Search Results (268)

The genus Desmidorchis Ehrenb. (Apocynaceae) is a characteristic component of the succulent flora of the Arabian Peninsula, where high levels of endemism and increasing environmental pressures highlight the need for integrated genomic and conservation research. This study assessed the conservation status of three ethnomedicinally important endemics—D. adenensis, D. arabica, and D. awdeliana—and characterizes their complete plastomes to resolve their evolutionary and temporal history. Conservation assessments were conducted following IUCN Red List criteria, and complete plastomes were sequenced and compared within a dataset of 15 subtribe Stapeliinae taxa. Comparative analyses examined the genome structure, divergence hotspots, repetitive sequences, codon usage bias, and selection pressure, while divergence times were estimated using fossil-calibrated molecular clock analyses. All three species were classified as Near Threatened (NT), primarily due to anthropogenic and environmental pressures. Plastome analyses revealed a highly conserved genome structure; however, hypervariable regions, particularly ycf1 and clpP1, exhibited elevated sequence divergence and phylogenetic informativeness. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were also identified as potentially informative features at the genus level. Codon usage and Ka/Ks analyses further indicated that most plastid protein-coding genes are under strong purifying selection, whereas only a few loci, particularly clpP1, showed comparatively elevated evolutionary rates. Phylogenomic analyses supported the monophyly of Desmidorchis, with molecular dating indicating recent Pleistocene diversification (~0.34–1.51 Ma), potentially associated with Quaternary climatic oscillations. Overall, this study provides an important genomic foundation for future taxonomic, evolutionary, and conservation studies of rare Arabian taxa. Full article

Conserving biodiversity requires identifying and prioritizing critical habitats at a fine scale, as coarse-scale approaches often fail to address the needs of specialized and threatened species. This study applies a fine-scale prioritization approach across temperate and tropical regions of North America and the Caribbean using a detailed map of 636 ecosystem types and high-resolution Area of Habitat (AOH) data. We then evaluated the current protection status and risk of future land use changes for each habitat type and prioritized them for conservation. Our results revealed that 38% of the area was identified in the top quartile of high-priority habitats, with 56 (33%) of identified IUCN threatened ecosystem types captured within these areas. Top priority habitats include the Meso-American Premontane Semi-deciduous Forest, Central American Caribbean Evergreen Lowland Forest, and Guerreran Dry Deciduous Forest, all characterized by low protection, high projected land-use conversion, and large numbers of threatened and habitat-specialist species, highlighting their urgent conservation importance in Meso-American and Caribbean tropical forests. Our findings emphasize the need for targeted conservation strategies that consider finer-scale habitat classifications and species requirements to improve the precision of conservation planning, especially where already at-risk species and ecosystems are located, and human land use intensities are high. Full article

The Spur-thighed tortoise (Testudo graeca) is a long-lived terrestrial reptile listed as ‘Vulnerable’ on the IUCN Red List and protected under CITES Appendix II. As an ecosystem engineer, it plays a vital role in Mediterranean landscapes, yet it frequently faces anthropogenic pressures in urban environments. This study provides an ecological and ethological assessment of a captive T. graeca population (n = 42) in the historical Münire Madrasa Handicrafts Bazaar in Kastamonu, Türkiye. The methodology integrated spatial carrying capacity modeling (Boullon model), systematic ethogram-based observations (120 h), and ethnozoological surveys (n = 200). Spatial analysis revealed that the population exceeds the corrected Real Carrying Capacity (RCC ≈ 10) by four times (Overcapacity Index: 4.2) within the 70 m² area. Ethological findings documented chronic stress, with stereotypic pacing (H1) occupying 32% of the time budget, alongside a significant loss of anti-predator mechanisms due to anthropogenic habituation (İ1). While stakeholders (100%, 95% CI: 98.1–100%) perceive the tortoises as cultural symbols of abundance, the biological reality indicates severe welfare risks, including potential metabolic bone disease from a monotonous anthropogenic diet and a disrupted Ca:P ratio. The site is categorized as a ‘High-Constraint Interaction Zone’. We propose a management transition toward a monitored ‘Urban Wildlife Education Station’ to align local cultural values with international animal welfare and conservation standards. Full article

