Correlation Between Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils from Fifteen Eucalyptus Species Growing in the Korbous and Jbel Abderrahman Arboreta (North East Tunisia)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Chemical Composition
Compounds andabbreviations | KI a | Content in % | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eucalyptus species | ||||||||
E. astc | E. cam | E. div | E. dun | E. fal | E. glo | E. gom | ||
α-Pinene (α-pin) | 1053 | 21.3 ± 4.2 | - b | 3.3 ± 3.2 | 23.7 ± 4.5 | 6.0 ± 1.7 | 12.0 ± 3.0 | 0.7 ± 0.6 |
Limonene (lim) | 1209 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 0.3 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 2.0 ± 1.0 | 0.7 ± 0.6 | 2.3 ± 1.5 | - |
β-Phellandrene (β-phe) | 1215 | - | - | - | 1.0 ± 1.7 | - | - | - |
1,8-Cineole (1,8-cin) | 1218 | 43.7 ± 4.9 | 3.7 ± 2.1 | 37.0 ± 12.1 | 44.7 ± 2.1 | 30.7 ± 4.0 | 53.7 ± 3.2 | 6.3 ± 2.1 |
p-Cymene (p-cym) | 1282 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 11.7 ± 4.0 | 0.7 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | - | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 3.0 ± 2.0 |
Pinocarvone (pin) | 1590 | 1.7 ± 0.6 | - | 1.0 ± 1.0 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 4.0 ± 0.0 | 1.7 ± 1.2 | 3.3 ± 1.5 |
Terpinene-4-ol (ter-4-ol) | 1618 | - | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.6 | - | - | - | 3.7 ± 1.5 |
Aromadendrene (aro) | 1625 | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 0.3 ± 0.6 | 3.0 ± 2.0 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 3.7 ± 2.1 | 1.0 ± 0.0 |
trans-Pinocarveol (tr-pin) | 1675 | 7.7 ± 2.3 | - | 7.0 ± 4.6 | 3.7 ± 2.1 | 26.0 ± 0.0 | 3.7 ± 1.5 | 12.3 ± 5.1 |
Cryptone (cry) | 1695 | - | 12.7 ± 1.2 | - | - | - | - | - |
α-Terpinol (α-ter) | 1713 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | - | 2.7 ± 2.1 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 3.3 ± 2.1 | 7.3 ± 2.3 |
Borneol (bor) | 1720 | - | - | 0.7 ± 0.6 | - | 1.0 ± 0.0 | - | 2.0 ± 0.0 |
Phellandral (phe) | 1747 | - | 3.7 ± 0.6 | - | - | - | - | - |
Globulol (glo) | 2103 | 5.7 ± 1.2 | 1.0 ± 1.0 | 6.3 ± 5.5 | 4.3 ± 0.6 | 7.0 ± 1.7 | 4.7 ± 1.2 | 7.7 ± 1.2 |
Viridiflorol (vir) | 2113 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 6.7 ± 8.1 | 1.7 ± 1.2 | 1.7 ± 1.2 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 |
Spathulenol (spa) | 2151 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 28.0 ± 7.9 | 0.3 ± 0.6 | 1.7 ± 1.2 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | - | 1.0 ± 0.0 |
Thymol (thy) | 2172 | - | 1.0 ± 0.0 | - | - | - | - | - |
Isospathulenol (iso) | 2259 | - | - | - | - | - | 2.0 ± 3.5 | - |
Compounds andabbreviations | KI a | Content in % | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eucalyptus species | |||||||||
E. kit | E. leh | E. leu | E. mac | E. pla | E. pol | E. pop | E. rud | ||
α-Pinene | 1053 | 9.7 ± 8.0 | 17.7 ± 7.2 | 7.7 ± 2.3 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 9.3 ± 0.6 | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 2.0 ± 1.0 | 0.7 ± 0.6 |
