Distribution of Primary and Specialized Metabolites in Nigella sativa Seeds, a Spice with Vast Traditional and Historical Uses
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Volatile Oil Characterization in Mature N. sativa Seeds
2.2. Changes in the N. sativa Seed Volatiles during Seed Maturation
Seed source | Ein-Harod | Naan | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Compound | µg/g F.W. | % (W/W) | µg/g F.W. | % (W/W) | |||
Monoterpene hydrocarbons | I.M. * | R.I. | |||||
α-thujene | MS,RI,AS | 925 | 43.8 ± 6.8 | 9.7 ± 0.3 | 51.7 ± 11.4 | 10.4 ± 0.3 | |
α-pinene | MS,RI,AS | 940 | 21.9 ± 4.2 | 4.8 ± 0.2 | 24.3 ± 4.5 | 4.9 ± 0.2 | |
sabinene | MS,RI,AS | 970 | 3.9 ± 0.7 | 0.9 ± 0.04 | 4.7 ± 1.1 | 1 ± 0.04 | |
β-pinene | MS,RI,AS | 975 | 11 ± 2 | 2.4 ± 0.1 | 12.7 ± 2.8 | 2.6 ± 0.1 | |
myrcene | MS,RI,AS | 985 | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.04 | |
α-terpinene | MS,RI,AS | 1014 | 5.5 ± 1.8 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | |
p-cymene | MS,RI,AS | 1024 | 113 ± 17.3 | 25 ± 0.5 | 128 ± 25.9 | 25.9 ± 0.02 | |
limonene | MS,RI,AS | 1030 | 3.1 ± 0.6 | 0.7 ± 0.03 | 3.1 ± 0.6 | 0.6 ± 0.04 | |
γ-terpinene | MS,RI,AS | 1055 | 52.1 ± 22.4 | 11.6 ± 5.5 | 4.5 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | |
terpinolene | MS,RI,AS | 1086 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 1 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.02 | |
total | 257 | 57.1 | 233.33 | 47.3 | |||
Monoterpene alcohols | |||||||
terpinene 4-ol | MS,RI,AS | 1181 | 2 ± 0.4 | 0.4 ± 0.01 | 2.6 ± 0.7 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | |
carvacrol | MS,RI,AS | 1298 | 26.1 ± 3.9 | 5.8 ± 1 | 16.9 ± 4.1 | 3.4 ± 0.9 | |
thymohydroquinone | MS,RI | 1550 | 73.0 ± 15.7 | 16.2 ± 1.9 | 114.5 ± 15.1 | 23.2 ± 2.4 | |
total | 101.1 | 22.5 | 134 | 27.1 | |||
Monoterpene ethers | |||||||
cis-4-methoxythujane | MS,RI | 1094 | 3 ± 0.6 | 0.7 ± 0.04 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 0.7 ± 0.04 | |
trans-4-methoxythujane | MS,RI | 1118 | 17 ± 3 | 3.8 ± 0.2 | 19.9 ± 4.6 | 4 ± 0.1 | |
4,5-epoxy-1-isopropyl-4-methyl-1-cyclohexene | MS | 1201 | 4.1 ± 0.9 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 4.7 ± 1.5 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | |
total | 24.1 | 5.4 | 28.2 | 5.7 | |||
Monoterpene ketones | |||||||
carvone | MS,RI,AS | 1245 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.1 | |
thymoquinone | MS,RI,AS | 1253 | 35.2 ± 17.5 | 7.8 ± 3.7 | 67.7 ± 23.7 | 13.7 ± 2.3 | |
total | 35.4 | 7.9 | 68 | 13.8 | |||
Monoterpene ester | |||||||
bornyl acetate | MS,RI,AS | 1286 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | |
total | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | |||
Aldehydes | |||||||
2 E,4Z- decadienal | MS,RI | 1295 | 0.3 ± 0.02 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.3 ± 0.03 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | |
2 E,4E- decadienal | MS,RI | 1319 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | |
total | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.2 | |||
Sesquiterpenes | |||||||
longipinene | MS,RI | 1355 | 3.4 ± 0.5 | 0.8 ± 0.04 | 2.7 ± 1.3 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | |
longifolene | MS,RI | 1415 | 17.1 ± 1.8 | 3.8 ± 0.20.04 ± 0.01 | 13.3 ± 5.8 | 2.7 ± 1 | |
trans-caryophyllene | MS,RI,AS | 1423 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.03 | 0.03 | ||
zonarene | MS,RI | 1523 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.04 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.1 | |
total | 21.3 | 4.7 | 16.7 | 3.4 | |||
Unidentified | 14.1 ± 3.4 | 2.4 | 16.7 ± 5.3 | 2.3 | |||
Total essential oil | 450.3 ± 69.5 | 100 | 493.7 ± 99.5 | 100 |
2.3. Distribution of Specialized and Other Metabolites within N. sativa Seed
2.4. Ecological Relevance to the Distribution of Metabolites within Black Cumin Seed
3. Experimental
3.1. Chemicals
3.2. Plant Material
3.3. Separation of Seed Coat from Inner Seed Tissues
3.4. Extraction and Analysis of Volatile Compounds
3.5. Extraction and Analysis of Non-Volatile Compounds
3.6. Hystochemistry
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
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Botnick, I.; Xue, W.; Bar, E.; Ibdah, M.; Schwartz, A.; Joel, D.M.; Lev, E.; Fait, A.; Lewinsohn, E. Distribution of Primary and Specialized Metabolites in Nigella sativa Seeds, a Spice with Vast Traditional and Historical Uses. Molecules 2012, 17, 10159-10177. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules170910159
Botnick I, Xue W, Bar E, Ibdah M, Schwartz A, Joel DM, Lev E, Fait A, Lewinsohn E. Distribution of Primary and Specialized Metabolites in Nigella sativa Seeds, a Spice with Vast Traditional and Historical Uses. Molecules. 2012; 17(9):10159-10177. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules170910159
Chicago/Turabian StyleBotnick, Ilan, Wentao Xue, Einat Bar, Mwafaq Ibdah, Amnon Schwartz, Daniel M. Joel, Efraim Lev, Aaron Fait, and Efraim Lewinsohn. 2012. "Distribution of Primary and Specialized Metabolites in Nigella sativa Seeds, a Spice with Vast Traditional and Historical Uses" Molecules 17, no. 9: 10159-10177. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules170910159