Search Results (705)

Phytoplankton serve as crucial producers in marine ecosystems, and their community composition and populations’ dispersion directly or indirectly influence the productivity of marine waters via the trophic cascade effect within the food chain. A survey was undertaken in September 2021 and March, April, and November 2022 to examine the phytoplankton structure and the environmental variables influencing ecological niche differentiation in the waters of Tahe Bay in Lushun, Dalian city, China. The findings indicated that there are 83 species representing forty-one genera and six phyla, with an annual mean abundance of 22.13 × 10⁴ ind·m⁻³, predominantly represented by Bacillariophyta (65 species, constituting 78.31% of the total species). The phytoplankton richness indices varied from 0.83 to 4.99, diversity indices ranged from 2.03 to 2.80, and evenness indices spanned from 0.28 to 0.84. Pearson’s correlation between phytoplankton abundance and community diversity with environmental parameters, including water temperature, salinity, pH, DO, NH₃-N, and NO₃-N, was substantial in Tahe Bay’s waters. The dominant species, comprising 20 species across three phyla, primarily include broad-niche species, with Paralia sulcata being the most prevalent species, except during summer. The extent of ecological niche overlap among the dominant species varied by season, exhibiting 40.0% severe overlap in September 2021, 100.0% severe overlap in March 2022, 93.0% severe overlap in April 2022, and 58.0% severe overlap in November 2022. The findings of redundancy analysis (RDA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) revealed that COD, water temperature, NO₃-N, DIP, NO₂-N, and NH₃-N are the primary environmental variables influencing the ecological niche differentiation of dominant species of phytoplankton. The results of the study elucidate the alteration rules of dominant species and the stability of the community structure of the phytoplankton community in this sea area, thereby offering a theoretical foundation for the scientific assessment of the ecological health of the area and the sustainable utilization of marine biological resources. Full article

The Aït Abdellah copper deposit in the Bou Azzer-El Graara inlier of the Moroccan Anti-Atlas provides key insights into structurally and lithologically controlled mineralization in Precambrian terranes. The deposit is hosted in feldspathic sandstones of the Tiddiline Group, which unconformably overlie the Bou Azzer ophiolite, and is spatially associated with a NE–SW-trending shear zone. This zone is characterized by mylonitic fabrics, calcite veining, and an extensive network of fractures, reflecting a two-stage deformation history involving early ductile shearing followed by brittle faulting and brecciation. These structural features enhanced rock permeability, enabling fluid flow and metal precipitation. Copper mineralization includes primary sulfides such as chalcopyrite, bornite, pyrite, chalcocite, digenite, and covellite, as well as supergene minerals like malachite, azurite, and chrysocolla. Sulfur isotope values (δ³⁴S = +5.9% to +22.8%) indicate a mixed sulfur source, likely derived from both ophiolitic rocks and volcano-sedimentary sequences. Carbon and oxygen isotope data suggest fluid interaction with marine carbonates and meteoric waters, potentially linked to post-Snowball Earth deglaciation processes. Fluid inclusion studies reveal homogenization temperatures ranging from 195 °C to 310 °C and salinities between 5.7 and 23.2 wt.% NaCl equivalent, supporting a model of fluid mixing between magmatic-hydrothermal and volcano-sedimentary sources. The paragenetic evolution of the deposit comprises three stages: (1) early hydrothermal precipitation of quartz, dolomite, sericite, pyrite, and early chalcopyrite and bornite; (2) a main mineralizing stage characterized by fracturing and deposition of bornite, chalcopyrite, and Ag-bearing sulfosalts; and (3) a late supergene phase with oxidation and secondary enrichment. The Aït Abdellah deposit is best classified as a shear zone-hosted copper system with a complex, multistage mineralization history. The integrated analysis of structural features, mineral assemblages, isotopic signatures, and fluid inclusion data reveals a dynamic interplay between deformation processes, hydrothermal alteration, and evolving fluid sources. Full article

