgery. Full article

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between maternal systemic inflammatory indices, hematological parameters, and fetal thymus size, as measured by the thymus–thoracic ratio (TTR), among diabetic pregnancies, and to establish predictive cut-off values for reduced thymus size. Methods: This prospective cohort study enrolled 532 pregnant women, divided into four groups: pregestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM, n = 44), diet-controlled gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM, n = 73), insulin-treated GDM (n = 49), and normoglycemic controls (n = 366). Fetal thymus size, alongside serum levels of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), systemic inflammation response index (SIRI), aggregate index of systemic inflammation (AISI), fibrinogen-to-albumin ratio (FAR), and C-reactive protein (CRP)-to-albumin ratio, were assessed in the third trimester. Results: All maternal diabetes subgroups demonstrated significantly reduced fetal thymus size compared with controls, with the most pronounced reduction observed in the PGDM group (p < 0.001). NLR, PLR, MLR, SIRI, AISI, and MPV were significantly elevated in the PGDM cohort, whereas CAR, FAR, and fibrinogen levels were markedly increased in the insulin-treated GDM group. Albumin levels were significantly decreased in both the PGDM and the insulin-treated GDM groups (p < 0.001). Among the evaluated biomarkers, AISI and FAR exhibited the highest diagnostic accuracy for predicting reduced fetal thymus size, with optimal cut-off values of 640.3 (sensitivity 82.3%, specificity 86.7%) and 0.114 (sensitivity 74.3%, specificity 88.7%), respectively. Conclusions: Maternal systemic inflammatory burden, as indicated by hematological biomarkers, is significantly associated with reduced fetal thymic size in diabetic pregnancies. These findings suggest that readily accessible blood-derived biomarkers, particularly AISI and FAR, may complement ultrasonographic evaluation, offering a cost-effective, non-invasive approach to predict compromised fetal immune development, especially in settings where direct thymic imaging is impractical. Full article

Snail mucin is one of the animal products widely used in cosmetic products. The mucus of Cornu aspersum (C. aspersum) contains compounds that have antibacterial, antioxidant, proliferative, pro-migration, angiogenesis-promoting, and other biological effects. This study aimed to critically analyze and consolidate existing data on the bioactive components of C. aspersum mucus and the mechanisms of their influence on human health, focusing mainly on its cosmetic, regenerative, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. We conducted a literature search analysis on this problem using the following search databases in English: PubMed, PubChem, Mendeley, Google Scholar, Scirus, DOAJ, BASE, CORE, Science.gov, and RefSeek up to 12 August 2025. It was shown that snail mucus facilitates wound healing, which could be the prerequisite for the development of innovative formulations for the adjuvant therapy of skin wounds. However, there are problems with the standardization of snail mucus because of the absence of single quality indexes, their limits, and the complicated structure of snail mucins. Moreover, there is a lack of clinical randomized trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of C. aspersum snail mucus. In conclusion, snail mucus’s biological effects deserve further investigation and pave the way for further studies of its potential as a raw material for pharmaceutical products, including the chemical structure of the still unknown molecules, its standardization, nonclinical and clinical studies, and further studies of snail mucus for its usage in cosmetology. Full article