Limonene (lim) | 1209 | 1.0 ± 1.0 | 4.3 ± 0.6 | 2.3 ± 0.6 | 3.5 ± 0.7 | 0.3 ± 0.6 | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 0.7 ± 0.6 |
β-Phellandrene (β-phe) | 1215 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 7.3 ± 3.1 |
1,8-Cineole (1,8-cin) | 1218 | 4.7 ± 3.1 | 57.0 ± 4.4 | 59.3 ± 10.0 | 34.5 ± 2.1 | 22.7 ± 4.7 | 58.0 ± 12.07 | 47.0 ± 9.2 | 2.3 ± 2.1 |
p-Cymene (p-cym) | 1282 | 6.7 ± 8.1 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 3.0 ± 3.5 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 7.7 ± 4.0 | 2.5 ± 2.1 | 0.7 ± 0.6 | 16.7 ± 1.5 |
Pinocarvone (pin) | 1590 | 4.0 ± 1.7 | - | 1.0 ± 0.0 | - | 2.3 ± 0.6 | 0.5 ± .0.7 | 1.0 ± 1.0 | - |
Terpinene-4-ol (ter-4-ol) | 1618 | 0.3 ± 0.6 | - | - | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 0.5 ± 0.7 | 0.7 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 0.0 |
Aromadendrene (aro) | 1625 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | - | 2.3 ± 1.5 | - | 1.0 ± 1.0 | - | 2.3 ± 1.2 | 0.7 ± 0.6 |
trans-Pinocarveol (tr-pin) | 1675 | 21.7 ± 10.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 4.7 ± 1.2 | - | 8.3 ± 2.5 | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 6.7 ± 5.5 | - |
Cryptone (cry) | 1695 | - | - | - | - | - | 1.5 ± 2.1 | - | 7.0 ± 3.5 |
α-Terpinol (α-ter) | 1713 | 4.7 ± 1.2 | 8.7 ± 2.3 | 1.7 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 6.5 ± 0.7 | 2.7 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.0 |
Borneol (bor) | 1720 | 4.7 ± 0.6 | 0.7 ± 0.6 | - | - | - | - | 0.7 ± 1.2 | - |
Phellandral (phe) | 1747 | 0.3 ± 0.6 | - | - | - | - | 1.0 ± 0.0 | - | 4.3 ± 0.6 |
Globulol (glo) | 2103 | 9.0 ± 7.8 | 0.7 ± 0.6 | 6.0 ± 2.6 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 6.3 ± 2.1 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 12.7 ± 1.5 | 0.7 ± 0.6 |
Viridiflorol (vir) | 2113 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | - | 0.7 ± 0.6 | - | 3.7 ± 1.5 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | - |
Spathulenol (spa) | 2151 | 1.7 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | - | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 11.0 ± 6.0 | 4.5 ± 3.5 | - | 19.7 ± 4.7 |
Thymol (thy) | 2172 | - | - | - | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 0.3 ± 0.6 | - | - | 3.7 ± 2.5 |
Isospathulenol (iso) | 2259 | - | - | - | - | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 0.5 ± 0.7 | - | 1.3 ± 0.6 |
2.2. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA)
2.3. Antibacterial Activity
Microorganisms | Inhibition zone diameters ♣ | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Essential oils | ||||||
E. ast | E. cam | E. div | E. dun | E. fal | E. glo | |
Gram+ | ||||||
Enterococcus faecalis | 9.0 ± 1.0 a° | 9.0 ± 1.0 a | 9.3 ± 0.6 ab | 8.7 ± 2.1 a | 10.3 ± 2.1 abc | 8.7 ± 0.6 a |
Staphylococcus aureus | 9.3 ± 1.5 abcd | 11.7 ± 0.6 de | 8.3 ± 2.5 ab | 8.0 ± 0.0 ab | 11.3 ± 3.8 cde | 9.0 ± 0.0 abcd |
Gram− | ||||||
