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Article

Synthetic Route to Glycosyl β-1C-(phosphino)-phosphonates as Unprecedented Stable Glycosyl Diphosphate Analogs and Their Preliminary Biological Evaluation

by
Michaël Bosco
1,
Su-Jin Paik
2,
Patricia Busca
1,
Stuart E. H. Moore
2 and
Christine Gravier-Pelletier
1,*
1
Université de Paris, Faculté des Sciences, Campus Saint-Germain-des-Prés, UMR CNRS 8601, LCBPT, 45 rue des Saints Pères, F-75006 Paris, France
2
Université de Paris, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, INSERM U1149, CRI, 16 rue Henri Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2020, 25(21), 4969; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25214969
Submission received: 2 October 2020 / Revised: 23 October 2020 / Accepted: 26 October 2020 / Published: 27 October 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Targeting Carbohydrate–Protein Interactions)
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Abstract

:
The synthesis of glycosyl-β-1C-(phosphino)-phosphonates is a challenge since it has not yet been described. In this paper, we report an innovative synthetic method for their preparation from Glc-, Man-, and GlcNAc- lactone derivatives. The proposed original strategy involves the addition of the corresponding δ-hexonolactones onto the dianion of (methylphosphino) phosphonate as a key step, followed by dehydration and stereoselective addition of dihydrogen on the resulting double bond. Final deprotection provides the new glycosyl diphosphate analogs in 35%, 36%, and 10% yield over 6 steps from the corresponding δ-hexonolactones. The synthetized compounds were evaluated as inhibitors of phosphatase and diphosphatase activities and found to have complex concentration-dependent activatory and inhibitory properties on alkaline phosphatase. The synthetized tools should be useful to study other enzymes such as transferases.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Glycosyl diphosphates are key constituents of biologically-active compounds. In glycosylation reactions catalyzed by glycosyl transferases, monosaccharides are activated as α- or β-glycosyl esters of nucleotides, which are major glycosylating agents in the biosynthesis of oligosaccharides. Examples of nucleotide sugars such as UDP-α-d-Glc, GDP-α-d-Man, GDP-β-l-Fuc, or ADP-l-glycero-β-d-manno-heptose are shown in Figure 1. They are also involved as glycosyl donors in glycoconjugate biosynthesis [1,2] such as N-linked glycoproteins [3,4,5] resulting from the transfer of a polysaccharide from a dolichol linked oligosaccharide (DLO, Figure 1) onto polypeptides. Noteworthy, UDP-GlcNAc (Figure 1) which is involved in this biosynthetic pathway is also a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of bacterial peptidoglycan precursors [6] such as UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide (Figure 1), the nucleotidic substrate of the enzymatic reaction catalyzed by the bacterial transferase MraY [7,8], highlighting the analogies in lipopolysaccharide and glycoprotein biosynthesis [9].
Due to their central role in carbohydrate metabolism, much attention has been paid to the development of synthetic strategies towards non-hydrolysable diphosphate analogs of nucleotide sugars, notably towards potential inhibitors of enzymes involved in glycosyl phosphate metabolism. UDP-Glc or UDP-GlcNAc were the most studied and research efforts led to the synthesis of several analogs with very variable structures. Representative synthetic analogs are outlined in Figure 2. On the one hand, phosphonate derivatives in which the oxygen atom in either the anomeric position of the sugar [10,11,12] or between the phosphorus atoms [13] has been replaced by a methylene group have been reported. On the other hand, the chain length between the sugar and the diphosphate has been increased [14,15]. In other diphosphate analogs, one of the phosphorus atoms has been replaced by a carbonyl group [16]. Various linkers lacking any phosphorus atoms have also been envisaged as diphosphate mimics such as an α,β-dihydroxy ketone [17] or an oxycarbonylaminosulfonyl [18]. A β-d-glycosyl residue has also been linked to uridine in allophanates and biuret derivatives [19]. Finally, the isosteric replacement of a diphosphate by a triazole linker [20] was also described. Noteworthy, diphosphate mimics involving other sugars or bases notably include a carbonyl linked to a O- or N-sulfamoyl uridine [21], tartaric [22], saccharidic [23,24], and squaryldiamide [25] linkers.
In this context, our goal was to develop a straightforward access to original analogs of glycosyl diphosphate with an unprecedented β-1-C-(phosphino)-phosphonate structure. On the one hand, the replacement of an oxygen atom at the anomeric position of a saccharidic unit by a methylene group is a well-documented strategy [26,27] to prevent the cleavage of the aglycon part of the molecule during hydrolysis by glycosidases. On the other hand, the proposed diphosphate analog should have the property to chelate a divalent cation as diphosphates often do, while limiting the cleavage between the phosphorus atoms due to the poor leaving group character of a phosphonate compared to that of a phosphate. To extend the scope of the proposed method, the preparation of Man-, Glc-, and GlcNAc-diphosphate analogs has been envisaged (Figure 3).
The synthesis of a phosphino-phosphonate skeleton has never been described for monosaccharide derivatives. Nevertheless, this phosphorus scaffold was synthesized according to different pathways (Figure 4) by nucleophilic substitution of the chlorine atom of a farnesylchlorophosphinate by a lithio phosphonate [28] (Figure 4A) or by the Michaelis-Arbuzov reaction of a phenylphosphite on a (chloromethylene)phosphonate (Figure 4B). However, such a reaction involves rather drastic conditions [29] that might not be the most appropriate for sensitive molecules such as glycosides and would involve the sequential introduction of phosphorus derivatives on a glycosyl compound. A phospha-Claisen condensation involving the preparation of a lithio phosphonate that reacts with an (hydroxymethylene)phosphonate [30] (Figure 4C) presents the advantage of affording a phosphinophosphonate bearing an hydroxymethylene that can be subsequently functionalized. However, no functionalization of such a reagent with a glycosyl derivative has been reported, yet and preliminary assays were not successful in our hands. In a more straightforward manner, a H-(phosphonyl)phosphonate reagent [31] has been condensed onto an aldehyde in smooth conditions (Figure 4D) but its preparation requires several steps and this reagent displays limited stability. In summary, the synthesis of the targeted compounds represents a major challenge.
We focused on developing a convergent strategy towards these compounds that relies on the retrosynthetic analysis outlined in Figure 5, allowing us to introduce simultaneously both phosphorus atoms in a single step according to a straightforward route. Access to the targeted phosphino-phosphonate would involve the addition of the anion of methyl-(phosphino)-phosphonate (A) onto the lactones (B) derived from commercially available α-methyl mannoside or glucoside and α,β-GlcNAc, respectively (Figure 5) leading to the corresponding lactols (C). Dehydration followed by sequential hydrogenation of the resulting double bond and deprotections would afford the targeted compounds.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Chemistry

We first turned our attention to the preparation of the δ-hexonolactones 11–13 which is outlined in Scheme 1. We aimed to develop a similar and simple pathway to access these three δ-hexonolactones. The synthesis of the δ-hexalactone 13 using the proposed pathway has not been reported previously. The perbenzylation of commercially available α-methyl mannoside 1 or glucoside 2 was carried out in DMF in the presence of sodium hydride and benzyl bromide in excess to afford the protected derivatives 3 and 4 in excellent yield. Similarly, perbenzylation of a commercial α,β-GlcNAc mixture led to the benzyl acetal of perbenzylated GlcNAc 5. Deprotection at the anomeric position of compounds 3 and 4 was efficiently achieved by heating at 100 °C in the presence of hydrochloric acid in a 80% aqueous acetic acid solution giving the hemiketal 6 and 7. It has to be noted that the deprotection at the anomeric position of compound 3 performed in the same acidic conditions was accompanied by partial deprotection of the acetamide into the corresponding amine, giving the hemiketal 8. Nevertheless, a two-step sequence involving the acetylation of compound 8 by acetic anhydride in the presence of triethylamine and dimethylaminopyridine leading to the intermediate acetamide 9 (65% yield over two steps from 5), followed by methanolysis at the anomeric position (77% yield) furnished the expected hemiketal 10. Oxidation at the anomeric position of lactols 6, 7 and 10 was efficiently carried out by molecular iodine [32] in the presence of potassium carbonate in dichloromethane to give the lactones 11 [33], 12 [34] and 13 [35], respectively.
We next turned to the preparation of diethyl ethoxy(methyl)phosphinylmethyl phosphonate 14 (Scheme 2) that was obtained in 91% yield by autocondensation of commercially available diethyl methyl phosphonate in the presence of butyl lithium in THF [36].
The synthesis of the targeted glycophosphinophosphonates is outlined in Scheme 3. First, the dianion of the methylphosphinyl phosphinate 14 was generated by the addition of a strong base, in THF, prior to the addition of the lactones 11–13. Different bases and temperature conditions were tested to efficiently perform this reaction. They notably include the sequential use of NaH at room temperature to remove the most acidic proton of the methylene between phosphorus atoms, followed by nBuLi addition at −78 °C [37] to generate the second anion from the methyl group or the single use of nBuLi at −78 °C. These latter conditions revealed to be the most efficient. The addition of the lactones 11–13 onto the resulting dianion, at −78 °C, afforded the corresponding 1-C-phosphinyl phosphonates lactols 15–17 in moderate yields [38]. Compounds 15 and 16 were present as complex mixtures of diastereoisomers resulting from two elements of chirality, α and β anomers and a stereogenic phosphorus atom. For compound 17, in addition to the same diastereoisomers, rotamers, resulting from the NHAc moiety, are also observed. Then, the β-elimination of a water molecule was carried out by treatment with trifluoroactetic anhydride in the presence of pyridine in dichloromethane [39] to afford the substituted exo-glycals 18–20 in good yields and as mixtures of four possible diastereoisomers due to the presence of both the double bond and the stereogenic phosphorus atom. The stereoselective reduction of the double bond by hydrogenation [40,41,42,43] in the presence of 10% palladium on charcoal in EtOH was accompanied by benzyl ether hydrogenolysis to give the deprotected glycosyl phosphinophosphonate 21–23. These latter compounds show a single R configuration for the stereogenic centre C2 with characteristic coupling constants (J2,3 = 9.0 Hz for 22 and 9.5 Hz for 26 resulting from 23) and are present as mixtures of two diastereoisomers (stereogenic phosphorus atom). For compound 21, the R configuration for the stereogenic centre C2 was confirmed by NOESY experiments after acetylation. Peracetylation of compounds 21–23 by acetic anhydride in pyridine was then performed to avoid side reactions during phosphinophosphonate deprotection and afforded the corresponding compounds 24–26 in high yield. The R configuration for the stereogenic centre C2 of compounds 24 and 25 could be unambiguously assigned thanks to the observed correlation between H2 and H4 and H2 and H6 as demonstrated by the superimposition of COSY and NOESY spectra (see Supplementary Materials S22 and S24). Finally, the targeted compounds 27–29 were obtained according to a two-step sequence involving the deprotection of the phosphinophosphonate moiety by trimethylsilyl bromide in dichloromethane followed by saponification of the acetate protecting groups to afford the corresponding targeted compounds as single stereoisomers.