Background: Adolescents suffering from obesity are at higher risk of bone fragility due to hepatic steatosis, which may lead to an inflammatory microenvironment in the bone marrow. We therefore aimed to assess the reliability of measuring the bone marrow fat fraction (BMFF) and T2* of the lumbar vertebral marrow using the proton density fat fraction (PDFF) sequence for adolescents with obesity and liver steatosis. Method: This was an observational feasibility pilot study on adolescents living with obesity and liver steatosis. Anthropometric measurements were obtained. Participants underwent abdominal MRI, MR elastography and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Regions of interest were drawn using the radiology interface from the central L1 to L4 vertebrae on fat and T2* maps from the PDFF sequence. ImageJ was used to measure abdominal compartment fat areas. Descriptive analyses, the intraclass correlation coefficient, and correlation results were obtained from anthropometric, adiposity, BMFF, and T2* measurements. Results: We recruited 23 adolescents with a body mass index > 85th percentile and mean age = 14.7 years (interval 12–17 years), and n = 18 (78%) were boys. BMFF and T2* measurements were successful in 100% of cases. The intra-operator reproducibility of the BMFF and T2* measurements was excellent: ICC = 0.99 (95% confidence interval (CI) [0.986; 0.999]) and ICC = 0.99 (95% CI [0.992; 0.999]), respectively. The inter-operator ICC was good for BMFF (ICC = 0.89; 95% CI [0.705; 0.963]) and moderate for T2* (ICC = 0.66; 95% CI [0.239; 0.873]). Only BMFF was inversely correlated with vertebral-bone mineral density (r = −0.67; p = 0.0009). However, T2* measurements showed a positive linear relationship with the total body fat tissue percentage measured by DXA (r = 0.48; p = 0.03) and the total abdominal fat area (r = 0.45; p = 0.04). Conclusions: PDFF could be a reliable imaging biomarker for bone health assessment in adolescents living with obesity. Full article

Wound healing is a delicately regulated pathophysiological process based on molecular, cellular, and tissue interactions. Mast cells (MCs) are involved in the reparative process in all phases of wound healing, which indicates their general significance in reparative processes. The structural and functional changes in the MCs during the healing process correspond to the phase of the wound process and determine its course. In the inflammatory phase, rapid whole-granular degranulation of MCs with the secretion of biologically active proinflammatory substances that have a stimulating effect on inflammatory cells prevailed. In the proliferation phase, the maximum number of MCs per unit area of wound tissue and the maximum degranulation index were noted. In the phase of granulated tissue remodeling, the amount and functional activity of MCs sharply decrease, which contributes to the completion of the healing process with the formation of a fully fledged normotrophic scar. The gradual degranulation of MCs was characteristic of the proliferation and remodeling phases. The treatment of purulent wounds with a drug from the polyhexamethylene guanidine group with the antiseptic polyhexanide 0.1% contributed to a temporary shift in the phases of the wound process while maintaining its general patterns, while the activation of the process occurred at an earlier time than in the control group of animals without local treatment. The results obtained showed that the use of a drug from the polyhexamethylene guanidine group with the antiseptic polyhexanide 0.1% for the treatment of purulent wounds quickly stops the inflammatory response and creates conditions for the development of the reparative abilities of granulation tissue cells, and primarily, mast cells. Full article

As an active ingredient in Eucommia leaf, aucubin (AU) is natural and safe, and studies have shown that aucubin (AU) demonstrates great potential in its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, and anti-osteoporotic properties. However, AU has been less studied in colitis. In this experiment, we used DSS-induced mice to establish a colitis model to investigate the ability of AU to alleviate colitis. The results show that, in animal experiments, AU increased body weight, reduced disease activity index (DAI) scores and organ indices, restored colon morphology, and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and catalase (CAT) levels in mouse serum and colon. It also reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, decreased the relative mRNA expression levels of inflammatory factors IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-18, MyD88, and NF-κB, and increased the relative mRNA expression levels of intestinal barrier-related genes OCLN, CLDN1, CLDN2, ZO-2, and MUC1. AU also upregulated the abundance of bacterial groups such as Bacteroidota, Firmicutes, and Verrucomicrobiota, and downregulated the abundance of bacterial groups such as Proteobacteria and Deferribacterota, thereby regulating the intestinal microbiota. In cell experiments, AU increased the relative mRNA expression levels of intestinal barrier-related genes MUC2, ZO-1, OCLN, and CLDN1, reduced the relative expression levels of inflammatory factors IL-1β and TNF-α, and increased the relative expression level of the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10. Additionally, AU significantly reduced the relative expression levels of IL-1β, IL-1R, MyD88, TAK1, IKKα, and RelA. This study provides a theoretical and technical basis for the large-scale preparation of aucubin and the alleviation of inflammatory bowel disease. Full article