Despite the endangered status of the Oriental Stork (Ciconia boyciana) on the IUCN Red List, a critical lack of contemporary mitochondrial genomic data from its core distribution areas in mainland China has hindered our understanding of the species’ long-term evolutionary stability and spatiotemporal variation. This study addresses this gap by sequencing and assembling the complete mitogenome (17,608 bp) of a contemporary individual from Hongze Lake, Jiangsu (PX682155), and conducting a rigorous comparative analysis against a historical reference sequence published 25 years ago in Japan (NC_002196). Our results demonstrate striking structural and functional conservation across a quarter-century span; the 13 protein-coding genes exhibit highly synchronized gene arrangements, base composition biases, and Relative Synonymous Codon Usage (RSCU) patterns, indicative of stringent purifying selection maintaining oxidative phosphorylation efficiency. While phylogenetic analysis reinforces its sister-group relationship with the White Stork (C. ciconia), significant length polymorphisms were identified within the D-loop control region, primarily driven by microsatellite repeat variations. These findings provide a vital genomic benchmark for mainland populations, offering high-resolution molecular markers essential for future large-scale assessments of geographic isolation and the refinement of targeted conservation strategies for this flagship wetland species. Full article

The Jianfengling region on southwestern Hainan Island is a sanctuary for a diverse range of wild animals. However, the exact extent of mammal species diversity and conservation status in Jianfengling remains largely unknown. Using camera-trapping data spanning from October 2020 to November 2021, this study focused on the diversity and distribution status of mammal species in Jianfengling, Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park, China. The survey, with 41,571 camera days and 8091 independent detections, revealed 15 mammalian species belonging to 6 orders and 10 families. Among these detected species, one was categorized as Critically Endangered, and one as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List. According to the Red List of China’s Vertebrates, one was categorized as Critically Endangered, one as Endangered, three as Vulnerable, and three as Near Threatened. Additionally, one was designated China’s national first-class key protected wildlife, and five were designated China’s national second-class key protected wildlife. Notably, populations of the Chinese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla) were confirmed to persist in the wild of Jianfengling. Occupancy modeling results showed that the occupancy of Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), Hainan muntjac (Muntiacus nigripes), common palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus), and Mainland leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) increased with increasing elevation. Vegetation type would only affect the occupancy of the Rhesus monkey. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and anthropogenic activities had no obvious effect on the occupancy of mammals. In terms of the relative abundance index (RAI) of mammals captured by camera traps, the most prevalent species identified was the Asiatic brush-tailed porcupine (Atherurus macrourus), followed by the wild boar (Sus scrofa), Pallas’s squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus), and Hainan muntjac. The monitoring also captured a significant number of images of domestic dogs and humans. These findings establish a baseline for species richness and occupancy of mammals in a typical island tropical rainforest in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park. We hope that our findings could be used to assess the effectiveness of conservation monitoring programs in the coming years, as species richness surveys provide an important baseline for conservation planning. Full article

The tiger (Panthera tigris) is an apex predator and plays a fundamental role in sustaining biodiversity through its native range in Asia. By controlling populations of large herbivores and mesopredators, tigers help maintain the structural integrity of habitats, thereby supporting a diverse array of flora and fauna. Despite its ecological importance, the tiger is one of the most threatened large carnivores globally. It is classified as Endangered on the IUCN Red List, although threat categories vary among subspecies, and it is listed in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which covers all tiger subspecies. Over the past two decades, global tiger populations have declined by more than 90%. Consequently, they have become the focus of conservation efforts, including captive breeding and reintroduction initiatives. However, the reintroduction of captive-bred tigers into natural habitats presents significant scientific and logistical challenges. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the complexities of using captive tigers for reintroduction programs, with particular attention to welfare and behavioral competence of captive individuals, and genetic diversity and health of founder populations. It further addresses critical considerations for habitat suitability and managing potential human-tiger conflict and evaluates the overall effectiveness and feasibility of tiger reintroduction as a conservation strategy. Full article

Rainbowfish of the genus Melanotaenia are highly endemic freshwater fishes found only in Australia and New Guinea. Although widespread, most species have narrow geographic ranges, making them particularly vulnerable to environmental change. Currently, 43 described (and many undescribed) Melanotaenia species occur in the Bird’s Head and Bird’s Neck region of Western New Guinea, 29 of which are currently classified as critically endangered, endangered, or vulnerable by the IUCN Red List, including two that may be extinct in the wild. We generated a high-spatial-resolution baseline land cover classification of rainbowfish habitats using low-cloud Planet Labs quarterly basemap mosaics and compared it with a moderate-resolution Landsat 8 OLI-derived classification to assess how spatial resolution influences land cover classification. Using the full 40-year Landsat archive, we quantified decadal land cover change around species type localities and identified localized disturbance events that may affect rainbowfish habitats. For species described from large rivers and lakes, changes in water-body extent over time were quantified. Deforestation varied widely, ranging from little or no detectable change in remote, difficult-to-access locations (e.g., M. misoolensis, M. sneideri), to landscapes heavily modified by logging, urbanization, mining, and agriculture (e.g., M. boesemani, M. arfakensis). Around the type localities, from the high-resolution imagery, we detected ~2939 ha of cleared land, whereas from the Landsat classification we identified only 31 ha of clearing, indicating that most of the fine-scale deforestation was not resolved at the Landsat scale. Time-sequence analyses indicate that over one-third of type localities experienced one or more localized disturbance events over the last 40 years. Land cover change in this region is highly dynamic and differs from commonly studied frontier deforestation patterns elsewhere. It also underscores a critical conservation challenge where rainbowfish species are being discovered in landscapes that are simultaneously undergoing rapid, spatially heterogeneous change. The same infrastructure that enables biological exploration also accelerates habitat modification. These changes threaten the persistence of highly endemic rainbowfish and underscore the value of multi-scale spatial and temporal remote sensing approaches for assessing habitat change in remote, biodiverse regions. The framework presented here is also broadly applicable to other narrowly distributed endemic taxa. Full article