2.2. Biological Studies

With these tools in hand, we next turned to their biological evaluation. Compounds 27, 28, and 29 were evaluated for their ability to inhibit di and monophosphatase activities. Dolichol linked oligosaccharide diphosphatase was used as an example of diphosphatase because we have been studying its activity for a long time [44]. Alkaline phosphatase was chosen as a representative example of monophosphatase.
Oligosaccharyl diphospho dolichol diphosphatase (DLODP) cleaves between the two phosphate residues of DLO that are required for protein N-glycosylation in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) [44]. The physiological function of this activity is not known, but oligosaccharylphosphates (OSP), which are products of DLODP action on DLO, are seen in increased quantities in cells derived from patients with congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) where truncated DLO accumulate. The proteins and genes responsible for this activity have not been identified and at present there are no known selective DLODP inhibitors. Little is known about the biochemistry of the DLODP activity but in vitro experiments using rat liver microsomes indicate that cleavage of both radioactive DLO ([3H]Man9-5GlcNAc2-PP-dolichol, [44]) and fluorescent bacterial lipid II (GlcNAc-MurNAc(dansyl-pentapeptide)-PP-undecaprenol, [45] requires detergent and Co2+. Compounds 27, 28, and 29 were tested at a concentration of 1 mM in the standard DLODP assay using detergent-solubilized rat liver microsomes in the presence of 40 nM [3H]Man5GlcNAc2-PP-dolichol substrate (Figure 6A). The reaction is followed by the liberation of OSP ([3H]Man5GlcNAc2-P, Figure 6A). As shown in Figure 6B, at this concentration the 3 compounds had no significant effect on DLODP activity.
Next, we investigated the effects of compounds 27, 28, and 29 on the ability of alkaline phosphatase to dephosphorylate [3H]Glc-1P. Data presented in Figure 6C indicate complex concentration-dependent effects of these molecules on AP activity towards [3H]Glc-1P. In fact, all 3 compounds behaved similarly, and at concentrations below 0.05 mM weakly inhibited dephosphorylation of the substrate whereas between 0.1 and 1.0 mM they provoked 1.5-2-fold increases in the reaction. At higher concentrations, inhibition of the reaction occurred. In order to understand the origin of this complex behavior, we tested the effects of sodium methylene diphosphonate on AP-mediated dephosphorylation of [3H]Glc-1P. Although the potentiation phase of the dose response curve seems to occur at lower concentrations and reach a higher maximum, the data show that this compound has very similar effects to those of 27, 28, and 29 (Figure 6C). Finally, the effects of GlcNAc-1-phosphate (GlcNAc-1P) were tested in the assay and as shown in Figure 6C this compound, in contrast to 27, 28, and 29, did not reveal an activatory capacity over the same concentration range.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Chemical Synthesis

MS and/or analytical data were obtained using chromatographically homogeneous samples.
1H NMR (500 MHz), 13C NMR (126 MHz), and 31P (202 MHz) spectra were recorded a Bruker Avance or Avance II (Bruker BioSpin, Wissembourg, France) in the given solvents unless otherwise indicated. Chemical shifts (δ) are reported in ppm and coupling constants are given in Hz. Low resolution mass spectra (LRMS) were recorded with an ion trap mass analyzer (LCQ Advantage, ThermoFisher, Bremen, Germany) under electrospray ionization (ESI) in positive and negative ionization mode detection. High resolution mass sprectra (HRMS) were recorded with an Orbitrap mass analyzer (Exactive, ThermoFisher, Bremen, Germany) under electrospray ionization (ESI) in positive or negative ionization mode detection, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. All reactions were carried out under an argon atmosphere, and were monitored by thin-layer chromatography with Merck 60F-254 precoated silica (0.2 mm, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) on glass. Flash chromatography was performed with Merck Kieselgel 60 (200–500 µm, VWR, Leuven, Belgium); the solvent systems were given v/v.

3.1.1. Diethyl {[ethoxy(methyl)phosphoryl]methyl}phosphonate 14

A solution of diethyl methylphosphonate (7.6 g, 49.6 mmol) in anhydrous THF (15 mL) under argon atmosphere was cooled by a dry ice/acetone bath. To this solution was added dropwise a solution of n-butyllithium (1.6 M in hexanes, 32 mL, 51.2 mmol) during 30 min. Then the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. After 2 h of stirring, the reaction was quenched by addition of an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid (3N, 25 mL). The reaction mixture was extracted two times with dichloromethane (2 × 75 mL). The organic layers were combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuo to obtain the crude product (5.74 g, 22.2 mmol, 89%) as a colorless oil. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 4.22–3.99 (m, 6H, 3 × OCH2CH3), 2.38 (dd, J = 20.7, 16.9 Hz, 2H, PCH2P), 1.66 (d, J = 15.0 Hz, 3H, CH3P), 1.32 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 6H, 2 × OCH2CH3), 1.31 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H, OCH2CH3); 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 62.6 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, OCH2CH3), 62.5 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, OCH2CH3), 60.8 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, OCH2CH3), 29.0 (dd, J = 134.5, 81.2 Hz, PCH2P), 16.6 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, OCH2CH3), 16.4 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, OCH2CH3), 16.3 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, OCH2CH3), 15.8 (d, J = 100.7 Hz, CH3P); 31P NMR (202 MHz, CDCl3) δ 44.5 (d, J = 3.4 Hz, CH3PCH2P), 19.9 (d, J = 3.4 Hz, CH3PCH2P); ESI-MS: Calcd for C8H20NaO5P2: 281.1 [M + Na]+ Found: 281.1; ESI-HRMS: Calcd for C8H21O5P2: 259.0864 [M + H]+ Found: 259.0865.

3.1.2. 3,4,5,7-Tetra-O-benzyl-1-deoxy-1-{[(diethoxyphosphoryl)methyl](ethoxy)phosphoryl}-α-d-manno-2-heptulopyranose 15

A solution of diethyl {[ethoxy(methyl)phosphoryl]methyl}phosphonate 14 (1.725 g, 6.68 mmol) in anhydrous THF (9 mL) under argon atmosphere was cooled by a dry ice/acetone bath. To this solution was added dropwise a solution of n-butyllithium (1.6 M in hexanes, 7 mL, 11.2 mmol) during 20 min. After stirring during two hours at −78 °C, a solution of 2,3,4,5-tetra-O-benzyl-mannono-1,5-lactone 11 (1.2 g, 2.23 mmol) in anhydrous THF (6 mL) was added dropwise to the reaction mixture. After stirring during two hours at −78 °C, the reaction was quenched by addition of a solution of acetic acid in THF (33% v/v in THF, 6 mL). The reaction mixture was diluted with 30 mL of ethyl acetate and 45 mL of water. To this mixture was added 12 g of sodium chloride. The organic layer was collected and the aqueous layer was extracted with 45 mL of ethyl acetate. The organic layers were combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. Column chromatography (silica gel 125 mL, EtOAc then EtOAc/EtOH, 98/2, v/v) of the residue afforded the product 15 as a mixture of stereoisomers (1.04 g, 1.30 mmol, 58%) as a colorless oil. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.47–7.10 (m, 20H, H aromatic), 5.01–4.42 (m, 8H, 4 × OCH2Ph), 4.25–3.99 (m, 8H, H-4, 3 × POCH2CH3, H-6), 3.94, 3.91 (2t, J = 9.7 Hz, 1H, H-5), 3.77, 3.76 (2d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1H, H-3), 3.74–3.67 (m, 1H, H-7), 3.67, 3.65 (2dd, J = 11.7, 2.2 Hz, J = 10.8, 1.8 Hz, 1H, H-7′), 2.92, 2.66 (2td, J = 20.5, 15.8 Hz, J = 20.0, 15.8 Hz, 1H, PCH2P), 2.85, 2.74 (2dd, J = 15.1, 11.5 Hz, J = 15.3, 13.6 Hz, 1H, H-1), 2.52–2.30 (m, 1H, PCH2P), 2.23, 1.77 (2dd, J = 15.3, 11.5 Hz, J = 19.8, 15.2 Hz, 1H, H-1′), 1.33–1.17 (m, 9H, 3 × POCH2CH3); 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 138.75, 138.72, 138.66, 138.64, 138.59, 138.50, 138.46 (4 × Cq aromatic), 128.56, 128.54, 128.42, 128.39, 128.3, 128.13, 128.08, 127.91, 127.88, 127.8, 127.71, 127.69, 127.60 (20 × CH aromatic), 98.2, 97.8 (2d, J = 8.8 Hz, J = 5.5 Hz, C-2), 81.5, 81.4 (2d, J = 2.5 Hz, J = 2.3 Hz, C-4), 78.9, 78.4 (2d, J = 9.7 Hz, J = 9.2 Hz, C-3), 75.2 (OCH2Ph), 75.0, 74.9, 74.8, 73.3, 73.2, 73.03, 72.97 (4 × OCH2Ph), 75.1 (C-5), 72.4, 71.9 (C-6), 69.8, 69.7 (C-7), 63.0, 62.8, 62.7, 62.6, 62.44, 61.39 (6d, J = 6.4 Hz, J = 6.3 Hz, J = 6.5 Hz, J = 6.6 Hz, J = 6.4 Hz, J = 6.7 Hz, 3 × OCH2CH3), 37.3, 35.2 (2d, J = 92 Hz, J = 94 Hz, C-1), 30.2, 29.1 (2dd, J = 135, 87 Hz, J = 134, 84 Hz, PCH2P), 16.58–16.29 (m, 3 × POCH2CH3); 31P NMR (202 MHz, CDCl3) δ 48.3, 46.7 (2d, J = 11.5 Hz, J = 3.4 Hz, CH2PCH2P), 20.0, 19.6 (2d, J = 11.5 Hz, J = 3.4 Hz, 1P, CH2PCH2P); ESI-MS: Calcd for C42H54NaO11P2: 819.8 [M + Na]+ Found: 819.2; ESI-HRMS: Calcd for C42H54NaO11P2: 819.3034 [M + Na]+ Found: 819.3035.