The Axi gold deposit, which is located in the Tulasu Basin of the West Tianshan orogenic belt in Northwest China, features vein-type ore bodies hosted in radial structural fractures formed due to volcanic activity. The deposit experienced three distinct mineralization stages: Stage I, characterized by the microcrystalline quartz–pyrite crust; Stage II, characterized by quartz–sulfide–native gold veins; and Stage III, characterized by quartz–carbonate veins. Fluid inclusion studies have identified four types of inclusions: pure vapor, vapor-rich, liquid-rich, and pure liquid. The number of vapor-rich inclusions decreases when moving from Stage I to Stage III, whereas the number of liquid-rich inclusions increases. The fluid temperature gradually decreases from 178–225 °C in Stage I to 151–193 °C in Stage II and further to 123–161 °C in Stage III, whereas the fluid salinity decreases slightly from 2.1%–5.1% wt.% NaCl eqv to 1.4%–4.6% wt.% NaCl eqv and finally to 0.5%–3.7% wt.% NaCl eqv. As suggested by the results of the oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon isotope analyses, the ore-forming fluids were primarily meteoric water. Sulfur isotopic compositions indicate a single deep mantle source. The lead isotopic compositions closely resemble those of Dahalajunshan Formation volcanic rocks, indicating that these rocks were the primary source of the ore-forming material. In addition, gold mineralization formed in a Devonian–Early Carboniferous volcanic arc environment. Element enrichment was mainly caused by the circulation of heated meteoric water through the volcanic strata, while fluid boiling and water–rock interactions were the main mechanisms driving element precipitation. The integrated model developed in this study underscores the intricate interplay between volcanic processes and meteoric fluids during the formation of the Axi gold deposit, offering a robust framework for an understanding of the formation processes and enhancing the predictive exploration models in analogous geological settings. Full article

The Cuyu gold deposit in central Jilin Province in Northeast China is located in the eastern segment of the northern margin of the North China Craton (NCC), as well as the eastern segment of the Xing’an–Mongolian Orogenic Belt (XMOB). Gold ore-bodies are controlled by NW-trending faults and mainly occur in late Hercynian granodiorite. The mineralization process in the Cuyu deposit can be divided into three stages: quartz + coarse grained arsenopyrite + pyrite (stage I), quartz + sericite + pyrite + arsenopyrite + electrum + chalcopyrite + sphalerite (stage II), and quartz + calcite ± pyrite (stage III). Stage II is the most important for gold mineralization. We conducted analyses including petrography, microthermometry, laser Raman spectroscopy of fluid inclusions, and H–O–S–Pb isotopic analysis to elucidate the mineralization processes in the Cuyu deposit. Five types of primary fluid inclusions (FIs) are present in the hydrothermal quartz and calcite grains of the ore: liquid-rich two-phase aqueous fluid inclusions (L-type), vapor-rich two-phase aqueous fluid inclusions (V-type), CO₂-bearing two- or three-phase inclusions (C1-type), CO₂-rich two- or three-phase inclusions (C2-type), and pure CO₂ mono-phase inclusions (C3-type). From stages I to III, the fluid inclusion assemblages changed from L-, C2-, and C3-types to L-, V-, C1-, C2-, and C3-types and, finally, to L-types only. The corresponding homogenization temperatures for stages I to III were 242–326 °C, 202–298 °C, and 106–188 °C, and the salinities were 4.69–9.73, 1.63–7.30, and 1.39–3.53 wt.% NaCl equiv., respectively. The ore-forming fluid system evolved from a NaCl-H₂O-CO₂ ± CH₄ ± H₂S fluid system in stage I and II with immiscible characteristics to a homogeneous NaC-H₂O fluid system in stage III. Microthermometric data for stages I to III show a decreasing trend in homogenization temperatures and salinities. The mineral assemblages, fluid inclusions, and H–O–S–Pb isotopes indicate that the initial ore-forming fluids of stage I were exsolved from diorite porphyrite and characterized by a high temperature and low salinity. The addition of meteoric water in large quantities led to decreases in temperature and pressure, resulting in a NaCl-H₂O-CO₂ ± CH₄ ± H₂S fluid system with significant immiscibility in stage II, facilitating the deposition of gold and associated polymetallic sulfides. The Cuyu gold deposit has a similar ore genesis to those of gold deposits in the Jiapigou–Haigou gold belt (JHGB) of southeastern Jilin Province indicating potential for gold prospecting in the northwest-trending seam of the JHGB. Full article