Invasive alien species (IAS) can cause the extinction of a taxon. However, debate continues over the significance of IAS as drivers of extinction globally, the level of threat they pose to endangered species, and whether conservation efforts against IAS should take priority over other factors, such as habitat loss or climate change. We provide new insights from the IUCN Red List, focusing on species classified as extinct or extinct in the wild that are linked exclusively to IAS. Many extinction events are also caused by multiple synergistic threats, including IAS, but the relative contributions of these threats remain uncertain. We suggest using Structural Equation Models (SEMs) to tease out the effects of IAS and other interacting factors on threatened species, to better understand the role of IAS in potential extinctions. Full article

Madagascar is a global biodiversity hotspot, with approximately 90% of all its plant and animal species being endemic, most of them associated with forest ecosystems. This rich biodiversity is threatened by relentless deforestation; in 2014 only about 15% of the national territory retained highly fragmented native forests, and deforestation continues with worrying forecasts for the coming decades. This rapid loss of habitat is not only causing species losses, but also the loss of important ecological functions that may disappear well before the extinction of the species involved. Here we want to draw attention to the three species of parrots endemic to Madagascar, for which there is a lack of systematically collected data on their distribution and population trends. We compiled available evidence, including data derived from citizen science, suggesting that the distribution and abundance of at least two of the three parrot species have declined in recent decades. These declines are likely driven not only by forest loss but also by persecution for the pet trade, crop protection, and hunting for food. There is also evidence, although still scarce, showing that these parrot species not only act as plant antagonists, but also fulfill mutualistic functions such as seed dispersal by different mechanisms, pollination, and maintenance of plant health. We urge researchers to study the current distribution and population size of the Malagasy parrots, as well as the full antagonism–mutualism spectrum of relationships with their food plants. This is needed for assessing their current conservation status, which may be significantly worse than that reflected by the IUCN Red List, and for identifying important ecological functions that may be lost before the disappearance of the species involved, which can be key to the maintenance and regeneration of the forests they inhabit. Full article

Heavy metal contamination poses concerns for managing Twaite shad (Alosa fallax) populations, yet data remain sparse. Intermittent capture as bycatch, with negligible prospects for post-release survival and IUCN Red listing, provides a compelling case for investigation. Concentrations of six trace metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn) in the dorsal muscle tissue of A. fallax from the Curonian Lagoon (Lithuania) and the Elbe Estuary (Germany) were analyzed to evaluate size-related patterns and compliance with international safety standards. Overall, metal levels were uniformly low, with Cd and Pb below EU limits. Cu exhibited a weak negative correlation with fish weight (ρ = −0.35; p < 0.05), while Zn tended to increase in larger individuals, reflecting its essential physiological role. Comparing both adult populations, Cr and Zn, which provide nutritional benefits, were higher in the Curonian Lagoon, whereas toxic As and Pb were higher in the Elbe Estuary. All concentrations complied with EU and FAO thresholds, indicating acceptable risk for human consumption. The findings provide baseline information for A. fallax as a potential bioindicator. Constraints on the number of A. fallax sampled, given its IUCN status, exclusion of Hg and lack of environmental parameters, limit conclusions, but would be mostly remediable by future research. Full article

This study provides an updated conservation status of all liverworts and hornworts in Sicily, evaluated according to the IUCN Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at the Regional Level. Of the assessed taxa, 40 taxa (31.74%) are assigned to a risk category and, specifically, 18 (14.29%) are classified as Critically Endangered (CR), 13 (10.32%) as Endangered (EN), and 9 (7.14%) as Vulnerable (VU). In addition, 13 taxa (10.32%) are classified as Near Threatened, and 20 (15.87%) as Data Deficient; however, many of these are likely to qualify for inclusion in one of the IUCN Red List threat categories following further field surveys and data acquisition. The remaining 52 taxa (41.27%) are classified as Least Concern (LC). Full article

Cetaceans are artiodactyls adapted to live in the marine environment, and this group includes whales, dolphins, and porpoises. Although mitochondrial nucleotide diversity has been reported separately for many cetacean groups, the proportion of deleterious mutations in these populations is unknown. Furthermore, a comparison of mitogenomic diversities across all cetaceans is also lacking. To investigate this, we conducted a comparative genomic analysis of 2244 mitochondrial genomes from 65 populations across 32 cetacean species. We observed a 78-fold variation in mitogenomic diversity among cetacean populations, suggesting a large difference in genetic diversity. We used the ratio of nonsynonymous-to-synonymous diversities (dN/dS) to measure the proportion of deleterious mutations in the mitochondrial exomes. The dN/dS ratio showed a 22-fold difference between the cetacean population. Based on genetic theories, the large differences observed in the two measures could be attributed to differences in the effective sizes of the cetacean populations. Typically, small populations have low heterozygosity and a high dN/dS ratio, and the reverse is true for large populations. This was further confirmed by the negative correlation observed between heterozygosity and dN/dS ratios of cetacean populations. While our analysis revealed similarities in mitogenomic diversity between the endangered and least-concern cetacean species, the dN/dS ratio of the former was found to be higher than that of the latter. The findings of this study are useful for identifying the relative magnitude of reductions in the population sizes of different cetacean species. This will help conservation management efforts prioritise the use of limited resources, time, and effort to protect the cetacean populations that need immediate attention. Full article

The new species Euphorbia peruviandina (Euphorbiaceae) is described and illustrated with photos and line drawings. It belongs to subgenus Chamaesyce section Anisophyllum and is restricted to the puna vegetation of central and southern Peru at elevations of 3300 to 4200 m. It is proposed to be endangered following IUCN criteria. A comparison is made with two other Andean species of the section, E. jamesonii of Ecuador and E. orbiculata of Colombia and Venezuela. For all three taxa, type specimens are cited, and morphological descriptions, habitat information, exsiccate, and synonymy are given. An identification key to these taxa is provided. Euphorbia melanocarpa is proposed to be a synonym of E. jamesonii, and E. meridensis is treated as a synonym of E. orbiculata. Full article

The Orchidaceae family in Calabria has been scarcely investigated during the 21st century, and available knowledge remains fragmentary, particularly for the rarer taxa. The last comprehensive study dates back to 2002, whereas subsequent checklists, limited to restricted areas of the region, provide incomplete or taxonomically uncertain data. Considering that the family is protected at global (CITES, Bern Convention, IUCN) and national (Italian Red List) levels, broader and more systematic attention is required. In this work, focused on the southern sector of the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria, with special reference to the mountain and foothill areas of the Aspromonte massif and in the adjacent districts, we describe four new hybrids for science, each assessed as Critically Endangered (CR), and report four previously unrecorded taxa for the region, evaluated as VU/CR. In addition, two hybrids, newly recorded for the Calabrian flora, were likewise assigned a CR conservation status. The study also provides confirmation of historical records of Ophrys speculum and identifies the southernmost stations in continental Italy for both O. speculum and Orchis branciforti Standardized floral and labellar morphometric traits were measured on representative individuals from each population, including the parental species in the case of hybrids. Conservation status was evaluated following IUCN criteria and GeoCAT-derived AOO values, complemented by field observations on population size, habitat conditions, and site-specific threats. Hybrid names comply with ICN provisions. These findings enhance understanding of orchid biodiversity in Southern Italy and provide new insights for regional conservation efforts. Full article

Climate change significantly threatens the survival and distribution of endangered plants. This study quantified current and future patterns of habitat suitability and species richness for legally protected vascular plants in South Korea under two SSP climate scenarios. We modeled the distributions of 69 species designated as Class I or Class II endangered wild plants and evaluated in the Korean National Red List using IUCN criteria. Random Forest (RF) species distribution models were fitted with environmental predictors derived from 1 km² national climate data for a 2010 baseline and SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 projections for the 2030s–2090s. Cross-validation indicated high model performance (mean AUC = 0.913; TSS = 0.818; Kappa = 0.605), and 61 species (88.4%) achieved an AUC ≥ 0.80. Current richness ranges from 0–40 species per municipality and peaks along the Baekdudaegan mountain range and on Jeju Island, whereas many lowland agricultural basins support few or no endangered plants. Under future climates, richness classes shift systematically: municipalities in low-richness classes expand, while high-richness classes contract, with stronger losses in southern lowlands and relative retention in northern and high-elevation areas, especially under SSP5-8.5. The resulting municipality- and national-park-level richness maps provide a quantitative basis for identifying potential climate refugia and prioritizing vulnerable regions and species. Full article