3.1.3. 3,4,5,7-Tetra-O-benzyl-1-deoxy-1-{[(diethoxyphosphoryl)methyl](ethoxy)phosphoryl} -α-d-gluco-2-heptulopyranose 16

A solution of diethyl {[ethoxy(methyl)phosphoryl]methyl}phosphonate 14 (2.87 g, 11.1 mmol) in anhydrous THF (15 mL) under argon atmosphere was cooled by a dry ice/acetone bath. To this solution was added dropwise a solution of n-butyllithium (1.6 M in hexanes, 11.6 mL, 18.6 mmol) during 20 min. After stirring during two hours at −78 °C, a solution of 2,3,4,5-tetra-O-benzyl-glucono-1,5-lactone 12 (2 g, 3.71 mmol) in anhydrous THF (10 mL) was added dropwise to the reaction mixture. After stirring during two hours at −78 °C, the reaction was quenched by addition of a solution of acetic acid in THF (28% v/v in THF, 7 mL). The reaction mixture was diluted with 50 mL of ethyl acetate and 75 mL of water. To this mixture was added 20 g of sodium chloride. The organic layer was collected and the aqueous layer was extracted with 75 mL of ethyl acetate. The organic layers were combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. Column chromatography (silica gel 200 mL, EtOAc) of the residue afforded the product 16 as a mixture of stereoisomers (1.736 g, 2.17 mmol, 58%) as a colorless oil. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.41–7.12 (m, 20H, H aromatic), 4.98, 4.96, 4.92, 4.91, 4.89, 4.88, 4.84, 4.83, 4.69, 4.65, 4.57, 4.55, 4.53, 4.50, 4.45, 4.44 (16d, J = 11.7 Hz, J = 11.4 Hz, J = 11.0 Hz, J = 10.9 Hz, J = 10.9 Hz, J = 11.0 Hz, J = 11.0 Hz, J = 11.0 Hz, J = 11.4 Hz, J = 11.7 Hz, J = 9.8 Hz, J = 9.8 Hz, J = 11.8 Hz, J = 11.8 Hz, J = 11.8 Hz, J = 11.8 Hz, 8H, 4 × OCH2Ph), 4.22–3.94 (m, 8H, 3 × OCH2CH3, H-6, H-4), 3.75–3.56 (m, 3H, H-7, H-7′, H-5), 3.34, 3.27 (2d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H, H-3), 2.92–2.02 (m, 4H, H-1, PCH2P, H-1′), 1.37–1.20 (m, 9H, 3 × OCH2CH3); 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 138.8, 138.7, 138.4, 138.3, 138.2, 138.1 (4 × Cq aromatic), 128.62, 128.58, 128.56, 128.53, 128.52, 128.51, 128.49, 128.04, 128.03, 128.00, 127.94, 127.92, 127.90, 127.87, 127.86, 127.82, 127.80, 127.76, 127.70 (20 × CH aromatic), 97.7, 97.3 (2d, J = 8.4 Hz, J = 6.8 Hz, C-2), 83.7, 83.6 (2d, J = 11.1 Hz, J = 10.0 Hz, C-3), 83.2 (2d, J = 3.0 Hz, J = 3.6 Hz, C-4), 79.0, 78.6 (C-5), 75.8, 75.7, 75.6, 75.5, 75.0, 73.5, 73.2 (4 × OCH2Ph), 71.2, 70.6 (C-6), 69.4, 69.1 (C-7), 62.8, 62.7, 62.6, 62.3, 62.1, 61.4 (6d, J = 6.4 Hz, J = 6.4 Hz, J = 6.4 Hz, J = 6.5 Hz, J = 6.3 Hz, J = 6.6 Hz, 3 × OCH2CH3), 37.5, 34.8 (2d, J = 91.7 Hz, J = 91.3 Hz, C-1), 30.2, 29.3 (2dd, J = 133.8, 86.3 Hz, J = 134.1, 85.4 Hz, PCH2P), 16.6–16.3 (m, 3 × OCH2CH3); 31P NMR (202 MHz, CDCl3) δ 48.3, 45.8 (2d, J = 11.6 Hz, J = 6.6 Hz, CH2PCH2P), 19.6, 19.5 (2d, J = 11.6 Hz, J = 6.6 Hz, CH2PCH2P); ESI-MS: Calcd for C42H54NaO11P2: 819.8 [M + Na]+ Found: 819.1; ESI-HRMS: Calcd for C42H55O11P2: 797.3214 [M + H]+ Found: 797.3228.

3.1.4. 3-Acetamido-4,5,7-tri-O-benzyl-1,3-di-deoxy-1-{[(diethoxyphosphoryl)methyl](ethoxy) phosphoryl}-α-d-gluco-2-heptulopyranose 17

A solution of diethyl {[ethoxy(methyl)phosphoryl]methyl}phosphonate 14 (1.845 g, 7.15 mmol) in anhydrous THF (9 mL) under argon atmosphere was cooled by a dry ice/acetone bath. To this solution was added dropwise a solution of n-butyllithium (1.6 M in hexanes, 7.6 mL, 12.25 mmol) during 20 min. After stirring during two hours at −78 °C, a solution of 2-acetamido-3,4,5-tri-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-glucono-1,5-lactone 13 (1 g, 2.04 mmol) in anhydrous THF (6 mL) was added dropwise to the reaction mixture. After stirring during two hours at −78 °C, the reaction was quenched by addition of a solution of acetic acid in THF (11% v/v in THF, 4.5 mL). The reaction mixture was diluted with 45 mL of ethyl acetate and 45 mL of water. To this mixture was added 12 g of sodium chloride. The organic layer was collected and the aqueous layer was extracted with 45 mL of ethyl acetate. The organic layers were combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. Column chromatography (silica gel 150 mL, EtOAc/EtOH, 95/5 to 9/1, v/v) of the residue afforded the product 17 as a mixture of stereoisomers (387 mg, 517 µmol, 25%) as a colorless oil. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.39–7.14 (m, 15H, H aromatic), 6.42, 6.35 (2s, 1H, C-OH), 5.58, 5.44 (2d, J = 10.0 Hz, J = 10.1 Hz, 1H, NHCOCH3), 4.83, 4.82, 4.81, 4.64, 4.56, 4.55, 4.55, 4.49, 4.48, 4.45 (10d, J = 10.9 Hz, J = 11.5 Hz, J = 10.9 Hz, J = 11.5 Hz, J = 10.9 Hz, J = 10.9 Hz, J = 12.0 Hz, J = 12.0 Hz, J = 12.0 Hz, J = 12.0 Hz, 6H, 3 × OCH2Ph), 4.21–3.98 (m, 8H, 3 × OCH2CH3, H-6, H-3), 3.77–3.59 (m, 4H, H-7, H-7′, H-4, H-5), 2.92–2.32 (m, 3H, PCH2P, H-1), 2.21, 2.12 (t, dd, J = 14.7 Hz, J = 19.7, 15.3 Hz, 1H, H-1′), 1.88, 1.86 (2s, 3H, NHCOCH3), 1.38–1.23 (m, 9H, 3 × OCH2CH3); 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 170.3, 170.1 (NHCOCH3), 138.7, 138.6, 138.3, 138.21, 138.17, 138.1 (3 × Cq aromatic), 128.62, 128.57, 128.56, 128.55, 128.52, 128.2, 128.13, 128.11, 127.93, 127.89, 127.81, 127.77 (15 × CH aromatic), 98.1, 97.4 (2d, J = 9.2 Hz, J = 6.5 Hz, C-2), 80.9, 80.8 (2d, J = 3.7 Hz, J = 3.0 Hz, C-4), 78.7, 75.2, 75.0, 73.4, 73.3 (3 × OCH2Ph), 71.3, 71.0 (C-6), 69.3, 69.1 (C-7), 63.0, 62.8, 62.6, 62.4, 61.7 (5d, J = 6.3 Hz, J = 6.5 Hz, J = 6.5 Hz, J = 6.3 Hz, J = 6.3 Hz, OCH2CH3), 57.4, 57.2 (2d, J = 11.2 Hz, J = 11.7 Hz, C-3), 37.0, 35.6 (2d, J = 90.3 Hz, J = 94.0 Hz, C-1), 30.1, 29.2 (2dd, J = 134.7, 88.3 Hz, J = 133.7, 83.4 Hz, PCH2P), 23.63, 23.61 (NHCOCH3), 16.6–16.3 (m, 3 × OCH2CH3); 31P NMR (202 MHz, CDCl3) δ 48.2, 46.5 (2d, J = 12.5 Hz, J = 1.8 Hz, CH2PCH2P), 19.4, 19.1 (2d, J = 12.5 Hz, J = 1.8 Hz, CH2PCH2P); ESI-MS: Calcd for C37H51NNaO11P2: 770.3 [M + Na]+ Found: 770.1; ESI-HRMS: Calcd for C37H52NO11P2: 748.3010 [M + H]+ Found: 748.3036.