Background/Objectives: Cirrhosis is an irreversible state of chronic liver disease. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a severe complication and significantly contributes to lethal outcomes in cirrhotic patients. We studied a group of cirrhotic patients with SIRS admitted to our centre, assessing the relationship with in-hospital outcomes. Methods: The study population included 102 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and SIRS. Laboratory biomarkers, the model for end-stage liver disease, the model for end-stage liver disease—natrium, the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, CLIF-C organ failure, the systemic immune-inflammation index score (S II), and the Cirrhosis Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding (CAGIB) score were tested in relation to the mortality risk using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results: Our results demonstrated that values of sodium, chlorides, and albumin significantly correlated with 7-day survival. The area under the curve’s (AUCs) values for sodium, chlorides, and albumin were 0.542, 0.627, and 0.610, respectively, for 7-day mortality prediction. The CAGIB score significantly correlated with 7-day mortality, with the cut-off value of −7.86 (AUC: 0.674, 95% CI (0.555–0.794)). For the assessment of 28-day mortality, the AUC values for sodium, chlorides, and albumin were 0.630, 0.654, and 0.661, respectively. Additionally, the cut-off value of the CAGIB score was found to be −7.84 (AUC: 0.625, 95% CI (0.509–0.740)) in 28-day mortality prediction. Conclusions: Sodium, chlorides, albumin, and the CAGIB score are reliable predictors of 7-day and 28-day in-hospital mortality in patients with advanced alcoholic liver disease and SIRS. Full article

Background: Accumulating evidence suggests that dietary factors may affect cardiometabolic health, but the associations between the quality of plant-based diets and chronic-low grade inflammation have been insufficiently explored. The aim of this study was to examine the association between dietary indices and inflammatory markers in the studied cohort of vegans and vegetarians living in urban Poland. Methods: The study population comprised 198 individuals (mean age 33.6 yrs) including vegans (VG; n = 50), vegetarians (VN; n = 101) and omnivores (OV; n = 47). The following methods were used in this analysis: a questionnaire interview, anthropometric measurements and blood sample collection. Dietary patterns were evaluated using the Food Frequency Questionnaire and overall plant-based diet index (PDI) and healthful plant-based index (hPDI) were used to define adherence to plant-based dietary patterns. Results: Vegans had substantially lower hsCRP concentration and lymphocyte counts than VN and OV (p < 0.05). IL-6 concentrations, as well as total WBC, neutrophils, and lymphocytes counts, were significantly higher in OV compared to the other groups. In the overall study population, higher intake of plant-based foods was associated with lower mean levels of hsCRP, IL-6, glucose, lipids, neutrophil, lymphocyte, and total WBC counts (p < 0.05). Among vegetarians, higher consumption of healthful plant-based foods was associated with lower levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and selected inflammatory biomarkers. Conclusions: Our research indicates that the quality of plant-based diets is a critical determinant of cardiometabolic and inflammatory health. Importantly, eliminating animal products alone does not guarantee health benefits; rather, the composition and quality of plant-based foods are key. Full article