Escherichia coli | 8.3 ± 0.6 bcd | 7.3 ± 0.6 abc | 8.3 ± 0.6 bcd | 7.0 ± 1.0 ab | 8.0 ± 2.0 bc | 8.0 ± 0.0 bc |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 7.3 ± 0.6 ab | 7.0 ± 0.0 ab | 7.3 ± 0.6 ab | 7.0 ± 0.0 ab | 6.0 ± 0.0 a | 8.7 ± 0.6 b |
Microorganisms | Inhibition zone diameters | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Essential oils | |||||
E. gom | E. kit | E. leh | E. leu | E. mac | |
Gram+ | |||||
Enterococcusfaecalis | 8.3 ± 0.6 a | 8.3 ± 0.6 a | 8.3 ± 0.6 a | 8.3 ± 2.3 a | 8.5 ± 0.7 a |
Staphylococcusaureus | 7.3 ± 0.6 a | 10.3 ± 1.5 bcd | 12.7 ± 0.0 e | 7.0 ± 0.0 a | 9.0 ± 0.0 abcd |
Gram− | |||||
Escherichia coli | 6.0 ± 0.0 a | 8.0 ± 1.7 bc | 10.0 ± 0.0 d | 6.7 ± 0.6 ab | 7.0 ± 0.0 ab |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 6.0 ± 0.0 a | 7.7 ± 1.2 ab | 10.3 ± 0.6 c | 8.0 ± 1.0 b | 7.0 ± 0.0 ab |
Microorganisms | Inhibition zone diameters | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Essential oils | |||||
E. pla | E. pol | E. pop | E. rud | Gen ° | |
Gram+ | |||||
Enterococcus faecalis | 12.7 ± 5.5 cd | 11.1 ± 1.4 abc | 9.0 ± 1.0 a | 7.3 ± 1.2 a | 13.0 ± 1.0 d |
Staphylococcusaureus | 8.0 ± 0.0 ab | 11.5 ± 2.1 cde | 9.3 ± 1.2 abcd | 8.7 ± 1.2 abc | 29.3 ± 1.2f |
Gram− | |||||
Escherichia coli | 7.3 ± 0.0 ab | 9.0 ± 0.0 cd | 8.3 ± 1.5 bcd | 7.0 ± 0.0 ab | 20.0 ± 1.0 e |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 8.7 ± 0.6 b | 7.5 ± 0.7 ab | 8.7 ± 2.1 b | 6.0 ± 0.0 a | 14.3 ± 1.5 e |
3. Experimental
3.1. Plant Materials
3.2. Extraction of Essential Oils
3.3. Chemical Analysis
3.3.1. Gas Chromatography Analysis
3.3.2. Gas-Chromatography-Mass-Spectrometry Analysis
3.3.3. Compound Identification
3.4. Antibacterial Testing
3.5. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References and Notes
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Elaissi, A.; Rouis, Z.; Mabrouk, S.; Salah, K.B.H.; Aouni, M.; Khouja, M.L.; Farhat, F.; Chemli, R.; Harzallah-Skhiri, F. Correlation Between Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils from Fifteen Eucalyptus Species Growing in the Korbous and Jbel Abderrahman Arboreta (North East Tunisia). Molecules 2012, 17, 3044-3057. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17033044
Elaissi A, Rouis Z, Mabrouk S, Salah KBH, Aouni M, Khouja ML, Farhat F, Chemli R, Harzallah-Skhiri F. Correlation Between Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils from Fifteen Eucalyptus Species Growing in the Korbous and Jbel Abderrahman Arboreta (North East Tunisia). Molecules. 2012; 17(3):3044-3057. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17033044
Chicago/Turabian StyleElaissi, Ameur, Zyed Rouis, Samia Mabrouk, Karima Bel Haj Salah, Mahjoub Aouni, Mohamed Larbi Khouja, Farhat Farhat, Rachid Chemli, and Fethia Harzallah-Skhiri. 2012. "Correlation Between Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils from Fifteen Eucalyptus Species Growing in the Korbous and Jbel Abderrahman Arboreta (North East Tunisia)" Molecules 17, no. 3: 3044-3057. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17033044