Next Article in Journal
Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from Wrapping Films and Wrapped PDO Italian Cheeses by Using HS-SPME and GC/MS
Previous Article in Journal
Production of the Anti-Inflammatory Compound 6-O-Palmitoyl-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosylcampesterol by Callus Cultures of Lopezia racemosa Cav. (Onagraceae)
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Molecules
Volume 19
Issue 6
10.3390/molecules19068691
molecules-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Effects of Propylene Glycol Alginate and Sucrose Esters on the Physicochemical Properties of Modified Starch-Stabilized Beverage Emulsions

by
Kok Whye Cheong
1,2,
Hamed Mirhosseini
1,
Nazimah Sheikh Abdul Hamid
3,
Azizah Osman
4,
Mahiran Basri
5 and
Chin Ping Tan
1,*
1
Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
2
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
3
School of Applied Sciences, AUT University, 34 St. Paul Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
4
Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
5
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2014, 19(6), 8691-8706; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules19068691
Submission received: 17 March 2014 / Revised: 31 May 2014 / Accepted: 12 June 2014 / Published: 24 June 2014
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of main emulsion components namely, modified starch, propylene glycol alginate (PGA), sucrose laurate and sucrose stearate on creaming index, cloudiness, average droplet size and conductivity of soursop beverage emulsions. Generally, the use of different emulsifiers or a mixture of emulsifiers has a significant (p < 0.05) effect on the response variables studied. The addition of PGA had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on the creaming index at 55 °C, while PGA-stabilized (PGA1) emulsions showed low creaming stability at both 25 °C and 55 °C. Conversely, the utilization of PGA either as a mixture or sole emulsifier, showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher cloudiness, as larger average droplet size will affect the refractive index of the oil and aqueous phases. Additionally, the cloudiness was directly proportional to the mean droplet size of the dispersed phase. The inclusion of PGA into the formulation could have disrupted the properties of the interfacial film, thus resulting in larger droplet size. While unadsorbed ionized PGA could have contributed to higher conductivity of emulsions prepared at low pH. Generally, emulsions prepared using sucrose monoesters or as a mixture with modified starch emulsions have significantly (p < 0.05) lower creaming index and conductivity values, but higher cloudiness and average droplet size.