3.1.5. 2,6-Anhydro-3,4,5,7-tetra-O-benzyl-1-deoxy-1-{[(diethoxyphosphoryl)methyl](ethoxy) phosphoryl}-d-manno-hept-1-enitol 18

To a solution of heptulopyranose 15 (0.9 g, 1.13 mmol) in anhydrous dichlormethane (35 mL) under argon atmopshere and cooled by an ice bath, was added dropwise pyridine (3.5 mL, 43.3 mmol) then trifluoroacetic anhydride (0.66 mL, 4.75 mmol). After stirring three hours at 0 °C, the reaction is quenched by the addition of an aqueous saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate (70 mL). The organic layer was collected and the aqueous layer was extracted two times with 50 mL of dichloromethane. The organic layers were combined, washed with 70 mL of an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid 1N, then 70 mL of brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. Column chromatography (silica gel 100 mL, EtOAc/EtOH, 98/2 to 9/1, v/v) of the residue afforded three fractions of diastereoisomers 18 isolated as colorless oils (94 mg, 120 µmol, 10%; 77 mg, 99 µmol, 9%; 537 mg, 689 µmol, 61%). The physicochemical characteristics of the major fraction are reported. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.43–7.16 (m, 20H, H aromatic), 5.20 (2d, J = 11.9 Hz, J = 9.7 Hz, 1H, H-1), 4.79–4.45 (m, 8H, 4 × OCH2Ph), 4.21–4.06 (m, 1H, H-3), 4.16–3.91 (m, 9H, 3 × POCH2CH3, H-2, H-5, H-6), 3.85–3.66 (m, 3H, H-4, H-7, H-7′), 2.85–2.52 (m, 2H, PCH2P), 1.30–1.23 (m, 9H, 3 × POCH2CH3); 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 164.6, 164.0 (s, d, J = 1.3 Hz, C-2), 138.2, 138.1, 138.0, 137.95, 137.91, 137.8, 137.42, 137.36 (4 × Cq aromatic), 128.64, 128.60, 128.55, 128.54, 128.50, 128.2, 128.1, 128.03, 128.00, 127.94, 127.92, 127.82, 127.78 (20 × CH aromatic), 100.5, 97.7 (2d, J = 136.4 Hz, J = 137.5 Hz, C-1), 79.7, 78.9 (C-6), 78.8, 77.9 (C-4), 75.2, 74.6 (2d, J = 12.0 Hz, J = 12.2 Hz, C-3), 74.9, 74.4 (C-5), 74.2, 73.52, 73.48, 73.4, 72.5, 72.1, 71.6, 71.0 (4 × OCH2Ph), 69.5 (C-7), 62.5, 62.44, 62.39, 62.3, 61.00, 60.98 (6d, J = 6.3 Hz, J = 6.3 Hz, J = 6.5 Hz, J = 6.2 Hz, J = 6.1 Hz, J = 5.8 Hz, 3 xOCH2CH3), 29.2, 28.9 (2dd, J = 134, 92.5 Hz, J = 134, 94 Hz, PCH2P), 16.62, 16.56, 16.48, 16.47, 16.45 (5d, J = 7.9 Hz, J = 7.1 Hz, J = 6.3 Hz, J = 5.9 Hz, J = 6.4 Hz, OCH2CH3); 31P NMR (202 MHz, CDCl3) δ 31.1, 30.4 (2d, J = 3.6 Hz, J = 7.8 Hz, CH2PCH2P), 20.5, 20.4 (2d, J = 3.6 Hz, J = 7.8 Hz, CH2PCH2P); ESI-MS: Calcd for C42H52NaO10P2: 801.8 [M + Na]+ Found: 801.1; ESI-HRMS: Calcd for C42H53O10P2: 779.3108 [M + H]+ Found: 779.3140.

3.1.6. 2,6-Anhydro-3,4,5,7-tetra-O-benzyl-1-deoxy-1-{[(diethoxyphosphoryl)methyl](ethoxy) phosphoryl}-d-gluco-hept-1-enitol 19

To a solution of heptulopyranose 16 (1.1 g, 1.38 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (41 mL) under argon atmosphere and cooled by an ice bath, was added dropwise pyridine (4.1 mL, 50.7 mmol) then trifluoroacetic anhydride (0.77 mL, 5.52 mmol). After stirring three hours at 0 °C, the reaction is quenched by the addition of an aqueous saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate (80 mL). The organic layer was collected and the aqueous layer was extracted two times with 60 mL of dichloromethane. The organic layers were combined, washed with 80 mL of an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid 1N, then 80 mL of brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. Column chromatography (silica gel 100 mL, EtOAc/EtOH, 98/2 to 9/1, v/v) of the residue afforded the product 19 as a mixture of stereoisomers (0.75 g, 0.96 mmol, 70%) as a colorless oil. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.52–6.98 (m, 20H, H aromatic), 5.29, 5.18 (2d, J = 11.2 Hz, J = 10.1 Hz, 1H, H-1), 4.79–4.49 (m, 8H, 4 × OCH2Ph), 4.27–3.97 (m, 7H, 3 × OCH2CH3, H-6), 3.97–3.93 (m, 1H, H-3), 3.84–3.76 (m, 3H, H-4, H-5, H-7), 3.73, 3.71 (2dd, J = 12.3, 4.1 Hz, J = 12.2, 4.0 Hz, 1H, H-7′), 2.93–2.47 (m, 2H, PCH2P), 1.31–1.25 (m, 9H, 3 × OCH2CH3); 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 164.36, 164.2 (d, s, J = 1.1 Hz, C-2), 138.0, 137.92, 137.86, 137.8, 137.7, 137.3, 137.2 (4 × Cq aromatic), 128.7, 128.62, 128.56, 128.55, 128.53, 128.50, 128.47, 128.2, 128.13, 128.09, 128.08, 128.05, 128.02, 128.00, 127.98, 127.96, 127.91, 127.90, 127.83, 127.81 (20C, CH aromatic), 99.3, 99.0 (2d, J = 136.8 Hz, J = 136.9 Hz, C-1), 83.6, 82.9 (C-4), 78.7, 77.9 (2d, J = 11.9 Hz, J = 12.1 Hz, C-3), 78.2, 77.6 (C-6), 77.4, 77.10 (C-5), 74.3, 73.90, 73.85, 73.56, 73.51, 73.49, 72.8, 72.2 (4 × OCH2Ph), 68.5, 68.4 (C-7), 62.5, 62.42, 62.35, 62.33, 61.00, 60.98 (6d, J = 6.2 Hz, J = 6.2 Hz, J = 6.3 Hz, J = 6.2 Hz, J = 6.1 Hz, J = 6.1 Hz, 3 × OCH2CH3), 29.1 (dd, J = 134.4, 93.1 Hz, CHPCH2P), 16.7–16.4 (m, 3 × OCH2CH3); 31P NMR (202 MHz, CDCl3) δ 30.8, 30.6 (2d, J = 7.7 Hz, J = 6.5 Hz, CH2PCH2P), 20.5, 20.5 (2d, J = 7.7 Hz, J = 6.5 Hz, CH2PCH2P); ESI-MS: Calcd for C42H53O10P2: 779.8 [M + H]+ Found: 779.0, Calcd for C42H54KO10P2: 819.9 [M + 2H + K]+ Found: 819.2; ESI-HRMS: Calcd for C42H53O10P2: 779.3108 [M + H]+ Found: 779.3127.

3.1.7. 3-Acetamido-2,6-Anhydro-4,5,7-tri-O-benzyl-1,3-di-deoxy-1-{[(diethoxyphosphoryl) methyl](ethoxy)phosphoryl}-d-gluco-hept-1-enitol 20

To a solution of heptulopyranose 17 (340 mg, 455 µmol) in anhydrous dichlormethane (14 mL) under argon atmosphere and cooled by an ice bath, was added dropwise pyridine (1.4 mL, 17.3 mmol) then trifluoroacetic anhydride (250 µL, 1.82 mmol). After stirring two hours at 0 °C, the reaction is quenched by the addition of an aqueous saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate (26 mL). The organic layer was collected and the aqueous layer was extracted two times with 26 mL of dichloromethane. The organic layers were combined, washed with 26 mL of an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid 1N, then 26 mL of brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. Column chromatography (silica gel 30 mL, EtOAc/EtOH, 9/1 to 8/2, v/v) of the residue afforded the product 20 as a mixture of stereoisomers and rotamers (210 mg, 288 µmol, 63%) as a colorless oil. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.52–6.92 (m, 30H, H aromatic), 5.14, 5.09, 5.03, 4.94 (4d, J = 11.3 Hz, J = 11.4 Hz, J = 9.3 Hz, J = 11.7 Hz, 1H, H-1), 4.84–4.34 (m, 6H, 3 × OCH2Ph), 4.29–3.55 (m, 12H, H-6, 3 × OCH2CH3, H-3, H-4, H-5, H-7, H-7′), 3.27–2.23 (m, 2H, PCH2P), 2.00, 1.97, 1.94, 1.92, 1.91, 1.90, 1.87, (7 s, 3H, NHCOCH3), 1.36–1.15 (m, 9H, 3 × OCH2CH3); 31P NMR (202 MHz, CDCl3) δ 31.3, 30.8 (2broad s, CH2PCH2P), 20.7, 20.6, 20.2, 20.1, 19.8, 19.6 (6d, J = 4.7 Hz, J = 5.7 Hz, J = 2.1 Hz, J = 2.9 Hz, J = 5.8 Hz, J = 3.6 Hz, CH2PCH2P); ESI-MS: Calcd for C37H49NNaO10P2: 752.7327 [M + Na]+ Found: 752.2; ESI-HRMS: Calcd for C37H49NNaO10P2: 752.2724 [M + Na]+ Found: 752.2730.