Taxodium ‘Zhongshanshan’ serves as a primary afforestation species in coastal saline–alkali soils, yet its healthy growth is significantly constrained by excessive soil salinity and nutrient deficiencies. This study investigated the synergistic effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) with organic amendments (biochar/straw) on ameliorating soil amelioration and plant adaptation. Six treatments were implemented: Control (CK), Biochar (B), Straw (S), AMF (M), AMF+Biochar (M+B), and AMF+Straw (M+S), with physiological and edaphic parameters monitored over two growth cycles. The results revealed that the M+B treatment demonstrated superior performance, achieving the lowest soil pH (8.06) and electrical conductivity (0.25 mS/cm) alongside reduced Na⁺ accumulation in plant tissues (0.28–0.88 mg/g). Synergistic effects were evident in enhanced chlorophyll synthesis, soluble protein production, and antioxidant enzyme activation. Partial Least Squares Path Modeling (PLS-PM) analysis revealed that soil nitrogen availability indirectly stimulated growth through upregulation of soluble proteins (path coefficient: 0.54) and antioxidant activity (0.22), with cumulative indirect effects (0.88) outweighing direct inhibition (−0.36). These finding provide actionable insights for coastal afforestation strategies using microbial–organic material co-application. Full article

Wastewater reinjection is an important measure for balancing the sustainable development of petroleum resources with environmental protection. However, the polymer-containing wastewater generated after polymer injection presents challenges such as reservoir damage and waterflooded zone identification in oilfields. To address this, this study systematically examined the impact of injection water with varying salinities on the flow characteristics and electrical responses of low-permeability reservoirs, based on rock-electrical and multiphase displacement experiments. Additionally, this study analyzed the factors influencing the damage to reservoirs during polymer-containing wastewater reinjection. Mass spectrometry, chemical compatibility tests, and SEM-based micro-characterization techniques were employed to reveal the micro-mechanisms of reservoir damage during the reinjection process, and corresponding protective measures were proposed. The results indicated the following: (1) The salinity of injected water significantly influences the electrical response characteristics of the reservoir. When low-salinity wastewater is injected, the resistivity–saturation curve exhibits a concave shape, whereas high-salinity wastewater results in a linear and monotonically increasing trend. (2) Significant changes were observed in the pore-throat radius distribution before and after displacement experiments. The average frequency of throats within the 0.5–2.5 µm range increased by 1.894%, while that for the 2.5–5.5 µm range decreased by 2.073%. In contrast, changes in the pore radius distribution were relatively minor. Both the experimental and characterization results suggest that pore-throat damage is the primary form of reservoir impairment following wastewater reinjection. (3) To mitigate formation damage during wastewater reinjection, a combined physical–chemical deblocking strategy was proposed. First, multi-stage precision filtration would be employed to remove suspended solids and oil contaminants. Then, a mildly acidic organic-acid-based compound would be used to inhibit the precipitation of metal ions and dissolve the in situ blockage within the core. This integrated approach would effectively alleviate the reservoir damage associated with wastewater reinjection. Full article

Wetland lakes are crucial ecosystems that serve as vital ecosystems that harbor rich biodiversity and provide essential ecological services, particularly in regulating regional water resources, purifying water quality, and maintaining ecological equilibrium. This study aims to conduct an in-depth investigation into the hydrochemical characteristics and their controlling factors during the dry season of the Hengshui Lake wetland system. By collecting water samples from the lake and shallow groundwater, and using water chemistry diagrams, ion ratios, mineral saturation indices, and multivariate statistical methods, the study systematically analyzes the hydrochemical characteristics of Hengshui Lake Wetland and its controlling factors. The results show: there is significant stratified differentiation in the water chemical composition: the lake water is weakly alkaline and fresh, while the shallow groundwater is highly mineralized and saline. Both are dominated by Na⁺, Mg²⁺, SO₄²⁻, and Cl⁻. Significant differences exist in water chemistry types between the lake and shallow groundwater. The lake water exhibits homogenized characteristics with a dominant SO₄·Cl·HCO₃-Na·Mg type, whereas shallow groundwater displays five distinct hydrochemical facies indicative of multi-source recharge processes. Evaporation–rock interaction mechanisms dominate the system, as evidenced by a Gibbs diagram analysis showing evaporation crystallization as the primary control. Ion ratio calculations demonstrate synergistic effects between silicate weathering and evaporite dissolution, while mineral saturation indices confirm cooperative processes involving calcite/dolomite oversaturation and ongoing gypsum dissolution. Cation exchange indexes combined with chloro-alkaline indices reveal unidirectional recharge from lake water to shallow groundwater accompanied by active cationic exchange adsorption. Although the wetland predominantly maintains natural hydrological conditions, elevated γ(NO₃⁻)/γ(Na⁺) ratios in nearshore zones suggest initial agricultural contamination infiltration. This study shows that, as a typical example of a closed wetland, the hydrochemistry evolution of Hengshui Lake during the dry season is primarily dominated by the coupled effects of evaporation and rock–water interaction, with silicate weathering and evaporation rock dissolution as secondary factors, and human activity having a weak influence. The findings provide new insights into the understanding of the hydrochemical evolution process and its controlling factors in closed lakes, offering valuable data support and theoretical basis for the ecological restoration and sustainable management of closed lakes. Full article