1. Introduction

Soursop (Annona muricata) is a tropical fruit native to and common in tropical America and the West Indies, although it is grown in several other countries, including Sri Lanka [1]. Today, it is widely distributed, from southeastern China to Australia and the warm lowlands of eastern and western Africa and Southeast Asia. Of the 60 or more species of the genus Annona, family Annonaceae, only five species, namely soursop, custard apple, cherimoya, bullock’s heart and atemoya are of commercial importance and have contributed to significant economic growth of certain tropical countries, namely tropical America, northern South America, Australia, Africa and Malaysia [2,3]. Nevertheless, only soursop, which is the largest-fruited species, lends itself well to preserving and processing.
Generally, soursop has a pleasant, sub-acid and aromatic flesh that is described as a custard-like flavor when it is ripe, due to the presence of ester compounds, fruit sugars, organic acids and uncharacterized volatile esters [4]. The soursop fruit has been widely used for manufacturing various types of products such as juice blends, puree, jellies, syrups, jams and ice-cream [5]. Like most tropical fruits, the unique soursop flavor implies that the fruit itself or its processed products would have great potential to compete in the international market [6]. Soursop pulp has already been marketed in European, North American and Brazilian markets [7]. In year 2009, the food and beverages was accounted for nearly US$ 9 billion of the total flavor and fragrance sales. Considering the fact that Malaysia has an abundance of tropical fruits with distinctive flavors and the advancement of food and beverage processing, the food and beverages sector will continue to represent the largest market share in utilizing flavoring agents [8].
An emulsion is a suspension of two immiscible liquids (water and oil) in which small oil droplets is dispersed in an aqueous phase or vice versa [9]. Owing to the relatively simple formation and processing methods, colloidal delivery system through emulsion has been widely utilized as an efficient delivery method in the food and beverage industries. Amongst the various food ingredients, flavorings have been one of the most important and valuable ingredients in any food products. As flavor compounds can be expensive and delicate, protection of these valuable ingredients from evaporation, degradation and oxidation has often been a cause of concern for manufacturers [10,11]. Besides that, emulsion system allowed the dispersion of oil-based flavor compounds into aqueous food systems (e.g., soft drinks, beverage emulsion).
Beverage emulsions are oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions that are normally prepared in concentrated form and then diluted several hundred times prior to the consumption either in carbonated or non-carbonated soft drinks. In the soft drinks industry, the concentrated emulsion is diluted several hundred to several thousand times in a sugar/acid solution to provide flavor, color and a cloudy appearance to the final products [12]. The beverage emulsions must have a high degree of stability in both concentrated and diluted forms [10]. However, emulsions are thermodynamically unstable systems due to unfavorable contact and the differences in specific gravity between the oil and aqueous phase, leading to separation, decrease of both aesthetic and flavor quality over a period of time [9]. As the physicochemical stability of emulsions is of vital importance to industry manufacturers, long term stability is often extended by improvement of their kinetic stability through addition of emulsifiers and/or thickening agents to retard droplet aggregation or flocculation and coalescence [9,13]. Beverage emulsions are often stabilized by conventional amphiphilic and anionic hydrocolloids such as gum arabic, xanthan gum and modified starch [14,15,16]. But in recent years, various types of biopolymers such as corn fiber gum [17], durian seed gum [18], fish gelatin [19], alginates [20] or the use of a mixture of polysaccharide-protein systems [21,22,23] have been proposed as alternative sources of natural emulsifiers. The global consumption of 412 billion liters of soft drinks in 2001 represented by any measure the majority of the beverage industry, which also reflects on the use of biopolymers in the industry [24].
Starches can be surface-active when modified with hydrophobic moieties such as octenylsuccinic anhydride (OSA) [25]. For food application purposes, the chemical modification of starch is strictly limited to the type of chemical reaction, modifying agent, degree of substitution and the impurity content [26], with a typical degree of substitution up to 0.02% or 3% [27,28]. Trubiano touted hydrophobically modified starches as one of the most promising biopolymer replacements for gum arabic, and it is perhaps the most widely accepted alternative for beverage emulsion applications [29]. With the incorporation of a lipophilic group, the OSA-modified starch shows surface-active properties that can be used to stabilize o/w emulsions [30,31]. Previous studies have indicated that modified starch is mildly anionic in aqueous solutions and has a surface activity that is almost as high as that of gum arabic [32]. Modified starch forms a strong film at the oil-water interface, which resists the re-agglomeration of newly formed emulsion droplets [27].
Alginates, hydrophilic colloidal polysaccharides that act as structural components, are found abundantly in various species of marine brown seaweeds (Phaeophyceae). Alginates are linear polysaccharides comprising (1-4)-linked β-d-mannuronate and α-l-guluronate binary copolymers at varying proportions and distributions in the chain [20]. However, the only alginate derivative that is highly in demand among beverage manufacturers is propylene glycol alginate (PGA) because sodium alginates do not function below pH 4.0. By esterifying the alginate and propylene oxide to form PGA, this derivative can function as an emulsifier at lower pH and is also highly soluble [33]. Other attractive properties of PGA include viscosity enhancement, stabilization and film formation [20,34]. Sucrose fatty acid esters, better known as sucrose esters, are non-ionic emulsifiers that have been widely applied in the food industry in recent years because they are biodegradable, of low toxicity, tasteless and odorless [35]. These emulsifiers can be produced from natural products by the esterification of fatty acids or natural glycerides with sucrose and are therefore perceived as more environmentally friendly [36,37]. As such, these surfactants can be synthesized with various hydrophobic-hydrophilic and functional properties using different types of fatty acids [37,38]. By varying the number of fatty acids from one to eight and the chain length of the fatty acids, sucrose esters with a wide range of hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) values and properties can be synthesized to accommodate applications in o/w or w/o emulsion systems [35,37]. Given the right composition and temperature, previous studies have also shown the versatility of sucrose monoesters in the formation of various types of colloidal dispersions such as microemulsions, nanoemulsions and emulsions [39].
The physicochemical properties of emulsions, such as beverage emulsions, are important because they dictate the quality of the products and their aesthetic value. The characteristics of emulsion products do not depend on the type and concentration of each individual component but rather on the combination of all the components together in an emulsion system and the interactions between these components [9]. The stability of beverage emulsions stabilized by a single emulsifier system is often limited. Thus, the development of more refined dispersion technologies which utilizes complexes or mixed biopolymers, as well as the incorporation of small molecules (e.g., sucrose esters and maltose) has become ever more important [19,23,34,40,41]. Though steric hindrance may play a key role in emulsion formed using OSA-modified starch [42], the stability of the emulsion is also related to the behavior of the continuous aqueous phase such as ionic environment, rheology and unadsorbed biopolymers or surfactants [43]. There may be synergistic or antagonistic interactions between different kinds of biopolymers that will cause large changes in their functional properties [44].
Taherian et al. reported that the addition of xanthan gum to the modified starch-stabilized emulsion had provided greater stability by increasing the elastic modulus (G’) of the emulsion. Besides that, xanthan gum-added emulsion also had smaller particle size. This is mainly attributed to the immobilization of the starch-coated oil droplets in a weak gel-like network formed by the xanthan gum [45]. Alimi et al. observed a highly monodisperse packed structure with larger average droplet size when the low-fat mayonnaise was prepared using inulin of longer chain length and higher concentration of both starch and inulin [46]. A previous report found that the addition of maltose could retard the modified starch-stabilized emulsion against creaming, flocculation and coalescence [41]. Maltose had increased the viscoelasticity of the continuous phase, hence retarded free motion of droplets. In addition, the interfacial characteristics were also reported to be dependent on the procedures and/or types of emulsifiers used to make emulsions [40,47]. While protein-polysaccharide [19,34,48] and protein-sucrose ester [40,49] interactions have been widely reported, interactions between modified starch and sucrose esters, as well as PGA remained unclear. In addition, there were issues in utilizing sucrose esters in acidic beverage emulsions, although Choi et al. recently reported a stable emulsion when sucrose palmitate was used in combination with lyso-lecithin [50]. The addition of anionic lyso-lecithin had significantly increased the electrostatic repulsion between droplets, which consequently improved the stability of the emulsion against droplet aggregation and phase separation at low pH. Thus, the main aim of the present study was to study the effect of emulsion compositions and the interactions between these components on the physicochemical properties of soursop beverage emulsion (e.g., creaming index, cloudiness, average droplet size and conductivity). In this study, a mixed emulsifier system consisting of modified starch with PGA, sucrose laurate or sucrose stearate were investigated. In addition, emulsions stabilized by 1% (w/w) of emulsifiers were also prepared as sucrose esters were known for their emulsification efficiencies at low concentration [50,51].