3.1.8. 2,6-Anhydro-1-deoxy-1-{[(diethoxyphosphoryl)methyl](ethoxy)phosphoryl}-d-glycero-d-galacto-heptitol 21

To a solution of a mixture of the previous d-manno-hept-1-enitol 18 (476 mg, 611 µmol) in ethanol (28 mL) under argon atmosphere was added a catalytic amount of palladium 10% on charcoal (140 mg, 132 µmol). Then, the reaction mixture was purged with hydrogen gas and stirred overnight under hydrogen atmosphere. The resulting solution was degassed with argon atmosphere and it was filtered through a celite© (ThermoFisher, Kandel, Germany) patch which was rinsed with 10 mL of ethanol. The concentration under vacuum furnished the product 21 as a mixture of stereoisomers with a R configuration for the C2 stereogenic centre (253 mg, 602 µmol, quant.) as a white solid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, MeOD) δ 4.24–4.10 (m, 6H, 3 × POCH2CH3), 3.94–3.86 (m, 1H, H-1), 3.87, 3.86 (2dd, J = 11.7, 2.3 Hz, J = 11.3, 2.4 Hz, 1H, H-7), 3.72, 3.71 (2d, J = 3.0 Hz, 1H, H-3), 3.66, 3.65 (2dd, J = 11.3, 6.7 Hz, J = 11.7, 6.3 Hz, 1H, H-7′), 3.53 (2t, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H, H-5), 3.49, 3.48 (2dd, J = 9.4, 3.0 Hz, 1H, H-4), 3.26, 3.23 (2ddd, J = 9.4, 6.3, 2.3 Hz, J = 9.4, 6.7, 2.4 Hz, 1H, H-6), 2.97–2.75 (m, 2H, PCH2P), 2.61–2.51 (m, 1H, H-1), 2.20–2.02 (m, 1H, H-1′), 1.35, 1.34 (2t, J = 7.0 Hz, 9H, 3 × POCH2CH3); 13C NMR (126 MHz, MeOD) δ 82.33, 82.28 (C-6), 76.3 (C-4), 74.7, 74.5 (2d, J = 3.7 Hz, J = 4.6 Hz, C-2), 73.3, 73.2 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, J = 11.4 Hz, C-3), 68.6, 68.5 (C-5), 64.2, 64.08, 64.02, 63.98, 62.9, 62.8 (6d, J = 6.5 Hz, POCH2CH3), 63.06, 63.00 (C-7), 33.5, 33.4 (2d, J = 99 Hz, C-1), 28.6, 28.4 (2dd, J = 135, 83 Hz, PCH2P), 16.83, 16.79, 16.7, 16.6 (4d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3 × POCH2CH3); 31P NMR (202 MHz, MeOD) δ 48.8, 47.7 (2d, J = 11.4 Hz, J = 7.5 Hz, CH2PCH2P), 21.2, 21.0 (2d, J = 7.5 Hz, J = 11.4 Hz, CH2PCH2P); ESI-MS: Calcd for C28H59NaO20P4: 862.7 [2M – H + Na]+ Found: 862.7; ESI-HRMS: Calcd for C14H30NaO10P2: 443.1206 [M + Na]+ Found: 443.1223.

3.1.9. 2,6-Anhydro-1-deoxy-1-{[(diethoxyphosphoryl)methyl](ethoxy)phosphoryl}-d-glycero-d-gulo-heptitol 22

To a solution of a mixture of the d-gulo-hept-1-enitol 19 (720 mg, 925 µmol) in ethanol (42 mL) under argon atmosphere was added a catalytic amount of palladium 10% on charcoal (210 mg, 190 µmol). Then, the reaction mixture was purged with hydrogen gas and stirred overnight under hydrogen atmosphere. The resulting solution was degassed with argon atmosphere and it was filtered through a celite© patch. The concentration under vacuum furnished the product 22 as a mixture of stereoisomers with a R configuration for the C2 stereogenic centre (377 mg, 897 µmol, 97%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, MeOD) δ 4.24–4.08 (m, 6H, 3 × OCH2CH3), 3.87, 3.86 (2dd, J = 11.9, 2.2 Hz, J = 11.8, 1.4 Hz, 1H, H-7), 3.64–3.50 (m, 2H, H-7′, H-2), 3.38–3.22 (m, 3H, H-4, H-6, H-5), 3.11, 3.08 (2t, J = 9.0 Hz, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H, H-3), 2.99–2.74 (m, 2H, PCH2P), 2.57–2.40 (m, 1H, H-1), 2.26–2.16 (m, 1H, H-1′), 1.41–1.28 (m, 9H, 3 × OCH2CH3); 13C NMR (126 MHz, MeOD) δ 82.04, 81.96 (C-6), 79.44, 79.42 (d, J = 3,8 Hz, J = 4.0 Hz, C-4), 76.2, 76.1 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, J = 6.0 Hz, C-2), 75.9, 75.7 (d, J = 13.7 Hz, J = 12.7 Hz, C-3), 71.9, 71.8 (C-5), 64.1, 64.03, 63.99, 63.65, 62.81, 62.75 (6d, J = 6.4 Hz, J = 6.3 Hz, J = 6.3 Hz, J = 6.3 Hz, J = 6.5 Hz, J = 6.6 Hz, OCH2CH3), 63.0, 62.9 (C-7), 33.3, 32.9 (2d, J = 99.1 Hz, J = 99.2 Hz, C-1), 29.1, 28.5 (2dd, J = 135.0, 24.4 Hz, J = 135.0, 24.9 Hz, PCH2P), 16.9–16.53 (m, 3 × OCH2CH3); 31P NMR (202 MHz, MeOD) δ 47.2, 46.3 (2d, J = 11.4 Hz, J = 7.9 Hz, CH2PCH2P), 19.8, 19.6 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, J = 11.4 Hz, CH2PCH2P); ESI-MS: Calcd for C28H59NaO20P4: 862.7 [2M – H + Na]+ Found: 862.7; ESI-HRMS: Calcd for C14H31O10P2: 421.1387 [M + H]+ Found: 421.1394.

3.1.10. 3-Acetamido-2,6-anhydro-1,3-di-deoxy-1-{[(diethoxyphosphoryl)methyl](ethoxy) phosphoryl}-d-glycero-d-gulo-heptitol 23

To a solution of a mixture of the d-gluco-hept-1-enitol 20 (210 mg, 288 µmol) in ethanol (14 mL) under argon atmosphere was added a catalytic amount of palladium 10% on charcoal (70 mg, 66 µmol). Then, the reaction mixture was purged with hydrogen gas and stirred overnight under hydrogen atmosphere. The resulting solution was degassed with argon atmosphere and it was filtered through a celite© patch. The concentration under vacuum furnished the product 23 as a mixture of stereoisomers with a R configuration for the C2 stereogenic centre (132 mg, 288 µmol, quant.) as a white solid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, MeOD) δ 4.23–4.10 (m, 6H, 3 × OCH2CH3), 3.91–3.85 (m, 1H, H-7), 3.70–3.56 (m, 3H, H-7′, H-3, H-2), 3.45–3.39 (m, 1H, H-4), 3.34–3.25 (m, 1H, H-5), 3.26 (ddd, J = 9.7, 5.8, 2.2 Hz, 1H, H-6), 3.05–2.71 (m, 2H, PCH2P), 2.30–2.18 (m, 1H, H-1), 2.15–2.06 (m, 1H, H-1′), 2.00 (s, 3H, NHCOCH3), 1.37–1.32 (m, 9H, 3 × OCH2CH3); 13C NMR (126 MHz, MeOD) δ 173.93, 173.89 (NHCOCH3), 82.0, 81.9 (C-6), 76.8 (2d, J = 2.7 Hz, J = 2.4 Hz, C-4), 75.4, 75.0 (2d, J = 5.0 Hz, J = 6.3 Hz, C-2), 72.23, 72.15 (C-5), 64.1, 64.04, 63.98, 63.93, 62.85, 62.84 (6d, J = 6.3 Hz, J = 6.9 Hz, J = 6.3 Hz, J = 6.1 Hz, J = 7.7 Hz, J = 7.7 Hz, 3 × OCH2CH3), 62.92, 62.88 (C-6), 57.7, 57.6 (d, J = 13.6 Hz, J = 14.2 Hz, C-3), 33.8, 33.4 (2d, J = 99.4 Hz, J = 100.2 Hz, C-1), 28.7, 28.5 (2dd, J = 134.8, 82.5 Hz, J = 134.8, 83.2 Hz, PCH2P), 23.0, 22.9 (NHCOCH3), 16.81, 16.76, 16.64, 16.63 (4d, J = 6.2 Hz, J = 6.3 Hz, J = 6.3 Hz, J = 6.1 Hz, 3 × OCH2CH3); 31P NMR (202 MHz, MeOD) δ 48.2, 47.1 (2d, J = 12.0 Hz, J = 7.1 Hz, CH2PCH2P), 21.3, 21.0 (2d, J = 7.1 Hz, J = 12.0 Hz, CH2PCH2P); ESI-MS: Calcd for C32H65N2NaO20P4: 944.8 [2M − H + Na]+ Found: 944.7, Calcd for C16H33NNaO10P2: 484.4 [M + Na]+ Found: 484.1; ESI-HRMS: Calcd for C16H34O10NP2: 462.1662 [M + H]+ Found: 462.1667.