Background and Objectives: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is a widely accepted method for long-term enteral nutrition, but procedure-related complications and early mortality remain major concerns. Nutritional and inflammatory indices such as serum albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP), Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI), and Nutrition Risk Screening (NRS-2002) may provide prognostic value, yet comparative data in PEG cohorts are limited. This study aimed to identify predictors of complications and 90-day mortality after PEG and to compare the prognostic performance of nutritional indices. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort of 122 consecutive adult patients undergoing PEG between January and December 2024 was analyzed. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory parameters were collected, including albumin, CRP, PNI, and NRS-2002. Complications were categorized as early (≤30 days) or late (>30 days), and all-cause mortality was assessed at 30 and 90 days. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to evaluate predictors of complications and 90-day mortality. To address multicollinearity, albumin, PNI, and NRS-2002 were separately tested in adjusted models, with model performance assessed by AIC, BIC, Nagelkerke R², and C-index. Results: Early complications occurred in 4.9% and late complications in 8.2% of patients, for a total complication rate of 13.1%. Thirty-day mortality was 4.1%, 90-day mortality 17.2%, and total in-hospital mortality during the study year 30.3%. Neuromuscular indication was independently associated with increased risk of complications (aOR 5.0, 95% CI 1.2–20.0, p = 0.028) but reduced 90-day mortality (aOR 0.15, 95% CI 0.03–0.80, p = 0.025). Lower baseline albumin independently predicted higher 90-day mortality (aOR 0.92, 95% CI 0.86–0.99, p = 0.034). Elevated CRP demonstrated a borderline association with mortality (p = 0.051), while NRS-2002 ≥5 and Δ-PNI showed borderline trends toward increased mortality risk. In model comparison, none of the nutritional indices achieved independent statistical significance, but all demonstrated similar performance (AIC = 114, C-index 0.72–0.74). Conclusions: PEG outcomes are strongly influenced by baseline indication and nutritional–inflammatory status. Neuromuscular patients and patients with dysphagia face higher complication risk but lower short-term mortality, while hypoalbuminemia, elevated CRP, and high NRS-2002 or declining PNI identify patients at greater risk of death. Systematic integration of albumin, CRP, PNI, and NRS-2002 may improve risk stratification and management in PEG candidates. Full article

Background: Epithelial ovarian cancer is an aggressive malignancy with poor prognosis despite advances in multimodal treatment. The systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) has emerged as a prognostic biomarker in various cancers; however, the impact of surgery-induced inflammatory changes remains unclear. Methods: This study evaluated the prognostic significance of postoperative changes in SII among patients with epithelial ovarian cancer undergoing primary surgery. Data from 374 patients treated at Samsung Medical Center and Kangbuk Samsung Hospital between 2016 and 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. SII was calculated from complete blood counts obtained within one month before surgery and on postoperative day 1. The percentage change in SII was analyzed, and the optimal cutoff was determined using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Survival outcomes were assessed using Kaplan–Meier and multivariable Cox regression models. Results: Patients with a postoperative SII increase > 98.4% (Group 2) had significantly poorer overall (HR = 1.86, p = 0.009) and progression-free survival (HR = 1.30, p = 0.112) compared with those with smaller changes (Group 1). Discussion: High-grade histology, serous subtype, and greater intraoperative blood loss were associated with higher postoperative SII. A marked postoperative increase in SII independently predicted poor survival, suggesting that dynamic inflammatory responses rather than static baseline levels provide additional prognostic information. Conclusions: Perioperative SII monitoring, easily obtainable from routine blood tests, may help identify high-risk patients who could benefit from intensified surveillance or adjuvant treatment. Prospective multicenter studies are warranted to validate these findings and explore whether perioperative modulation of systemic inflammation can improve outcomes. Full article

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) and Takayasu arteritis (TAK) are forms of primary large vessel vasculitis (LVV) affecting the aorta and its major branches. Timely diagnosis and accurate monitoring are essential to prevent irreversible damage. Current assessment strategies rely heavily on symptoms, physical examination, and inflammatory markers, which lack sensitivity and specificity, particularly in patients treated with IL-6 inhibitors. This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the role of imaging in monitoring LVV. Ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography better reflect disease activity and treatment response compared to conventional clinical and laboratory measures. Notably, emerging imaging-based tools such as the OMERACT GCA Ultrasound Score, the Takayasu Ultrasound Index, and the TAK Integrated Disease Activity Index (TAIDAI) are promising treat-to-target instruments. While computed tomography is primarily used to assess structural damage, conventional angiography now plays a more limited role, mainly reserved for procedural planning and haemodynamic evaluation. A key challenge remains: interpreting persistent vascular abnormalities, which may indicate active disease, vascular remodelling, or irreversible damage. Standardisation of imaging protocols and interpretation is needed, alongside further research on the prognostic value of imaging for relapse risk. This review supports a multimodal, patient-tailored approach in which imaging is central to the long-term management of LVV. Full article