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Creaming Index

Prior to the creaming index study, several variables (e.g., speed of the homogenizer, duration of the shearing and pressure of the high-pressure homogenizer) that could affect emulsion preparation were optimized. The conditions that led to the highest creaming stability, narrow polydispersity and minimum mean droplet size (average droplet size < 1 μm) were chosen as indicators. The results showed that a fine emulsification with a good creaming stability could be achieved by mixing the emulsion for 1 min using a high-shear homogenizer (6,000 rpm) before being sent through a high-pressure homogenizer for two cycles at 200 bar.
Table
Table 1. The experimental values for the response variables (Yj) (mean ± SD).
Table 1. The experimental values for the response variables (Yj) (mean ± SD).
SamplesPhysicochemical properties
Creaming Index at 10 °C (%)Creaming Index at 25 °C (%)Creaming Index at 55 °C (%)Cloudiness (Ǻ)Conductivity (mS/cm)
MS6100.0 ± 0.0 a100.0 ± 0.0 a86.0 ± 1.4 a0.091 ± 0.004 a0.0749 ± 0.0001 a,e
MS-PGA97.5 ± 3.5 a98.5 ± 2.1 a51.0 ± 1.4 b0.111 ± 0.001 a0.0837 ± 0.0002 b
MS-SL16.5 ± 2.1 b,d10.5 ± 0.7 b11.0 ± 1.4 c0.160 ± 0.013 b0.0719 ± 0.0000 c,d
MS-SS36.5 ± 2.1 c16.5 ± 2.1 c10.5 ± 0.7 c0.163 ± 0.001 b0.0742 ± 0.0000 a,d
MS123.5 ± 2.1 b20.5 ± 0.7 c20.5 ± 0.7 d0.160 ± 0.004 b0.0725 ± 0.0006 d
PGA199.5 ± 0.7 a41.5 ± 2.1 d14.5 ± 0.7 c0.309 ± 0.018 c0.0766 ± 0.0001 e
SL114.0 ± 1.4 d10.5 ± 0.7 b10.5 ± 0.7 c0.089 ± 0.013 a0.0695 ± 0.0001 f
SS136.0 ± 1.4 c31.0 ± 1.4 e21.5 ± 2.1 d0.110 ± 0.000 a0.0682 ± 0.0011 f
SamplesPhysicochemical properties
Average Droplet Size, D[4,3] (µm)Average Droplet Size, D[4,3] (µm)
MS60.245 ± 0.005 a0.299 ± 0.003 a
MS-PGA0.448 ± 0.016 a0.849 ± 0.061 b
MS-SL1.526 ± 0.004 b42.178 ± 0.130 c
MS-SS5.992 ± 0.045 c35.250 ± 0.040 d
MS18.476 ± 0.186 d8.535 ± 0.056 e
PGA12.179 ± 0.014 e2.527 ± 0.101 f
SL18.356 ± 0.059 d21.014 ± 0.204 g
SS11.815 ± 0.021 f10.671 ± 0.221 h
Different lowercase letters (a–h) showed significant difference between variables of the same physicochemical properties by different emulsifiers or a combination of emulsifiers at p < 0.05.
The results showed that the use of different emulsifiers or a combination of emulsifiers has a significant (p < 0.05) effect on emulsion stability at different temperatures (Table 1). In general, there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between formulations stabilized using 6% (w/w) modified starch (MS6) or a mixture of modified starch and propylene glycol alginate (PGA) (MS-PGA) at low or at room temperature. However, as the storage temperature increased to 55 °C, MS-PGA exhibited a significantly (p < 0.05) lower stability, although the viscosity of MS-PGA increased significantly (p < 0.05) compared with that of MS6 (data not shown). This result could be due to the depletion flocculation induced by the excess polysaccharides and the inability of PGA to form a three-dimensional gel network that would retard the movement of dispersed droplets at a higher temperature [52,53].
In the PGA-stabilized emulsion (PGA1), the creaming stabilities decreased as the temperature increased. The creaming stability of PGA1 at room temperature was 41.5%, in stark contrast with that of PGA at 95% after 3 months of storage at similar concentrations [54]. In addition, the creaming stability at 55 °C had also decreased significantly (p < 0.05) to 14.5%. This result concurred well with Paraskevopoulou et al., who had reported a lower interfacial activity of PGA in stabilizing olive oil droplets [55]. They found that gum arabic and egg yolk were more effective and performed as better emulsifiers than PGA. Propylene glycol alginate was unable to protect the dispersed droplets from coalescence as PGA molecules were unable to adsorb at the oil droplet surface to form a film of high surface shear viscosity [55]. The lower stability of MS1 (1% w/w modified starch) was mainly due to the insufficient amount of emulsifier present at the oil-water interface to stabilize the dispersed droplets.
On the other hand, emulsions prepared using sucrose esters (SL1 and SS1) or a mixture of sucrose esters and modified starch (MS-SL and MS-SS) were unstable in terms of creaming (Table 1). In general, there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between emulsions prepared using MS-SL and SL1. However, there were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the creaming stability index between MS-SS and SS1 when stored at 25 °C and 55 °C. The higher instabilities at room and high temperatures could have been due to the higher effective collision frequency and efficiency between droplets as a result of their Brownian motion [9]. In addition, samples stabilized using only sucrose stearate (SS1) or mixtures of modified starch with sucrose stearate (MS-SS) were generally much more stable than their sucrose laurate counterparts. This result could be due to the higher solubility of sucrose stearate in the water phase, consequently of lower HLB value than sucrose laurate, which lead to a higher amount of emulsifier available to stabilize the dispersed droplets. This is in contrast with the observations made by Leong et al. [56], as emulsifiers with higher HLB values should be able to stabilize dispersed emulsion droplets more efficiently and rapidly [57].
The comparisons between MS6, MS-SL and MS-SS clearly demonstrated the antagonistic effect of sucrose esters in the formulation of a soursop beverage emulsion system. This finding can mainly be attributed to the instability of sucrose esters at low pH. Noritomi et al. observed that sucrose monoesters tend to be chemically unstable at low and high pHs [58]. They found that sucrose monoesters are susceptible to the hydrolysis of ester bonds at alkaline pHs and hydrolysis of the sucrose head group in acidic pH environments. As such, in an acidic environment, the size of the hydrophilic head group would be reduced, thus reducing the steric repulsion between dispersed droplets. Additionally, impurities present in sucrose esters such as lauric and stearic acid, which are expected to be surface-active, will remain predominantly in the neutral form (R-COOH) when the pH < pKa. Thus, the net charge would be close to zero, and electrostatic repulsion between the droplets would be rendered ineffective. Several reports suggest that the pKa values for lauric and stearic acids are 7.50 and 10.15, respectively [59,60]. Similar observations were made by Rao and McClements for a sucrose monopalmitate emulsion preparation [39].