This study assesses the functioning of the karst aquifer system located on the Croatian coast of the Adriatic Sea, where saltwater intrusion often presents a major problem for freshwater supply. We use two years of sensor data collected from two coastal springs to conduct a range of time-invariant and time-variant statistical analyses over various timescales. We perform separate analyses of the within-day and longer-term variation in the data as well as the interactions between the spring levels, salinity, rainfall, and sea levels. Such comprehensive analyses provide a greater understanding into the inner functioning of the intricate, heavily karstified aquifers. Time-invariant time-series analyses of the hourly data indicate that the spring levels and salinity are strongly controlled by sea levels. Furthermore, time-variant wavelet analyses demonstrate that the variation in spring levels in both springs has two modes defined by flow regime. Increases in the delay of the spring response to sea level indicate that aquifer diffusivity decreases in low flow conditions. Analyses facilitated the development of a conceptual model of the karst subsurface in the discharge zone. Using daily data, we constructed a linear mixed model of the spring levels. This model identified long-term sea level changes, rainfall from previous weeks, and seasonal recharge patterns as the primary factors influencing longer-term spring dynamics. Full article

Background/Objectives: The evidence regarding the efficacy of probiotics in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is very limited, prompting the EPOS2020 steering group to advise against their use in CRS treatment. Therefore, further research to evaluate the impact of probiotics on microbial communities is particularly important. This study aimed to assess the influence of probiotic nasal rinses on nasal microbiota profiles in patients with primary CRS, granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), and nasal septal perforation (NSP) using 16S rRNA sequencing. Methods: Thirty-six patients with nasal mucosal diseases, including sixteen with primary CRS, eleven with GPA, and nine with NSP, were randomly assigned to either a study group receiving nasal rinses with probiotics containing Lactobacillus plantarum and Bifidobacterium animalis, or a control group using nasal rinses with saline. Metagenomic analysis targeting the V3–V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene was performed to characterize bacterial and archaeal populations. Results: At the genus level, the most abundant co-colonizers included Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Haemophilus. After one month of probiotic rinsing, a decrease in abundance of the genera Finegoldia (p = 0.010), Haemophilus (p = 0.020), Streptococcus (p = 0.027), Staphylococcus (p = 0.033), Micrococcus (p = 0.035), Corynebacterium (p = 0.049), Gemella (p = 0.055), Rubrobacter (p = 0.055), and Pseudonocardia (p = 0.058) was observed. Conversely, the abundance of probiotic species Lactobacillus plantarum and Bifidobacterium animalis increased. Moreover, increases in the genera Dolosigranulum and Stenotrophomonas were observed, although they did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: Probiotic nasal rinses may contribute to restoring microbial homeostasis by reducing genera associated with inflammatory dysbiosis in nasal inflammatory diseases, warranting further research on their clinical benefits. Full article

Soil salinization has emerged as a significant global threat to agricultural productivity. Rice is susceptible to salinity stress at the seedling stage. However, the mechanisms underlying rice responses to salinity stress remain incompletely characterized. In this study, we have characterized a transfer DNA (T-DNA) insertion mutant line of rice, designated OsVPS16 (Os12g0594200), to elucidate its functional role in salt stress tolerance. A real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis revealed that salt stress inhibited the expression of OsVPS16, with the vps16 mutant showing negligible expression levels. A phenotypic analysis showed that the loss of OsVPS16 enhanced primary root elongation, and increased the survival rate to improve salt stress tolerance. Compared to the wild type (DJ), the vps16 mutant accumulated less Na⁺ and more K⁺ in the shoots under salt stress. Furthermore, the vps16 mutant displayed decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation and enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) under salt stress. Transcriptomic profiling identified 1236 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between vps16 and DJ roots under salt stress. A functional enrichment analysis revealed that DEGs were enriched in protein serine/threonine kinase activity, Ca²⁺ signal pathways, and the MAPK signaling pathway. Notably, the up-regulation of critical protein kinases (PKs) and transcription factors (TFs), including OsSRK1, OsCDPK21, and OsNAC45, probably adds to the effect of OsVPS16 mutation to account for salt stress tolerance. Collectively, comprehensive physiological and molecular analyses demonstrated that the loss of OsVPS16 improves rice salt tolerance through multiple mechanisms, including the regulation of K⁺/Na⁺ homeostasis, the modulation of antioxidant enzyme activities, and the transcriptional reprogramming of stress-responsive genes. This study not only elucidates the function of a novel salt stress response gene in rice, but also provides valuable genetic resources for developing salt-tolerant rice cultivars through molecular breeding approaches. Full article

