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Batteries
Special Issues
Battery Safety: Recent Advances and Perspective
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Battery Safety: Recent Advances and Perspective

A special issue of Batteries (ISSN 2313-0105). This special issue belongs to the section "Battery Performance, Ageing, Reliability and Safety".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 December 2025 | Viewed by 22360

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Xiang Gao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Interests: high-energy density battery anode; multiphysics and multiscale modeling; battery safety and durability; all solid state battery
Dr. Jun Xu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
Interests: battery safety; durability and multifunctionality; theoretical analysis and design of advanced materials and structures for impact protection/mitigation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Lithium-ion batteries have been subject to indispensable momentum in light of the current mobile society with an increasingly stringent sustainability requirement for energy and the environment. Moreover, many other advanced secondary batteries are under rapid development for future industrial applications, including the Li-metal battery, the solid-state battery, the sodium-ion battery, etc. All these new chemistries have made battery safety a major obstacle for further application and commercialization. This Special Issue will cover the key topics in the research studies on battery safety behavior.

Potential topics include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Advanced experimental characterization of the battery safety behaviors;
  • Battery safety evaluation and testing protocols;
  • Battery internal short circuit mechanisms ;
  • Novel modeling of battery safety behaviors
  • Innovative design and optimization of battery cell/module/pack for safety purpose;
  • Safety issues of next-generation battery chemistries, such as Si-based, Li-metal, and all-solid-state batteries.

This Special Issue also serves as a platform for researchers to report and share the state-of-the-art research results disseminated during the 2024 Battery Safety Workshop held in Columbia, USA in early August 2024.

Dr. Xiang Gao
Dr. Jun Xu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Batteries is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • internal short circuit
  • thermal runaway
  • thermal runaway propagation
  • fire and explosion
  • in-situ techniques
  • multiphysics modeling
  • multiscale modeling
  • DFT
  • FEA
  • safety test protocol
  • early warning
  • advanced detection
  • durability
  • safety
  • cycling
  • high-energy-density
  • fast charging
  • low temperature
  • Li plating and dendrite

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

  • Ease of navigation: Grouping papers by topic helps scholars navigate broad scope journals more efficiently.
  • Greater discoverability: Special Issues support the reach and impact of scientific research. Articles in Special Issues are more discoverable and cited more frequently.
  • Expansion of research network: Special Issues facilitate connections among authors, fostering scientific collaborations.
  • External promotion: Articles in Special Issues are often promoted through the journal's social media, increasing their visibility.
  • e-Book format: Special Issues with more than 10 articles can be published as dedicated e-books, ensuring wide and rapid dissemination.

Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 12791 KiB  
Article
Experimental Investigation of the Mechanical and Electrical Failure of the Electrode Tab of Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells Under Quasi-Static Mechanical Load
by Patrick Höschele, Simon Franz Heindl and Christian Ellersdorfer
Batteries 2024, 10(12), 444; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10120444 - 15 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1050
Abstract
The electrode tabs of pouch cells are rigidly joined to the bus bar in a battery module to achieve an electric connection. The effect of abusive mechanical loads arising from crash-related deformation or the possible movement of battery cells caused by operation-dependent thickness [...] Read more.
The electrode tabs of pouch cells are rigidly joined to the bus bar in a battery module to achieve an electric connection. The effect of abusive mechanical loads arising from crash-related deformation or the possible movement of battery cells caused by operation-dependent thickness variations has so far never been investigated. Three quasi-static abuse tests for the anode and cathode electrode tabs were conducted with pouch cells at 100% SOC. Tensile tests on the anode, cathode and pouch foil were performed in order to explain differences between the anode and cathode in the abuse tests. The experiments revealed different failure mechanisms for the anode and cathode electrode tabs. The cathode failed at an average maximum load of 940.3 N through an external rupture of the electrode tab. The anode failed at an average maximum load of 868.9 N through a rupture of the single electrode sheets and the opening of the pouch foil. No thermal runaway occurred for either cathode or anode. The results of this study reveal a more critical failure behavior for the anode electrode tab, which can be addressed in the future by adding a predetermined breaking point and adapting the geometry of the anode electrode tab. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Battery Safety: Recent Advances and Perspective)
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18 pages, 4124 KiB  
Article
Experimental Investigation on Reversible Swelling Mechanisms of Lithium-Ion Batteries under a Varying Preload Force
by Emanuele Michelini, Patrick Höschele, Simon Franz Heindl, Simon Erker and Christian Ellersdorfer
Batteries 2023, 9(4), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9040218 - 4 Apr 2023
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 7488
Abstract
The safety of lithium-ion batteries has to be guaranteed over the complete lifetime considering geometry changes caused by reversible and irreversible swellings and degradation mechanisms. An understanding of the pressure distribution and gradients is necessary to optimize battery modules and avoid local degradation [...] Read more.
The safety of lithium-ion batteries has to be guaranteed over the complete lifetime considering geometry changes caused by reversible and irreversible swellings and degradation mechanisms. An understanding of the pressure distribution and gradients is necessary to optimize battery modules and avoid local degradation bearing the risk of safety-relevant battery changes. In this study, the pressure distribution of two fresh lithium-ion pouch cells was measured with an initial preload force of 300 or 4000 N. Four identical cells were electrochemically aged with a 300 or 4000 N preload force. The irreversible thickness change was measured during aging. After aging, the reversible swelling behavior was investigated to draw conclusions on how the pressure distribution affected the aging behavior. A novel test setup was developed to measure the local cell thickness without contact and with high precision. The results suggested that the applied preload force affected the pressure distribution and pressure gradients on the cell surface. The pressure gradients were found to affect the locality of the irreversible swelling. Positions suffering from large pressure variations and gradients increased strongly in thickness and were affected in terms of their reversible swelling behavior. In particular, the edges of the investigated cells showed a strong thickness increase caused by pressure peaks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Battery Safety: Recent Advances and Perspective)
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18 pages, 3500 KiB  
Article
Accurate Prediction Approach of SOH for Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on LSTM Method
by Lijun Zhang, Tuo Ji, Shihao Yu and Guanchen Liu
Batteries 2023, 9(3), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9030177 - 18 Mar 2023
Cited by 43 | Viewed by 9222
Abstract
The deterioration of the health state of lithium-ion batteries will lead to the degradation of the battery performance, the reduction of the maximum available capacity, the continuous shortening of the service life, the reduction of the driving range of electric vehicles, and even [...] Read more.
The deterioration of the health state of lithium-ion batteries will lead to the degradation of the battery performance, the reduction of the maximum available capacity, the continuous shortening of the service life, the reduction of the driving range of electric vehicles, and even the occurrence of safety accidents in electric vehicles driving. To solve the problem that the traditional battery management system is difficult to accurately manage and predict its health condition, this paper proposes the mechanism and influencing factors of battery degradation. The battery capacity is selected as the characterization of the state of health (SOH), and the long short-term memory (LSTM) model of battery capacity is constructed. The intrinsic pattern of capacity degradation is detected and extracted from the perspective of time series. Experimental results from NASA and CALCE battery life datasets show that the prediction approach based on the LSTM model can accurately predict the available capacity and the remaining useful life (RUL) of the lithium-ion battery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Battery Safety: Recent Advances and Perspective)
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Review

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36 pages, 1814 KiB  
Review
Gas Emissions from Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Review of Experimental Results and Methodologies
by Elna J. K. Nilsson and Annika Ahlberg Tidblad
Batteries 2024, 10(12), 443; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10120443 - 14 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2164
Abstract
Gas emissions from lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been analysed in a large number of experimental studies over the last decade, including investigations of their dependence on the state of charge, cathode chemistry, cell capacity, and many more factors. Unfortunately, the reported data are [...] Read more.
Gas emissions from lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been analysed in a large number of experimental studies over the last decade, including investigations of their dependence on the state of charge, cathode chemistry, cell capacity, and many more factors. Unfortunately, the reported data are inconsistent between studies, which can be explained by weaknesses in experimental methodologies, the misinterpretation of data, or simply due to the comparison of datasets that build on different prerequisites. In the present work, the literature on gassing from battery components and battery cells is reported, with a focus on vent gas composition resulting from internal chemical processing in the battery and excluding studies where the gases are combusted after venting. The aim is to identify datasets of high quality that contribute to the advancement of our understanding of gas emissions from LIBs. Gas compositions from different stages in the gassing process are included, starting with the slow formation of gases during normal operation via mild thermal events to a thermal runaway (TR) with extensive gas production. Available published data are used to map gas quantity and composition from LIBs undergoing venting, with or without a TR, and to identify gaps in understanding and the need for further research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Battery Safety: Recent Advances and Perspective)
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