2.2. Cloudiness

As shown in Table 1, the emulsions stabilized by MS6 or MS-PGA were significantly (p < 0.05) less cloudy than other samples. The results showed that the cloudiness was directly proportional to the mean droplet size of the dispersed phase, except for SL1 and SS1 (Table 1). This result is in agreement with previous reports that the type and concentration of hydrocolloids could consequently affect the average droplet size as well as the refractive index of the oil and aqueous phases and thus the cloudiness of the beverage emulsion [61]. However, SL1 and SS1, which were stabilized using sucrose laurate and stearate, respectively, were found to have a low cloudiness value, even though these emulsions were reported to have a larger mean droplet size than MS6 and MS-PGA (Table 1). This result was unexpected, as an emulsion containing a larger average droplet size and distribution would be expected to have a greater cloudiness value than the emulsion with a smaller mean droplet size.
On the other hand, the higher degree of cloudiness of MS-SL, MS-SS, MS1 and PGA1 was in good agreement with the generally larger mean droplet size. Thus, the results showed an antagonistic effect of sucrose monoesters and modified starch (MS-SL and MS-SS) in contributing to the cloudiness of soursop beverage emulsions. This finding could be explained by the competitive adsorption between modified starch and sucrose monoesters onto the oil-water interface, creating an irregular oil-water interface and therefore a larger mean droplet size. Similar observation was also reported by Zhao et al. [40]. They observed a significant (p < 0.05) change in the distribution of average droplet size and the specific surface area has increased significantly (p < 0.05) from 10.1 to 11.4 m2/g with increasing sucrose ester concentration [40]. Hence, the properties of the interfacial films are dependent on the compositions and interactions between surface active materials at the oil-water interface [56]. Additionally, the instability of sucrose monoesters in acidic conditions contributed to a larger mean droplet size and hence, the higher degree of cloudiness of MS-SL and MS-SS.

2.3. Average Droplet Size

Stabilized emulsions formed by MS6 and MS-PGA have the smallest (p < 0.05) average droplet size (Table 1). A comparison of MS6 and MS-PGA showed that the inclusion of PGA in the formulation could have disrupted the arrangement of the more readily adsorbed modified starch at the oil-water interface, resulting in a slightly larger particle size. The significantly (p < 0.05) larger average droplet size of MS1 was mainly due to the limiting amount of emulsifier present to stabilize the newly formed dispersed droplets, thus leading to a higher collision frequency and coalescence [9]. Table 1 shows a significantly (p < 0.05) larger mean droplet size for PGA1 compared with that of MS6 or MS-PGA. This observation could be explained by the fact that PGA has a relatively lower surface activity when compared to modified starch; thus, the PGA-stabilized emulsion exhibited a larger mean droplet size [55]. This is further confirmed by the significantly (p < 0.05) larger average droplet size of both MS-PGA and PGA1 after two months of storage.
The sucrose monoester-based emulsions (SL1 and SS1) clearly showed the ineffectiveness of sucrose esters as emulsifiers at low pH. After two months of storage, the average droplet size for both SL1 and SS1 had increased significantly (p < 0.05) (Table 1). The hydrolysis of the sucrose head group at low pH rendered the effectiveness of the steric repulsion mechanism, while the fatty acids remained predominantly a neutral molecule when pH < pKa of both lauric and stearic acids [58]. Besides that, more droplet flocculation in sucrose esters-stabilized emulsions was also suggested to be a reason of sucrose esters-stabilized emulsions having larger average droplet size [51]. However, the significantly smaller (p < 0.05) mean droplet size of SS1 could be attributed to the higher solubility of sucrose stearate in the water phase, thus, providing a larger amount of emulsifier to stabilize the newly formed droplets. Our observations were in complete contrast to reports by Leong et al., in which sucrose laurate was shown to be a better emulsifier compared with sucrose stearate, due to its higher particle entrapment and stabilization efficacies [56]. However, sucrose stearate had an antagonistic effect when used in combination with modified starch (MS-SS), as shown by a significantly (p < 0.05) larger average droplet size compared with that of MS-SL. This result could be due to the hydrophobic interaction between the amylopectin of modified starch and stearic acid at the oil-water interface. Extensive hydrophobic interactions at the oil-water interface could eventually lead to coagulation of modified starch and sucrose stearate, forming multilayers of modified starch and sucrose stearate. This eventually will reduce the surface active properties of both modified starch and sucrose stearate and easily be displaced [62]. In addition, the average droplet size is also influenced by the interfacial tension, which is mainly characterized by the compositions and properties of the interfacial films [56]. Similarly, Zhao et al. reported that the added sucrose esters could be co-adsorped or competitively adsorb onto the sodium caseinate emulsion interface, hence, changing the compositions and properties of the interfacial films, and consequently altering the average droplet size [40].

2.4. Conductivity

As shown in Table 1, both MS-PGA and PGA1 showed a significantly (p < 0.05) higher conductivity compared with that of the other samples. MS-PGA had the highest (p < 0.05) conductivity value among all of the samples. This result could be due to the adsorption of the more surface-active modified starch onto the oil-water interface, restricted further adsorption of PGA through steric hindrance caused by the highly branched amylopectin. In addition, turbulent flow factor caused by high shear homogenization and high pressure homogenization also favors the transport of more surface-active molecules, which lead to the higher surface load of modified starch at the emulsion interface [63]. Thus, the ionized PGA was retained mainly in the continuous phase and contributed to the higher conductivity of MS-PGA. Similar observation had been made by Mirhosseini et al., as they reported that the interaction between gum arabic and xanthan gum had exhibited the most significant (p < 0.05) effect on the conductivity [15].
Meanwhile, MS6, MS-SL, MS-SS and MS1, showed significantly (p < 0.05) lower conductivities due to the mildly charged modified starch, which introduced a lower charge into the system. On the other hand, sucrose laurate and stearate (SL1 and SS1) contributed the least (p < 0.05) to the conductivity of emulsion system. This result was expected because the fatty acids would remain mainly as neutral molecules (R-COOH) in acidic conditions when the pH < pKa [39,50,58].

3. Experimental

3.1. Materials

Octenylsuccinic anhydride (OSA) modified waxy maize starch (Purity Gum 1773) was a kind gift of National Starch and Chemical (Bridgewater, NJ, USA). Propylene glycol alginate (PGA, Protanal ester SD 8440) was provided by FMC Biopolymer (Philadelphia, PA, USA). Sucrose ester emulsifiers, sucrose laurate (L-1695) (HLB value = 16) with an 80% monoester content and sucrose stearate (S-1570) (HLB value = 15) with a 70% monoester content were gifts from Mitsubishi-Kagaku Foods Corporation (Tokyo, Japan). The soursop flavor oil was provided by Flavor Inn Corporation (Selangor, Malaysia). Vegetable oil (palm olein) was purchased from a local retailer. Citric acid (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was used to adjust the pH of the emulsions. Sodium benzoate (Sigma-Aldrich) and potassium sorbate (Acros Organics, Fair Lawn, NJ, USA) were used as preservatives in the beverage emulsion systems.