3.1.11. 3,4,5,7-Tetra-O-acetyl-2,6-anhydro-1-deoxy-1-{[(diethoxyphosphoryl)methyl](ethoxy) phosphoryl}-d-glycero-d-galacto-heptitol 24

To a solution of a mixture of the previous d-glycero-d-galacto-heptitol 21 (235 mg, 559 µmol) in pyridine (9 mL) cooled by an ice bath, was added dropwise acetic anhydride (4.5 mL, 48 mmol). The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. After stirring overnight at room temperature, the reaction is stopped by evaporation of the reactants. Column chromatography (silica gel 60 mL, CH2Cl2/EtOH, 95/5 to 9/1, v/v) of the residue afforded 24 as a mixture of stereoisomers with a R configuration for the C2 stereogenic centre (265 mg, 450 µmol, 80%) as a colorless oil. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 5.32, 5.31 (2broad d, J = 3.4 Hz, J = 3.6 Hz, 1H, H-3), 5.17, 5.15 (2t, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H, H-5), 5.07, 5.06 (2dd, J = 10.0, 3.6 Hz, J = 10.0, 3.4 Hz, 1H, H-4), 4.25–4.07 (m, 9H, H-2, 3 × POCH2CH3, H-7, H-7′), 3.75, 3.71 (2ddd, J = 10.0, 7.0, 2.3 Hz, J = 10.0, 6.3, 2.4 Hz, 1H, H-6), 2.70–2.35 (m, 3H, 1.5 × PCH2P, H-1), 2.17, 2.08, 2.04, 1.96 (4s, 12H, 4 × CH3CO), 2.06–1.77 (m, 1H, H-1′), 1.38–1.28 (m, 9H, 3 × POCH2CH3); 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 170.7, 170.49, 170.47, 170.1, 170.0, 169.92, 169.85 (4 × CH3CO), 76.6, 76.4 (C-6), 72.4, 72.16 (2d, J = 2.7 Hz, J = 3.4 Hz, C-2), 72.17, 72.10 (2d, J = 1.7 Hz, J = 2.0 Hz, C-4), 70.62, 70.55 (2d, J = 12.9 Hz, J = 12.4 Hz, C-3), 66.1, 66.0 (C-5), 63.2, 63.1 (C-7), 62.8, 62.62, 62.60, 62.36, 61.58, 61.56 (6d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3 × POCH2CH3), 32.2, 31.1 (2d, J = 98.5 Hz, J = 99.7 Hz, C-1), 29.3, 28.9 (2dd, J = 134.5, 83.1 Hz, J = 134.6, 81.9 Hz, PCH2P), 20.86, 20.84, 20.83, 20.69, 20.68 (4 × CH3CO), 16.8–16.4 (m, 3 × POCH2CH3); 31P NMR (202 MHz, CDCl3) δ 44.1, 42.2 (2d, J = 9.8 Hz, J = 5.9 Hz, CH2PCH2P), 19.9, 19.7 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, J = 5.9 Hz, CH2PCH2P); ESI-MS: Calcd for C44H75NaO28P4: 1198.9 [2M – H + Na]+ Found: 1198.4; ESI-HRMS: Calcd for C22H39O14P2: 589.1810 [M + H]+ Found: 589.1818.

3.1.12. 3,4,5,7-Tetra-O-acetyl-2,6-anhydro-1-deoxy-1-{[(diethoxyphosphoryl)methyl](ethoxy) phosphoryl}-d-glycero-d-gulo-heptitol 25

To a solution of a mixture of the previous d-glycero-d-gulo-heptitol 22 (372 mg, 885 µmol) in pyridine (15 mL) cooled by an ice bath, was added dropwise acetic anhydride (7.5 mL, 79 mmol). The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. After stirring overnight at room temperature, the reaction is stopped by evaporation of the reactants. Column chromatography (silica gel 80 mL, CH2Cl2/EtOH, 95/5 to 9/1, v/v) of the residue afforded 25 as a mixture of stereoisomers with a R configuration for the C2 stereogenic centre (503 mg, 854 µmol, 96%) as a colorless oil. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 5.14, 5.13 (2t, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H, H-4), 4.98, 4.96 (2t, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H, H-5), 4.87, 4.86 (2t, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H, H-3), 4.20–4.00 (m, 8H, 3 × OCH2CH3, H-7, H-7′), 3.99–3.81 (m, 1H, H-2), 3.74, 3.69 (2ddd, J = 10.0, 6.3, 2.2 Hz, 1H, J = 10.0, 5.6, 2.2 Hz, H-6), 2. 70–2.39 (m, 2H, PCH2P), 2.32–1.86 (m, 2H, H-1, H-1′), 2.03, 2.01, 2.00, 1.98, 1.95, 1.94 (6s, 12H, 4 × CH3CO), 1.34–1.25 (m, 9H, 3 × OCH2CH3); 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 170.5, 170.3, 170.2, 169.7, 169.6, 169.5 (4 × CH3CO), 76.0, 75.8 (C-6), 74.0, 73.9 (2d, J = 2.2 Hz, J = 1.7 Hz, C-4), 73.4, 73.2 (2d, J = 4.0 Hz, J = 6.5 Hz, C-2), 72.2, 72.1 (d, J = 14.6 Hz, J = 13.8 Hz, C-3), 68.6, 68.5 (C-5), 62.7, 62.5, 62.4, 62.3, 61.4 (5d, J = 6.3 Hz, J = 6.1 Hz, J = 4.5 Hz, J = 6.4 Hz, Hz, J = 6.5 Hz, 3 × OCH2CH3), 62.5, 62.4 (C-7), 32.4, 31.5 (2d, J = 98.0 Hz, J = 100.0 Hz, C-1), 29.5, 28.9 (2dd, J = 134.5, 83.8 Hz, J = 134.9, 81.7 Hz, PCH2P), 20.7, 20.6 (4 × CH3CO), 16.6–16.3 (m, 3 × OCH2CH3); 31P NMR (202 MHz, CDCl3) δ 43.9, 42.1 (2d, J = 9.0 Hz, J = 3.1 Hz, CH2PCH2P), 19.9, 19.7 (2d, J = 9.0 Hz, J = 3.1 Hz, CH2PCH2P); ESI-MS: Calcd for C44H75NaO28P4: 1198.9 [2M – H + Na]+ Found: 1198.4; ESI-HRMS: Calcd for C22H39O14P2: 589.1810 [M + H]+ Found: 589.1820.

3.1.13. 3-Acetamido-4,5,7-tri-O-acetyl-2,6-anhydro-1,3-di-deoxy-1-{[(diethoxyphosphoryl) methyl](ethoxy)phosphoryl}-d-glycero-d-gulo-heptitol 26

To a solution of a mixture of the previous d-glycero-d-gulo-heptitol 23 (132 mg, 288 µmol) in pyridine (5 mL) cooled by an ice bath, was added dropwise acetic anhydride (2.5 mL, 26.4 mmol). The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. After stirring overnight at room temperature, the reaction is stopped by evaporation of the reactants. Column chromatography (silica gel 30 mL, CH2Cl2/EtOH, 95/5 to 9/1, v/v) of the residue afforded 26 as a mixture of stereoisomers with a R configuration for the C2 stereogenic centre (124 mg, 211 µmol, 73%) as a colorless oil. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.27, 6.20 (2d, J = 9.3 Hz, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H, NHCOCH3), 5.09–4.98 (m, 2H, H-5, H-4), 4.25–3.99 (m, 9H, 3 × OCH2CH3, H-7, H-7′, H-3), 3.92, 3.86 (2ddd, J = 11.9, 9.5, 2.2 Hz, J = 12.1, 9.3, 2.2 Hz, 1H, H-2), 3.75–3.67 (m, 1H, H-6), 2.66–2.01 (m, 4H, H-1, H-1′, PCH2P), 2.07, 2.06, 2.02, 2.01, 2.00 (5s, 9H, 3 × OCOCH3), 1.94 (s, 3H, NHCOCH3), 1.38–1.30 (m, 9H, 3 × OCH2CH3); 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 171.4, 171.3, 170.75, 170.74, 170.67, 170.6, 169.5 (3 × OCOCH3, NHCOCH3), 76.1, 75.9 (C-6), 74.7, 74.0 (2d, J = 3.6 Hz, J = 5.8 Hz, C-2), 74.33, 74.29 (2d, J = 2.4 Hz, J = 3.4 Hz, C-4), 68.7, 68.6 (C-5), 63.0, 62.64, 62.56, 62.54, 61.5, 61.4 (6d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3 × OCH2CH3), 62.8, 62.52 (C-7), 54.31, 54.25 (2d, J = 13.5 Hz, J = 14.8 Hz, C-3), 32.8, 32.0 (d, J = 98.1 Hz, J = 99.4 Hz, C-1), 29.3, 28.7 (2dd, J = 134.5, 83.6 Hz, J = 135.1, 81.6 Hz, CH2PCH2P), 23.3 (NHCOCH3), 20.84, 20.81, 20.79, 20.74, 20.73 (3 × OCOCH3), 16.7–16.4 (3 × OCH2CH3); 31P NMR (202 MHz, CDCl3) δ 44.8, 43.0 (2d, J = 8.0 Hz, J = 1.4 Hz, CH2PCH2P), 19.8, 19.6 (2d, J = 8.0 Hz, J = 1.4 Hz, CH2PCH2P); ESI-MS: Calcd for C22H39NNaO13P2: 610.5 [M + Na]+ Found: 610.1, Calcd for C44H77N2NaO26P4: 1197.0 [2M − H + Na]+ Found: 1196.5; ESI-HRMS: Calcd for C22H40NO13P2: 588.1969 [M + H]+ Found: 588.1991.