To investigate the structure of phytoplankton communities and the ecological niches of dominant species in the middle and upper reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River, we collected samples at 14 sites in April (spring) and September (autumn) 2023. A total of 198 phytoplankton species were identified belonging to 6 classes, 13 orders, 24 families, and 53 genera. The community structure was dominated by diatoms, green algae, and cyanobacteria. In April, 163 species of phytoplankton from four phyla were identified, with abundance ranging from 2.94 × 10⁵ to 2.32 × 10⁶ cells/m³ and an average of 1.28 × 10⁶ cells/m³. In September, the abundance of phytoplankton ranged from 1.52 × 10⁵ to 1.58 × 10⁶ cells/m³, with an average value of 6.76 × 10⁵ cells/m³. Sixteen species were classified as dominant (Y > 0.02), among which four showed dominance in both sampling periods, with their dominance level and niche width differing with the season. Water temperature increased with decreasing altitude. At <3500 m in September, Ankistrodesmus falcatus and Oocystis borgei became dominant. Cymbella cistula, Amphora ovalis, and Navicula cryptocephala occupy broad ecological niches and can represent indicator species for water quality. Water temperature, pH, and salinity were identified as primary factors influencing the ecological niche differentiation of dominant phytoplankton species. The interspecific niche overlap was higher in September than in April and greater at >4500 m compared to other elevation ranges (>4500 m; 4000–4500 m; 3500–<4000 m; <3500 m). The effect of elevation on the community structure was greater than that of season. This is the first study to characterize the association of ecological niches of phytoplankton in the upper reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River with physicochemical environmental parameters. This provides baseline information for the conservation of biodiversity and management of aquatic ecosystems in the rivers of the Tibetan Plateau. Full article

To investigate the spatiotemporal distribution and causes of blooms of Rhopilema esculentum in Hangzhou Bay during 2024, this study investigated its growth characteristics, including umbrella diameter and body weight, along with environmental factors, spatiotemporal dynamics and yield variations. The analysis was based on the 2024 monitoring data of R. esculentum resources in Hangzhou Bay, together with relevant social research data. The results showed that umbrella diameter and body weight increased over time at all monitoring points. The growth rate of the R. esculentum umbrella diameter declined gradually over time, whereas that of body weight rapidly increased. The daily growth rate of umbrella diameter in the water of Tangnao and Xiaoji Mountains was significantly higher than that in the waters of Tanxu Mountain. A sharp drop in salinity caused by Xin’anjiang Reservoir flood discharge from the 23rd to 28th June was the primary cause of the R. esculentum blooms in Hangzhou Bay. During the special R. esculentum fishing period in the summer fishing moratorium, R. esculentum was mainly distributed in the southern and eastern Hangzhou waters, with a maximum daily yield of 28,000 kg/day. After the 16th, R. esculentum production expanded across the entire bay, with blooms also occurring in Xiangshan Bay and Liuheng, reaching a production peak of 44,000 kg/day. In 2024, R. esculentum production in Hangzhou Bay totalled 250,000 tonnes, breaking historical records. This study revealed the 2024 growth and spatiotemporal dynamics of R. esculentum in Hangzhou Bay, providing a reference for the rational use and protection of the species and revealing the causes of the unprecedented blooms. Full article