3.2. Preparations of Soursop Beverage Emulsions

Two soursop beverage emulsions composed of modified starch (6% w/w and 1% w/w), soursop flavor oil (10% w/w), vegetable oil (3% w/w), citric acid (0.4% w/w), sodium benzoate (0.1% w/w), potassium sorbate (0.1% w/w) and deionized water were prepared as control samples (Table 2). In other formulations, a 1% (w/w) emulsion of PGA, sucrose laurate and sucrose stearate was used in the sole emulsifier systems. In a mixed system, 6% (w/w) of modified starch was used in combination with 1% (w/w) of either PGA, sucrose laurate or sucrose stearate, along with other basic emulsion components.
Table
Table 2. The matrix of experimental design.
Table 2. The matrix of experimental design.
Sample NameModified Starch (% w/w)PGA (% w/w)Sucrose Laurate (% w/w)Sucrose Stearate (% w/w)Soursop Oil (% w/w)Vegetable Oil (% w/w)
MS6 *6.00−−−10.003.00
MS-PGA6.001.00−−10.003.00
MS-SL6.00−1.00−10.003.00
MS-SS6.00−−1.0010.003.00
MS1 *1.00−−−10.003.00
PGA1−1.00−−10.003.00
SL1−−1.00−10.003.00
SS1−−−1.0010.003.00
* Control sample.
To prepare the aqueous phase, sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate and citric acid were sequentially dispersed in deionized water that was kept stirred using a magnetic stirrer. Subsequently, modified starch and/or PGA, sucrose laurate or sucrose stearate were also dispersed in succession in the deionized water. The mixture was then left at room temperature while being stirred for 2 h to facilitate hydration. While mixing the aqueous phase using a high speed Waring blender (32BL80, New Hartford, NY, USA), the soursop flavor oil was gradually added into the aqueous phase to form an initial coarse emulsion. Fine emulsification (e.g., small average droplet size of <1 µm with a narrow particle size distribution) was achieved by subjecting the initial coarse emulsion to pre-homogenization using a high-shear homogenizer (Silverson L4R, Buckinghamshire, UK) for 1 min at 6,000 rpm and then passing it through a high-pressure homogenizer (APV, Crawley, UK) for 2 cycles at 200 bar. The experimental design is given in Table 2, and all of the formulations were prepared in duplicate.

3.3. Creaming Index

The physical stability of soursop beverage emulsions was determined by measuring the extent of gravitational phase separation. The creaming and sedimentation values were determined from the ratio of cream and sediment volumes over the total volumes of emulsion samples [64]. An approximate 10 mL of emulsion samples were transferred into a 15-mL test tube and monitored for 2 months under refrigerated temperature (10 ± 3 °C), room temperature (25 ± 3 °C) and high temperature storage conditions (55 ± 3 °C). The emulsions were monitored by visual observation, and the stability index was calculated as a percentage of the initial emulsion height (HE), the height of the cream layer (HC) and the height of the sedimentation phase (HS) [54]:
Emulsion stability (%) = (remaining emulsion height/initial emulsion height) × 100
The higher emulsion stability against creaming was demonstrated by the larger emulsion stability value. The measurement was performed in triplicate. The average of measurements was used as the response value for data analysis.

3.4. Cloudiness

The concentrated soursop beverage emulsions were diluted to 0.1% (w/w) using deionized water prior to measurements using a UV-visible spectrophotometer at 660 nm (Spectronic Genesys™ 10, GENEQ Inc., Montreal, QC, Canada). The cloudiness was then calculated from the absorbance readings, as described by Garti et al. [65]. Higher absorbance readings correspond to a higher cloudiness in the beverage emulsions. The absorbance readings were also performed in triplicate.

3.5. Average Droplet Size

The average droplet size of the emulsions were measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 particle size analyzer (Malvern Instrument Limited, Worcestershire, UK) equipped with a Hydro 2000 MU sample dispersion unit. This instrument measures the intensity of laser light scattered from dilute emulsion samples and reports the particle size distribution that gives the best fit between theoretical (Mie theory) and experimental values of intensity versus scattering angle [66]. To avoid multiple scattering effects, the measurements were conducted by adding the concentrated emulsions dropwise into the sample dispersion unit until an obscuration value of between 1% and 2% was reached. The average droplet size measurements were reported as volume-weighted means, D[4,3] or also known as the De Brouckere mean diameter. The measurements of the droplet size were performed immediately after preparation and were reported as the average of two separate measurements, with five readings made for each measurement.

3.6. Conductivity

The concentrated soursop emulsions were diluted (1% w/w) for the measurement of the conductivity using a Malvern Zetasizer Nano Z (Malvern Instruments Limited). The measurement unit for conductivity is mS/cm. The measurements were taken after the instrument was equilibrated for 1 min at 25 ± 1 °C. The measurements were performed immediately after the preparation of the emulsion. The experimental data for conductivity were reported as the average of two separate measurements, with five readings made for each measurement.

3.7. Statistical Analysis

The data obtained from the measurements were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine the significant differences among the samples. Each of the duplicated formulations will be subjected to triplicate measurements. Then the mean taken from each sample analysis were subjected for further ANOVA analysis and the results were reported as the mean ± standard deviation. Differences were considered significant if p < 0.05. The data analysis was performed using Minitab release 14.20 statistical package (Minitab Inc., State College, PA, USA).

