Bioactivity of Carica papaya (Caricaceae) against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
No | Compound name | Retention time (min) | Peak area % * |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Caprylic acid | 11.06 | 0.06 |
2 | Pelargic acid | 15.21 | 0.11 |
3 | Lauric acid | 27.56 | 0.06 |
4 | Myristic acid | 34.95 | 0.51 |
5 | Pentadecylic acid | 38.41 | 0.15 |
6 | Palmitoleic acid | 41.03 | 0.56 |
7 | Palmitic acid | 41.99 | 24.1 |
8 | Margaric acid | 43.91 | 0.87 |
9 | Oleic acid | 45.25 | 45.97 |
10 | Stearic acid | 45.56 | 8.52 |
11 | 7,10-Octadecadienoic acid | 46.21 | 0.17 |
12 | Goindoic acid | 47.46 | 1.37 |
13 | Arachidic acid | 47.73 | 1.19 |
14 | Erucic acid | 49.33 | 0.08 |
15 | Beheric acid | 49.55 | 0.64 |
16 | Tricosanoic acid | 50.36 | 0.13 |
17 | Lignoceric acid | 51.13 | 0.35 |
18 | Pentacosanoic acid | 51.86 | 0.06 |
19 | Cerotic acid | 52.57 | 0.07 |
Conc. ppm | Duration (d) | Viability (%) | Pupae weight (mg) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
larvae | Pupae | larvae | Pupae | ||
24,000 | - | - | - | - | - |
16,000 | 29.7 ± 0.67 * | 14.7 ± 0.33 * | 29.2 ± 9.48 * | 42.9 ± 5.0 * | 202.8 ± 4.72 * |
9,600 | 28.8 ± 0.61 * | 13.6 ± 0.30 * | 50 ± 10.43 * | 66.7 ± 16.67 * | 240.6 ± 6.58 * |
1,600 | 27.4 ± 0.73 | 12.8 ± 0.21 | 87.5 ± 9.03 | 95.2 ± 10.01 | 265.9 ± 7.13 |
0 | 26.3 ± 0.44 | 12.5 ± 0.17 | 91.67 ± 5.76 | 95.2 ± 8.33 | 271.8 ± 5.3 |
VL50 | 10.198 × 103 ppm |
Concentration (ppm) | Oleic acid | Palmitic acid | Stearic acid |
---|---|---|---|
1,600 | 48.5 ± 10.39 * | 33.3 ± 9.83 * | 62.5 ± 10.1 * |
960 | 58.3 ± 10.28 * | 50 ± 10.43 * | 75 ± 9.03 |
400 | 70.8 ± 9.48 | 62.5 ± 10.1 * | 87.5 ± 6.9 |
160 | 83.3 ± 7.77 | 70.8 ± 9.83 | 87.5 ± 6.9 |
0 | 95.8 ± 7.77 | 95.8 ± 7.77 | 95.8 ± 7.77 |
VL50 | 1.3534 × 103 ppm | 0.989 × 103 ppm | 2.1765 × 103 ppm |
3. Experimental
3.1. Plant Material and Extraction
3.2. Larvae
3.3. Bioassays
3.4. Chemicals
3.5. Analysis of the Chloroform Extract
2.6. Acute Toxicity Assessment
2.7. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
- Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are available from the authors.
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Pérez-Gutiérrez, S.; Zavala-Sánchez, M.A.; González-Chávez, M.M.; Cárdenas-Ortega, N.C.; Ramos-López, M.A. Bioactivity of Carica papaya (Caricaceae) against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Molecules 2011, 16, 7502-7509. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16097502
Pérez-Gutiérrez S, Zavala-Sánchez MA, González-Chávez MM, Cárdenas-Ortega NC, Ramos-López MA. Bioactivity of Carica papaya (Caricaceae) against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Molecules. 2011; 16(9):7502-7509. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16097502
Chicago/Turabian StylePérez-Gutiérrez, Salud, Miguel Angel Zavala-Sánchez, Marco Martín González-Chávez, Norma Cecilia Cárdenas-Ortega, and Miguel Angel Ramos-López. 2011. "Bioactivity of Carica papaya (Caricaceae) against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)" Molecules 16, no. 9: 7502-7509. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16097502
APA StylePérez-Gutiérrez, S., Zavala-Sánchez, M. A., González-Chávez, M. M., Cárdenas-Ortega, N. C., & Ramos-López, M. A. (2011). Bioactivity of Carica papaya (Caricaceae) against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Molecules, 16(9), 7502-7509. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16097502