3.1.14. Sodium {[oxido(2,6-anhydro-1-deoxy-d-glycero-d-galacto-heptityl)phosphoryl]methyl} phosphonate 27

To a solution of a mixture of the previous d-glycero-d-galacto-heptitol 24 (53.5 mg, 90 µmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (2 mL) cooled by an ice bath, was added dropwise bromotrimethylsilane (142 µL, 1.08 mmol). The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. After stirring overnight at room temperature, the reaction is stopped by evaporation of the reactants. Then the residue was dissolved in water (4 mL). Sodium hydoxide (28.8 mg, 720 µmol) was added to the reaction mixture. After 16 h of stirring at room temperature, the reaction was stopped with addition of cation exchange resin (DOWEX© 50WX8 resin, H+ form, ACROS, Geel, Belgium). The resin was removed by filtration through a millipore filter (45 µm, AIT, Houilles, France). The aqueous solution was freeze dried. The resulting solid (48 mg) was solubilized in water (0.48 mL). To this solution was added absolute ethanol (4.8 mL). After 16 h at room temperature, the resulting solid was recovered and rinsed with absolute ethanol. It was solubilized in water and freeze dried to afford the phosphonate 27 as a white solid (34.6 mg, 86 µmol, 95%). 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 4.03 (td, J = 9.3, 3.9 Hz, 1H, H-2), 3.97 (dd, J = 12.3, 2.0 Hz, 1H, H-7), 3.94 (d, J = 3.2 Hz, 1H, H-3), 3.78 (dd, J = 12.3, 6.3 Hz, 1H, H-7′), 3.76 (dd, J = 9.6, 3.2 Hz, 1H, H-4), 3.63 (t, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H, H-5), 3.45 (ddd, J = 9.6, 6.3, 2.0 Hz, 1H, H-6), 2.57–2.34 (m, 3H, PCH2P, H-1), 2.14 (td, J = 16.3, 3.9 Hz, 1H, H-1′); 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 80.0 (C-6), 74.2 (C-4), 73.6 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, C-2), 71.8 (d, J = 10.5 Hz, C-3), 67.0 (C-5), 61.3 (C-7), 32.2 (d, J = 96.5 Hz, C-1), 30.9 (dd, J = 122.1, 80.7 Hz, PCH2PO); 31P NMR (202 MHz, CDCl3) δ 36.05 (d, J = 4.5 Hz, CH2PCH2P), 11.75–11.65 (m, CH2PCH2P); 31P NMR non decoupled (202 MHz, CDCl3) δ 36.50–35.73 (m, CH2PCH2P), 11.70 (td, J = 18.5, 4.5 Hz, CH2PCH2P); ESI-MS (mobile phase gradient ACN/H2O + 0.1% formic acid): Calcd for C8H19O10P2: 337.0 [M + H]+ Found: 337.0; ESI-HRMS: Calcd for C8H19O10P2: 337.0453 [M + H]+ Found: 337.0443.

3.1.15. Sodium {[oxido(2,6-anhydro-1-deoxy-d-glycero-d-gulo-heptityl)phosphoryl]methyl} phosphonate 28

To a solution of a mixture of the previous d-glycero-d-gulo-heptitol 25 (63.5 mg, 116 µmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (2 mL) cooled by an ice bath, was added dropwise bromotrimethylsilane (183 µL, 1.39 mmol). The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. After stirring overnight at room temperature, the reaction is stopped by evaporation of the reactants. Then the residue was dissolved in water (4 mL). Sodium hydoxide (37 mg, 925 µmol) was added to the reaction mixture. After 16 h of stirring at room temperature, the reaction was stopped with addition of cation exchange resin (DOWEX© 50WX8 resin, H+ form). The resin was removed by filtration through a millipore filter (45 µm). The aqueous solution was freeze dried. The resulting solid (62 mg) was solubilized in water (0.62 mL). To this solution was added absolute ethanol (6.2 mL). After 16 h at room temperature, the resulting solid was recovered and rinsed with absolute ethanol. It was solubilized in water and freeze dried to afford the phosphonate 28 as a white solid (43 mg, 107 µmol, 92%). 1H NMR (500 MHz, D2O) δ 3.93 (d, J = 12.3 Hz, 1H, H-7), 3.74 (dd, J = 12.3, 4.3 Hz, 1H, H-7′), 3.68 (qd, J = 9.4, 2.5 Hz, 1H, H-2), 3.52 (t, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H, H-4), 3.48–3.40 (m, 2H, H-5, H-6), 3.26 (t, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H, H-3), 2.33–2.01 (m, 4H, H-1, H-1′, PCH2P); 13C NMR (126 MHz, D2O) δ 79.5 (C-6), 77.2 (C-4), 75.6 (d, J = 4.3 Hz, C-2), 74.5 (d, J = 11.2 Hz, C-3), 69.8 (C-5), 60.9 (C-7), 33.71 (d, J = 96.0 Hz, C-1), 32.38 (dd, J = 119.5, 79.8 Hz, PCH2PO); 31P NMR (202 MHz, D2O) δ 34.72 (d, J = 6.1 Hz, CH2PCH2P), 15.25 (d, J = 6.1 Hz, CH2PCH2P); 31P NMR non decoupled (202 MHz, D2O) δ 35.97–32.61 (m, CH2PCH2P), 15.22 (td, J = 19.3, 6.1 Hz, CH2PCH2P); ESI-MS (mobile phase gradient ACN/H2O + 0.1% formic acid): Calcd for C8H19O10P2: 337.0 [M + H]+ Found: 337.0; ESI-HRMS: Calcd for C8H19O10P2: 337.0453 [M + H]+ Found: 337.0448.

3.1.16. Sodium {[oxido(3-acetamido-2,6-anhydro-1,3-di-deoxy-d-glycero-d-gulo-heptityl) phosphoryl]methyl}phosphonate 29

To a solution of a mixture of the previous d-glycero-d-gulo-heptitol 26 (51 mg, 87 µmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (2 mL) cooled by an ice bath, was added dropwise bromotrimethylsilane (137 µL, 1.04 mmol). The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. After stirring overnight at room temperature, the reaction is stopped by evaporation of the reactants. Then the residue was dissolved in water (4 mL). Sodium hydoxide (27.8 mg, 695 µmol) was added to the reaction mixture. After 16 h of stirring at room temperature, the reaction was stopped with addition of cation exchange resin (DOWEX© 50WX8 resin, H+ form). The resin was removed by filtration through a millipore filter (45 µm). The aqueous solution was freeze dried. The resulting solid (51 mg) was solubilized in water (0.51 mL). To this solution was added absolute ethanol (5.1 mL). After 16 h at room temperature, the resulting solid was recovered and rinsed with absolute ethanol. It was solubilized in water and freeze dried to afford the phosphonate 29 as an orange solid (32.9 mg, 74 µmol, 85%). 1H NMR (500 MHz, D2O) δ 3.95 (d, J = 12.4 Hz, 1H, H-7), 3.78 (dd, J = 12.4, 5.1 Hz, 1H, H-7′), 3.77–3.71 (m, 1H, H-2), 3.67 (t, J = 9.3 Hz, 1H, H-3), 3.56 (t, J = 9.3 Hz, 1H, H-4), 3.50 (t, J = 9.3 Hz, 1H, H-5), 3.45 (dd, J = 9.3, 5.1 Hz, 1H, H-6), 2.27 (dt, J = 19.2, 15.7 Hz, 1H, 0.5 × PCH2P), 2.19–2.05 (m, 1H, 0.5 × PCH2P), 2.10 (s, 3H, NHCOCH3), 2.05–1.89 (m, 2H, H-1, H-1′); 13C NMR (126 MHz, D2O) δ 174.7 (NHCOCH3), 79.4 (C-6), 75.4 (C-4), 74.5 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, C-2), 69.9 (C-5), 60.8 (C-7), 56.5 (d, J = 13.2 Hz, C-3), 33.4 (d, J = 96.4 Hz, C-1), 32.0 (dd, J = 119.8, 79.3 Hz, PCH2PO), 22.3 (NHCOCH3); 31P NMR (202 MHz, D2O) δ 34.08 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, CH2PCH2P), 15.76 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, CH2PCH2P); 31P NMR non decoupled (202 MHz, D2O) δ 34.3–33.8 (m, CH2PCH2P), 15.74 (td, J = 19.4, 7.5 Hz, CH2PCH2P); ESI-MS (mobile phase gradient ACN/H2O + 0.1% formic acid): Calcd for C10H22NO10P2: 378.1 [M + H]+ Found: 378.1; ESI-HRMS: Calcd for C10H22NO10P2: 378.0719 [M + H]+ Found: 378.0709.

3.2. Enzyme Assays

3.2.1. DLODP Assay

Microsomal membranes containing DLODP were prepared from rat liver (APAFIS#20275-2019041612268204 v4) as previously described [46]. Membranes (8.5 mg) were solubilized in 20 mM MES pH 6.2, 200 mM NaCl, 1 mM CoCl2, 10% glycerol, 12.5 mg of NP-40 for 1 h at 4 °C. The solution was centrifuged at 100,000 gAV for 45 min at 4 °C. The supernatant containing solubilized DLODP was collected and stored at –150 °C. DLODP assay was performed in a final mixture of 20 mM MES pH 5.5, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM CoCl2, 10% glycerol, 0.2% NP-40, 20 µg of solubilized membrane, metabolically radiolabeled dolichol-linked oligosaccharide (3.0 × 104 cpm), 0.1 mM kifunensin and 0.1 mM swainsonine for 20 min at 37 °C [44]. The reaction was stopped by adding 10 reaction volumes of cold distilled water. The solution was added to coupled Dowex 50WX4 (H+ form, Sigma Aldrich, SARL, Saint-Quentin Fallavier, France) and Dowex 1 × 8 (formate form, Sigma Aldrich SARL, Saint-Quentin Fallavier, France) ion-exchangers. The exchangers were washed with 12 column volumes of distilled water, then the Dowex 1 × 8 was eluted with 5 column volumes of 3 M formic acid. The eluate was dried and radioactivity determined by scintillation counting.

3.2.2. Alkaline Phosphatase Assay

Alkaline phosphatase (524572, Sigma Aldrich SARL, Saint-Quentin Fallavier, France) activity was determined by measuring the quantity of [14C]glucose released from [14C]glucose-1-phosphate (295 mCi/mmol, PerkinElmer Life Sciences, Boston, MA, USA). The assay was performed in a final mixture of 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.5, 1 mM MgCl2, 0.1 mM ZnC4H6O4, 5 µM [14C]glucose-1-phosphate (3.5 × 104 cpm) and 0–10 mM of water soluble compounds. After incubation at 37 °C for 30 min, the mixture was kept on ice and 10 mM sodium orthovanadate was added to stop the reaction. The solution was then applied to combined Dowex 50WX4 (H+ form) and Dowex 1 × 8 (formate) columns, and the elution and water wash fractions containing [14C]glucose were dried and quantified by scintillation counting.

4. Conclusions

New non hydrolysable glycosyl diphosphate mimics displaying an original β-1C-(phosphino)-phosphonate structure were synthetized according to a general convergent strategy. The key steps of the synthesis involved the addition of conveniently protected δ-hexonolactones derived from Man, Glc and GlcNAc onto the dianion of diethyl ethoxy(methyl)phosphinylmethyl phosphonate, followed by dehydration and subsequent reduction of the resulting double bond leading to pure β stereochemistry. The synthetized compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit DLO diphosphatase and phosphatase activities. Whereas the compounds had no effect on the Co2+-activated DLO diphosphatase at a concentration of 1 mM, complex concentration-dependent activatory and inhibitory effects on alkaline phosphatase were noted. These compounds are undergoing further exploration as potential modifiers of the enzymatic metabolism of phospho-compounds.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online. Experimental procedures for compounds 11–13; NMR spectra for compounds 11–29.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, M.B., S.-J.P., P.B., S.E.H.M. and C.G.-P.; Data curation, M.B., S.-J.P., S.E.H.M. and C.G.-P.; Funding acquisition, P.B., S.E.H.M. and C.G.-P.; Investigation, M.B. and S.-J.P.; Methodology, M.B., S.-J.P., P.B., S.E.H.M. and C.G.-P.; Project administration, P.B., S.E.H.M. and C.G.-P.; Supervision, P.B., S.E.H.M. and C.G.-P.; Writing–original draft, M.B., S.-J.P., S.E.H.M. and C.G.-P.; Writing–review & editing, M.B., S.-J.P., P.B., S.E.H.M. and C.G.-P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (FRM: DCM20121225751 and by the European Union FP6-Coordination Action EUROGLYCANET (LSHM-CT-2005-512131), the E-Rare-2 Joint Transnational Call 2011 (EURO-CDG), the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) (ANR-18-CE44-0007) and institutional funding from INSERM, CNRS and the Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche.

Acknowledgments

Assia Hessani (Université de Paris) is gratefully acknowledged for assistance with low resolution and high resolution mass spectra analyses. This work has benefited from the facilities and expertise of « Service HPLC-MASSE », Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Centre de Recherche de Gif sur Yvette, CNRS, 91198, Gif sur Yvette, France. The NMR experiments were performed thanks to NMR facilities of UMR 8601.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

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Sample Availability: Samples of the compound 27–29 are available from the authors via the chemical library of UMR 8601.
Molecules 25 04969 g001 550
Figure 1. Biologically relevant glycosyl diphosphates.
Figure 1. Biologically relevant glycosyl diphosphates.
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Figure 2. Examples of synthetic analogs of UDP-Glc or UDP-GlcNAc.
Figure 2. Examples of synthetic analogs of UDP-Glc or UDP-GlcNAc.
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Molecules 25 04969 g003 550
Figure 3. Structure of the targeted compounds.
Figure 3. Structure of the targeted compounds.
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Molecules 25 04969 g004 550
Figure 4. Phosphinophosphinate synthesis strategies already described on non-glycosidic molecules. (A) Nucleophilic substitution of the chlorine atom of a chlorophosphinate by a lithio phosphonate. (B) Michaelis-Arbuzov reaction. (C) Phospha-Claisen condensation. (D) Condensation of a H-(phosphonyl)phosphonate reagent onto an aldehyde.
Figure 4. Phosphinophosphinate synthesis strategies already described on non-glycosidic molecules. (A) Nucleophilic substitution of the chlorine atom of a chlorophosphinate by a lithio phosphonate. (B) Michaelis-Arbuzov reaction. (C) Phospha-Claisen condensation. (D) Condensation of a H-(phosphonyl)phosphonate reagent onto an aldehyde.
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Molecules 25 04969 g005 550
Figure 5. Retrosynthetic analysis.
Figure 5. Retrosynthetic analysis.
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Molecules 25 04969 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Reagents and Conditions: (a) BnBr, NaH, DMF, 0 °C to RT, 3 days, 84% for 3, 92% for 4, or 16 h, 67% for 5. (b) HCl, CH3COOH, H2O, 100 °C, 3 h, 58% for 6 and 58% for 7. (c) Ac2O, Et3N, DMAP, CH2Cl2, 0 °C to RT, 66% from 5 over two steps. (d) MeONa, MeOH, 1 h, RT, 77%. (e) I2, K2CO3, CH2Cl2, RT, 16 h, 73% for 11, 67% for 12, 36% for 13.
Scheme 1. Reagents and Conditions: (a) BnBr, NaH, DMF, 0 °C to RT, 3 days, 84% for 3, 92% for 4, or 16 h, 67% for 5. (b) HCl, CH3COOH, H2O, 100 °C, 3 h, 58% for 6 and 58% for 7. (c) Ac2O, Et3N, DMAP, CH2Cl2, 0 °C to RT, 66% from 5 over two steps. (d) MeONa, MeOH, 1 h, RT, 77%. (e) I2, K2CO3, CH2Cl2, RT, 16 h, 73% for 11, 67% for 12, 36% for 13.
Molecules 25 04969 sch001
Molecules 25 04969 sch002 550
Scheme 2. Reagents and Conditions: (a) nBuLi, THF, −78 °C to RT, 3 h, 91%.
Scheme 2. Reagents and Conditions: (a) nBuLi, THF, −78 °C to RT, 3 h, 91%.
Molecules 25 04969 sch002
Molecules 25 04969 sch003 550
Scheme 3. Reagents and conditions: (a) nBuLi, THF, −78 °C, 1 h. (b) 11, 12 or 13, THF, −78 °C, 2 h, 58% for 15, 58% for 16, 25% for 17. (c) (CF3CO)2O, pyridine, CH2Cl2, 0 °C, 3 h, 80% for 18, 70% for 19, 63% for 20. (d) H2, Pd/C 10%, EtOH, RT, 16 h. (e) Ac2O, pyridine, 80% for 24, 96% for 25, 73% for 26. (f) i. TMSBr, CH2Cl2, 0 °C to RT, 16h; ii. NaOH, H2O, RT, 16 h, 95% for 27, 92% for 28, 85% for 29.
Scheme 3. Reagents and conditions: (a) nBuLi, THF, −78 °C, 1 h. (b) 11, 12 or 13, THF, −78 °C, 2 h, 58% for 15, 58% for 16, 25% for 17. (c) (CF3CO)2O, pyridine, CH2Cl2, 0 °C, 3 h, 80% for 18, 70% for 19, 63% for 20. (d) H2, Pd/C 10%, EtOH, RT, 16 h. (e) Ac2O, pyridine, 80% for 24, 96% for 25, 73% for 26. (f) i. TMSBr, CH2Cl2, 0 °C to RT, 16h; ii. NaOH, H2O, RT, 16 h, 95% for 27, 92% for 28, 85% for 29.
Molecules 25 04969 sch003
Molecules 25 04969 g006 550
Figure 6. Evaluation of the capacity of compounds to inhibit DLO diphosphatase and alkaline phosphatase. (A) Dolichol linked oligosaccharides (DLO) are hydrolysed by oligosaccharyl diphosphodolichol diphosphatase (DLODP) to yield oligosaccharyl phosphates (OSP) and dolichyl phosphate (dolP). (B) DLODP activity was measured, as detailed in Methods, in the presence of 1 mM 27, 28, and 29 (n = 2, mean +/S.D.). (C) Alkaline phosphatase was assayed by quantitating the dephosphorylation of [3H]Glc-1P as described in Methods. Compounds 27, 28, and 29 (as well as sodium methylenediphosphonate and GlcNAc-1-phosphate (GlcNAc-1P) were included in incubation mixtures at the indicated concentrations. Alkaline phosphatase activity is expressed as a fraction of that observed in control incubations conducted in the absence of added compounds (n = 2, mean +/S.D.).
Figure 6. Evaluation of the capacity of compounds to inhibit DLO diphosphatase and alkaline phosphatase. (A) Dolichol linked oligosaccharides (DLO) are hydrolysed by oligosaccharyl diphosphodolichol diphosphatase (DLODP) to yield oligosaccharyl phosphates (OSP) and dolichyl phosphate (dolP). (B) DLODP activity was measured, as detailed in Methods, in the presence of 1 mM 27, 28, and 29 (n = 2, mean +/S.D.). (C) Alkaline phosphatase was assayed by quantitating the dephosphorylation of [3H]Glc-1P as described in Methods. Compounds 27, 28, and 29 (as well as sodium methylenediphosphonate and GlcNAc-1-phosphate (GlcNAc-1P) were included in incubation mixtures at the indicated concentrations. Alkaline phosphatase activity is expressed as a fraction of that observed in control incubations conducted in the absence of added compounds (n = 2, mean +/S.D.).
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Bosco, M.; Paik, S.-J.; Busca, P.; Moore, S.E.H.; Gravier-Pelletier, C. Synthetic Route to Glycosyl β-1C-(phosphino)-phosphonates as Unprecedented Stable Glycosyl Diphosphate Analogs and Their Preliminary Biological Evaluation. Molecules 2020, 25, 4969. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25214969

AMA Style

Bosco M, Paik S-J, Busca P, Moore SEH, Gravier-Pelletier C. Synthetic Route to Glycosyl β-1C-(phosphino)-phosphonates as Unprecedented Stable Glycosyl Diphosphate Analogs and Their Preliminary Biological Evaluation. Molecules. 2020; 25(21):4969. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25214969

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bosco, Michaël, Su-Jin Paik, Patricia Busca, Stuart E. H. Moore, and Christine Gravier-Pelletier. 2020. "Synthetic Route to Glycosyl β-1C-(phosphino)-phosphonates as Unprecedented Stable Glycosyl Diphosphate Analogs and Their Preliminary Biological Evaluation" Molecules 25, no. 21: 4969. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25214969

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