4. Conclusions

The results showed a significant (p < 0.05) effect of PGA and sucrose esters on the physicochemical properties of soursop beverage emulsions, whether used as the sole emulsifier or in combination with modified starch. Emulsions stabilized solely by modified starch (MS6) showed good emulsion characteristics, with excellent creaming stability, cloudiness and average droplet size at all temperatures. The results also indicated that PGA may be used in combination with modified starch to modulate the physical stability of emulsion at low and room temperatures. However, PGA1 showed a significantly (p < 0.05) lower creaming stability at room and higher temperatures. These results indicated that PGA was not as surface-active as modified starch. Sucrose monoesters were found to be unsuitable for emulsion stabilization at low pH conditions, either in a mixture or as the sole emulsifier. Emulsions stabilized by a mixture of modified starch and sucrose esters showed a significantly (p < 0.05) higher average droplet size and lower creaming stability. The incorporation of sucrose esters had altered the emulsion interface, leading to destabilization of the emulsions. Sucrose ester-stabilized emulsions (SL1 and SS1) also exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) lower conductivity as the fatty acids would remain mainly as neutral molecules (R-COOH), which hinder stabilization through electrostatic repulsion mechanisms. Though the incorporation of PGA and sucrose esters had a negative impact on the physicochemical properties, this study showed the importance of understanding the interaction effects between emulsion components for developing an optimum beverage emulsion with desirable physicochemical properties.

Acknowledgments

Financial support of this work by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation of Malaysia through Science Fund (05-01-04-SF0384) is gratefully acknowledged.