Background and aim. Acute rhinitis (AR) is a common condition in children, primarily of viral origin, causing nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, and discomfort, with a significant impact on quality of life and economic burden. Current treatments are limited to symptomatic relief, with nasal irrigation being the primary non-pharmacological intervention. This study aimed at evaluating the efficacy and safety of Elysium Naso-gola—an isotonic saline solution enriched with mullein (Verbascum thapsus), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), propolis, and long-chain polyphosphates—in reducing symptom severity and duration in pediatric AR. Methods. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial was conducted on 60 children (aged 4–14 years) with AR. Participants were randomized into two groups: the active group received Elysium Naso-gola, while the placebo group received a sterile isotonic saline solution, both administered as nasal sprays four times daily for seven days. Symptom severity was assessed at baseline (T0), day 5 (T1), and day 10 (T2) using the I-NOSE questionnaire and Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The primary outcome was symptom reduction at T1, while secondary outcomes included nasal obstruction improvement and complete symptom resolution at T2. Results. At baseline, both groups exhibited comparable symptoms severity. At T1, the active group showed a significant reduction in I-NOSE scores compared to placebo group (p < 0.05), with a marked decrease in nasal obstruction severity. VAS scores also indicated a greater improvement in nasal breathing in the active group. At T2, complete symptom resolution was achieved in 60% of patients treated with Elysium Naso-gola, compared to only 5.3% in the placebo group (p < 0.01). No adverse events were reported, and treatment adherence was high in both groups. Conclusions. The findings suggest that Elysium Naso-gola is a safe and effective non-pharmacological treatment for pediatric AR, providing faster symptom relief and higher resolution rates. Larger multicenter trials are warranted to confirm these preliminary results and further explore its role in pediatric respiratory care. Full article

Rice serves as the staple food for half of the world’s population. Given the expanding global population, the urgency to allocate land for rice cultivation is paramount. In Northeast China, saline–sodic and black soils represent two distinct soil types used in rice production. During rice growth, soil microorganisms, including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), play pivotal roles in nutrient uptake and resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors. While numerous studies have elucidated the role of AMF in enhancing rice growth and its adaptation to stress, the differences in AMF communities within paddy fields between different soil types have been largely overlooked. In this study, high-throughput sequencing technology was employed to analyze the diversity and community structure of AMF, and metagenomic sequencing was employed to analyze AMF functional gene differences between the two soil types (black and saline–sodic soils). At the same time, the commonalities and differences of the soil characteristics (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, pH, etc.) were verified in influencing AMF communities. The results indicated that Glomus was the predominant genus in both soil types, followed by Paraglomus. The overall abundance of AMF was higher at the heading stage than at the harvest stage, with Paraglomus showing greater adaptation to the saline–sodic soil environment. Total phosphorus (TP) was identified as the primary factor influencing AMF diversity at the heading stage. In the harvest stage, AMF community diversity was greater in saline–sodic paddy soil compared to black soil, a reversal from the heading stage. Further analysis of the functional genes of Rhizophagus intraradices revealed that gene activity in the heading stage of saline soils significantly surpassed that in black soils, suggesting that R. intraradices plays a more crucial role in saline environments. Additionally, spore density and the content of easily extractable glomalin-related soil protein were relatively higher in saline–sodic soil than in black soil. Thus, it may be inferred that AMFs are more vital in saline–sodic soils than in black soils of the paddy fields in Northeast China. This study may offer valuable insights into the utilization of AMF in paddy fields in Northeast China. Full article

Mangrove forests are among the most productive vascular plants on Earth. The gross (GPP) and aboveground forest net primary production (ANPP) correlate positively with precipitation. ANPP also correlates inversely with porewater salinity. The main drivers of the forest primary production are the porewater salinity, rainfall, tidal inundation frequency, light intensity, humidity, species age and composition, temperature, nutrient availability, disturbance history, and geomorphological setting. Wood production correlates positively with temperature and rainfall, with rates comparable to tropical humid forests. Litterfall accounts for 55% of the NPP which is greater than previous estimates. The fine root production is highest in deltas and estuaries and lowest in carbonate and open-ocean settings. The GPP and NPP exhibit large methodological and regional differences, but mangroves are several times more productive than other coastal blue carbon habitats, excluding macroalgal beds. Mangroves contribute 4 to 28% of coastal blue carbon fluxes. The mean and median canopy respiration equate to 1.7 and 2.7 g C m⁻² d⁻¹, respectively, which is higher than previous estimates. Mangrove ecosystem carbon fluxes are currently in balance. However, the global mangrove GPP has increased from 2001 to 2020 and is forecast to continue increasing to at least 2100 due to the strong fertilization effect of rising atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. Full article