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether Hemoglobin, Albumin, Lymphocyte, and Platelet (HALP) scores, the Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII), and the Systemic Inflammatory Response Index (SIRI) can predict intensive care unit (ICU) or inpatient admissions in pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) cases and to determine their sensitivity and specificity. Methods: This retrospective study included 39 pediatric patients (<18 years) diagnosed with DKA (pH < 7.3, HCO₃ < 15). HALP, SII, SIRI, and urine ketone values were collected from medical records. Statistical analyses included ROC curve analysis, correlation tests, and appropriate parametric or non-parametric comparisons to evaluate associations with 30-day outcomes. Results: The median age was 13 years (IQR: 8–15), 56.4% were male, and 64.1% required ICU monitoring. ICU patients had significantly lower pH (p = 0.005) and HCO₃ (p = 0.012) and significantly higher monocyte, SII, and SIRI values (all p ≤ 0.018). ROC analysis showed SIRI had the highest predictive power for ICU admission (cut-off: 3911; sensitivity: 76%; specificity: 85.7%), followed by SII. HALP scores did not demonstrate any value in assessingdisease severity for predicting ICU admission (AUC = 0.25). Conclusion: SIRI and SII are reliable predictors of ICU admission in pediatric DKA. HALP scores do not predict ICU admission and should not be considered a marker of disease severity. Incorporating SIRI and SII into clinical decision-making may improve early risk stratification. Prospective multicenter studies are warranted to validate these results. Full article

Background: While diabetes is a recognized risk factor for asthma, the shared genetic components between diabetes/glycemic traits and asthma remain unclear. This study investigates the genetic associations, causal relationships, and underlying mechanisms linking these conditions. Methods: We assessed global genetic correlations using linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC), high-definition likelihood analysis (HDL), and genetic covariance analysis (GNOVA). Trait pairs with significant correlations subsequently underwent genetic overlap analysis (Genetic analysis integrating Pleiotropy and functional Annotation, GPA) and local genetic correlation analysis (Local Genetic Variant Association Analysis, LAVA). Cross-phenotype association (CPASSOC) and multitrait analysis of GWAS (MTAG) identified potential pleiotropic loci, followed by colocalization and functional annotation. Proteome-wide association study (PWAS) revealed proteins and pathways shared between diabetes/glycemic traits and asthma. Generalized summary-data-based Mendelian randomization (GSMR) was used to evaluate causal effects between diabetes/glycemic traits and asthma. Results: Significant genetic correlations were observed between body mass index (BMI) and asthma (rg = 0.280–0.397; FDR < 0.05), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and asthma (rg = 0.240–0.289; FDR < 0.05) across all three methods. GPA revealed significant genome-wide genetic overlap, highest for BMI and asthma (pleiotropy association ratio [PAR] = 0.377) and T2DM-asthma (PAR = 0.353). LAVA identified 111 significant local correlation regions, predominantly between T2DM and asthma (70 regions). Colocalization analysis identified 24 shared pleiotropic loci, predominantly on chromosome 8. Local genetic correlation analysis revealed extensive correlations between T2DM and asthma. PWAS identified 46 shared proteins, with IL6R, MAPK3, and CSF2 being key hubs. Protein–protein interaction analysis highlighted enrichment in JAK-STAT signaling, Th1/Th2 differentiation, and IL-17 pathways. GSMR demonstrated causal effects of BMI (OR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.42–1.53, FDR < 0.05) and T2DM (OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.04–1.08, FDR < 0.05) on increased asthma risk, with no evidence of reverse causality. Conclusions: Obesity (BMI) and T2DM exert causal effects on asthma risk via shared genetic loci and inflammatory pathways, particularly involving IL6R, MAPK3, CSF2, and JAK-STAT signaling. Targeting these colocalized proteins may offer potential therapeutic strategies. Full article