Author Contributions

K.W.C. carried out all the experiments, data analysis and interpretation of data. K.W.C. also prepared the draft manuscript, while C.P.T., H.M. and M.B. have critically reviewed the content of this manuscript. N.S.A.H. and A.O. have made intellectual contributions and given the final approval for the manuscript to be published.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. MacLeod, A.J.; Pieris, N.M. Volatile flavor components of soursop (Annona muricata). J. Agric. Food Chem. 1981, 29, 488–490. [Google Scholar]
  2. Pareek, S.; Yahia, E.M.; Pareek, O.P.; Kaushik, R.A. Postharvest physiology and technology of Annona fruits. Food Res. Int. 2011, 44, 1741–1751. [Google Scholar]
  3. Shashirekha, M.N.; Baskaran, R.; Rao, L.J.; Vijayalakshmi, M.R.; Rajarathnam, S. Influence of processing conditions on flavour compounds of custard apple (Annona squamosa L.). LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 2008, 41, 236–243. [Google Scholar]
  4. McGorrin, R.J. Character-Impact Flavor Compounds. In Sensory Directed Flavor Analysis; Marsili, R., Ed.; Taylor & Francis Group: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2007; pp. 223–267. [Google Scholar]
  5. Umme, A.; Salmah, Y.; Jamilah, B.; Asbi, B.A. Microbial and enzymatic changes in natural soursop puree during storage. Food Chem. 1999, 65, 315–322. [Google Scholar]
  6. Franco, M.R.B.; Janzantti, N.S. Aroma of minor tropical fruits. Flavour Frag. J. 2005, 20, 358–371. [Google Scholar]
  7. Gratão, A.C.A.; Silveira, V., Jr.; Telis-Romero, J. Laminar flow of soursop juice through concentric annuli: Friction factors and rheology. J. Food Eng. 2007, 78, 1343–1354. [Google Scholar]
  8. World Flavors and Fragrances: Industry Forecast for 2014 and 2019. The Freedonia Group, Inc.: Cleveland, OH, USA, 2010; p. 4.
  9. McClements, D.J. Food Emulsions–Principles, Practices and Techniques, 2nd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2005. [Google Scholar]
  10. Given, P.S. Encapsulation of flavors in emulsions for beverages. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 2009, 14, 43–47. [Google Scholar]
  11. Madene, A.; Jacquot, M.; Scher, J.; Desobry, S. Flavour encapsulation and controlled release–A review. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2006, 41, 1–21. [Google Scholar]
  12. Tan, C.T. Beverage Emulsions. In Food Emulsions, 4th ed.; Friberg, S.E., Larsson, K., Sjöblom, J., Eds.; Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York, NY, USA, 2004; pp. 485–524. [Google Scholar]
  13. Bergenstahl, B.A.; Claesson, P.M. Surface Forces in Emulsions. In Food Emulsions, 3rd ed.; Friberg, S.E., Larsson, K., Eds.; Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York, NY, USA, 1997; pp. 57–110. [Google Scholar]
  14. Mirhosseini, H.; Tan, C.P. Response surface methodology and multivariate analysis of equilibrium headspace concentration of orange beverage emulsion as function of emulsion composition and structure. Food Chem. 2009, 115, 324–333. [Google Scholar]
  15. Mirhosseini, H.; Tan, C.P.; Hamid, N.S.A.; Yusof, S.; Boo, H.C. Characterization of the influence of main emulsion components on the physicochemical properties of orange beverage emulsion using response surface methodology. Food Hydrocoll. 2009, 23, 271–280. [Google Scholar]
  16. Sweedman, M.C.; Tizzotti, M.J.; Schäfer, C.; Gilbert, R.G. Structure and physicochemical properties of octenyl succinic anhydride modified starches: A review. Carbohydr. Polym. 2013, 92, 905–920. [Google Scholar]
  17. Yadav, M.P.; Johnston, D.B.; Hotchkiss, A.T., Jr.; Hicks, K.B. Corn fiber gum: A potential gum arabic replacer for beverage flavor emulsification. Food Hydrocolloids 2007, 21, 1022–1030. [Google Scholar]
  18. Mirhosseini, H.; Amid, B.T.; Cheong, K.W. Effect of different drying methods on chemical and molecular structure of heteropolysaccharide-protein gum from durian seed. Food Hydrocolloids 2013, 31, 210–219. [Google Scholar]
  19. Taherian, A.R.; Britten, M.; Sabik, H.; Fustier, P. Ability of whey protein isolate and/or fish gelatin to inhibit physical separation and lipid oxidation in fish oil-in-water beverage emulsion. Food Hydrocolloids 2011, 25, 868–878. [Google Scholar]
  20. Hambleton, A.; Debeaufort, F.; Bonnotte, A.; Voilley, A. Influence of alginate emulsion-based films structure on its barrier properties and on the protection of microencapsulated aroma compound. Food Hydrocolloids 2009, 23, 2116–2124. [Google Scholar]
  21. Achouri, A.; Zamani, Y.; Boye, J.I. Stability and physical properties of emulsions prepared with and without soy protein. J. Food Res. 2012, 1, 254–267. [Google Scholar]
  22. Dunlap, C.A.; Côté, G.L. β-lactoglobulin-dextran conjugate: Effect of polysaccharide size on emulsion stability. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 419–423. [Google Scholar]
  23. O’Regan, J.; Mulvihill, D.M. Preparation, characterisation and selected functional properties of sodium caseinate-maltodextrin conjugates. Food Chem. 2009, 115, 1257–1267. [Google Scholar]
  24. Shachman, M. The Soft Drinks Companion: A Technical Handbook for the Beverage Industry; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2005; pp. 46–58. [Google Scholar]
  25. Caldwell, C.G.; Wurzburg, O.B. Polysaccharide Derivatives of Substituted Dicarboxylic Acids. U.S. Patent 2-661-349, 1953. [Google Scholar]
  26. JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Addictives). Modified Starches. In Proceedings of the Compendium of Food Addictive Specifications (Addendum 9): 57th JECFA Session, No. 52. FAO Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy, 5‒14 June 2001; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome, Italy, 2001. [Google Scholar]
  27. Liu, Z.; Li, Y.; Cui, F.; Ping, L.; Song, J.; Ravee, Y.; Jin, L.; Xue, Y.; Xu, J.; Li, G.; et al. Production of octenyl succinic anhydride-modified waxy corn starch and its characterization. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, 56, 11499–11506. [Google Scholar]
  28. Singh, J.; Kaur, L.; McCarthy, O.J. Factors influencing the physico-chemical, morphological, thermal and rheological properties of some chemically modified starches for food applications-A review. Food Hydrocoll. 2007, 21, 1–22. [Google Scholar]
  29. Trubiano, P.C. The Role of Specialty Food Starches in Flavor Emulsion. In Flavor Technology: Physical Chemistry, Modification and Process; Ho, C.T., Tan C.T., Tan, Tong, C.H., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, USA, 1995; pp. 199–209. [Google Scholar]
  30. Prochaska, K.; Kędziora, P.; le Thanh, J.; Lewandowicz, G. Surface activity of commercial food grade modified starches. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 2007, 60, 187–194. [Google Scholar]
  31. Nilsson, L.; Bergenståhl, B. Adsorption of hydrophobically modified anionic starch at oppositely charged oil/water interfaces. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2007, 308, 508–513. [Google Scholar]
  32. Ray, A.K.; Johnson, J.K.; Sullivan, R.J. Refractive index of the dispersed phase in oil-in-water emulsions: Its dependence on droplet size and aging. J. Food Sci. 1983, 48, 513–516. [Google Scholar]
  33. Draget, K.I. Alginates. In Handbook of Hydrocolloids; Phillips, G.O., Williams, P.A., Eds.; Woodhead Publishing Limited: England, UK, 2000; pp. 379–395. [Google Scholar]
  34. Fabra, M.J.; Talens, P.; Chiralt, A. Effect of alginate and λ carrageenan on tensile properties and water vapor permeability of sodium caseinate-lipid based films. Carbohydr. Polym. 2008, 74, 419–426. [Google Scholar]
  35. Li, Y.; Zhang, S.; Yang, J.; Wang, Q. Relationship of solubility parameters to interfacial properties of sucrose esters. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Aspect 2004, 248, 127–133. [Google Scholar]
  36. Huck-Iriart, C.; Candal, R.J.; Herrera, M.L. Effects of addition of a palmitic sucrose ester on low-trans-fat blends crystallization in bulk and in oil-in-water emulsions. Food Biophys. 2009, 4, 158–166. [Google Scholar]
  37. Nelen, B.A.P.; Cooper, J.M. Sucrose Esters. In Emulsifiers in Food Technology; Whitehurst, R.J., Ed.; Blackwell Publishing Ltd.: Oxford, UK, 2004; pp. 131–161. [Google Scholar]
  38. Garti, N.; Clement, V.; Leser, M.; Aserin, A.; Fanun, M. Sucrose ester microemulsions. J. Mol. Liq. 1999, 80, 253–296. [Google Scholar]
  39. Rao, J.J.; McClements, D.J. Food-grade microemulsions, nanoemulsions and emulsions: Fabrication from sucrose monopalmitate and lemon oil. Food Hydrocolloids 2011, 25, 1413–1423. [Google Scholar]
  40. Zhao, Q.; Liu, D.; Long, Z.; Yang, B.; Fang, M.; Kuang, W.; Zhao, M. Effect of sucrose ester concentration on the interfacial characteristics and physical properties of sodium caseinate-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions. Food Chem. 2014, 151, 506–513. [Google Scholar]
  41. Li, C.; Fu, X.; Luo, F.; Huang, Q. Effects of maltose on stability and rheological properties of orange oil-in-water emulsion formed by OSA modified starch. Food Hydrocolloids 2013, 32, 79–86. [Google Scholar]
  42. Chanamai, R.; McClements, D.J. Comparison of gum Arabic, modified starch and whey protein isolate as emulsifiers: Influence of pH, CaCl2 and temperature. J. Food Sci. 2002, 67, 120–125. [Google Scholar]
  43. Dickinson, E. Hydrocolloids at interfaces and the influence on the properties of dispersed systems. Food Hydrocolloids 2003, 17, 25–39. [Google Scholar]
  44. De Kruif, C.G.; Weinbreck, F.; de Vries, R. Complex coacervation of proteins and anionic polysaccharide. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 2004, 204, 340–349. [Google Scholar]
  45. Taherian, A.R.; Fustier, P.; Ramaswamy, H.S. Effects of added weighting agent and xanthan gum on stability and rheological properties of beverage cloud emulsions formulated using modified starch. J. Food Process Eng. 2007, 30, 204–224. [Google Scholar]
  46. Alimi, M.; Mizani, M.; Naderi, G.; Shokoohi, S. Effect of inulin formulation on the microstructure and viscoelastic properties of low-fat mayonnaise containing modified starch. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2013, 130, 801–809. [Google Scholar]
  47. Klein, M.; Aserin, A.; Svitov, I.; Garti, N. Enhanced stabilization of cloudy emulsions with gum Arabic and whey protein isolate. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 2010, 77, 75–81. [Google Scholar]
  48. Salminen, H.; Weiss, J. Electrostatic adsorption and stability of whey protein-pectin complexes on emulsion interfaces. Food Hydrocolloids 2014, 35, 410–419. [Google Scholar]
  49. Rodríguez Patino, J.M.; Cejudo Fernández, M.; Carrera Sánchez, C.; Rodríguez Niño, M.R. Structural and shear characteristics of adsorbed sodium caseinate and monoglyceride mixed monolayers at air-water interface. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2007, 313, 141–151. [Google Scholar]
  50. Choi, S.J.; Decker, E.A.; Henson, L.; Popplewell, L.M.; Xiao, H.; McClements, D.J. Formulation and properties of model beverage emulsions stabilized by sucrose monopalmitate: Influence of pH and lyso-lecithin addition. Food Res. Int. 2011, 44, 3006–3012. [Google Scholar]
  51. Ariyaprakai, S.; Limpachoti, T.; Pradipasena, P. Interfacial and emulsifying properties of sucrose ester in coconut milk emulsions in comparison with Tween. Food Hydrocolloids 2013, 30, 358–367. [Google Scholar]
  52. Paraskevopoulou, A.; Boskou, D.; Kiosseoglou, V. Stabilization of olive oil–lemon juice emulsion with polysaccharides. Food Chem. 2005, 90, 627–634. [Google Scholar]
  53. Dickinson, E.; Galazka, V.B. Emulsion stabilization by ionic and covalent complexes of β-lactoglobulin with polysaccharides. Food Hydrocolloids 1991, 5, 281–296. [Google Scholar]
  54. Huang, X.; Kakuda, Y.; Cui, W. Hydrocolloids in emulsions: Particle size distribution and interfacial activity. Food Hydrocolloids 2001, 15, 533–542. [Google Scholar]
  55. Paraskevopoulou, D.; Boskou, D.; Paraskevopoulou, A. Oxidative stability of olive oil-lemon juice salad dressings stabilized with polysaccharides. Food Chem. 2007, 101, 1197–1204. [Google Scholar]
  56. Leong, W.F.; Che Man, Y.B.; Lai, O.M.; Long, K.; Nakajima, M.; Tan, C.P. Effect of sucrose fatty acid esters on the particle characteristics and flow properties of phytosterol nanodispersions. J. Food Eng. 2011, 104, 63–69. [Google Scholar]
  57. Zhang, H.; Feng, F.; Li, J.; Zhan, X.; Wei, H.; Li, H.; Wang, H.; Zheng, X. Formulation of food-grade microemulsions with glycerol monolaurate: Effects of short-chain alcohols, polyols, salts and nonionic surfactants. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2008, 226, 613–619. [Google Scholar]
  58. Noritomi, H.; Kowata, H.; Kojima, N.; Kato, S.; Nagahama, K. Application of sucrose fatty acid ester to reverse micellar extraction of lysozyme. Colloid Polym. Sci. 2006, 284, 677–682. [Google Scholar]
  59. Kanicky, J.R.; Shah, D.O. Effect of degree, type and position of unsaturation on the pKa of long-chain fatty acids. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2002, 256, 201–207. [Google Scholar]
  60. Kanicky, J.R.; Poniatowski, A.F.; Mehta, N.R.; Shah, D.O. Cooperativity among molecules at interfaces in relation to various technological processes: Effect of chain length on the pKa of fatty acid salt solutions. Langmuir 2000, 16, 172–177. [Google Scholar]
  61. Mirhosseini, H.; Tan, C.P.; Aghlara, A.; Hamid, N.S.A.; Yusof, S.; Boo, H.C. Influence of pectin and CMC on physical stability, turbidity loss rate, cloudiness and flavor release of orange beverage emulsion during storage. Carbohydr. Polym. 2008, 73, 83–91. [Google Scholar] [Green Version]
  62. Das, K.P.; Kinsella, J.E. Effect of heat denaturation on the adsorption of β-lactoglobulin at the oil/water interface and on coalescence stability of emulsions. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1990, 139, 551–560. [Google Scholar]
  63. Nilsson, L.; Bergenståhl, B. Adsorption of hydrophobically modified starch at oil/water interfaces during emulsification. Langmuir 2006, 22, 8770–8776. [Google Scholar]
  64. Taherian, A.R.; Fustier, P.; Ramaswamy, H.S. Effect of added oil and modified starch on rheological properties, droplet size distribution, opacity and stability of beverage cloud emulsion. J. Food Eng. 2006, 77, 687–696. [Google Scholar]
  65. Garti, N.; serin, A; Azaria, D. A clouding agent based on modified soy protein. Int. J. Food Sci. Tech. 1991, 26, 259–270. [Google Scholar]
  66. Charoen, R.; Jangchud, A.; Jangchud, K.; Harnsilawat, T.; Naivikul, O.; McClements, D.J. Influence of biopolymer emulsifier type on formation and stability of rice bran oil-in-water emulsions: Whey protein, gum Arabic and modified starch. J. Food Sci. 2011, 76, E165–E172. [Google Scholar]
  • Sample Availability: Samples of the soursop flavor oil is available from the authors.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Cheong, K.W.; Mirhosseini, H.; Hamid, N.S.A.; Osman, A.; Basri, M.; Tan, C.P. Effects of Propylene Glycol Alginate and Sucrose Esters on the Physicochemical Properties of Modified Starch-Stabilized Beverage Emulsions. Molecules 2014, 19, 8691-8706. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules19068691

AMA Style

Cheong KW, Mirhosseini H, Hamid NSA, Osman A, Basri M, Tan CP. Effects of Propylene Glycol Alginate and Sucrose Esters on the Physicochemical Properties of Modified Starch-Stabilized Beverage Emulsions. Molecules. 2014; 19(6):8691-8706. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules19068691

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cheong, Kok Whye, Hamed Mirhosseini, Nazimah Sheikh Abdul Hamid, Azizah Osman, Mahiran Basri, and Chin Ping Tan. 2014. "Effects of Propylene Glycol Alginate and Sucrose Esters on the Physicochemical Properties of Modified Starch-Stabilized Beverage Emulsions" Molecules 19, no. 6: 8691-8706. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules19068691

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop