Cinnamtannin B-1 Regulates Cell Proliferation of Spinal Cord Astrocytes and Protects the Cell from Oxygen-Glucose-Serum Deprivation/Reoxygenation-Induced Apoptosis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Results
2.1.1. Primary Culture of Rat Spinal Cord Astrocytes
2.1.2. Cinnamtannin B-1 Protects Astrocytes from OGSD/Reoxygenation-Induced Apoptosis through ERK/Bcl-2 Pathway
2.1.3. Cinnamtannin B-1 Regulates the Proliferation of Spinal Cord Astrocytes through an ERK Pathway
2.2. Discussion
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Reagents
3.2. Cell Culture
3.3. MTT Assay and Determination of ROS Generation
3.4. Immunofluorescence
3.5. TUNEL Staining
3.6. Western Blot Analysis
3.7. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Conflict of Interests
References
- Erten, S.F.; Kocak, A.; Ozdemir, I.; Aydemir, S.; Colak, A.; Reeder, B.S. Protective effect of melatonin on experimental spinal cord ischemia. Spinal Cord 2003, 41, 533–538. [Google Scholar]
- Hirose, K.; Okajima, K.; Taoka, Y.; Uchiba, M.; Tagami, H.; Nakano, K.; Utoh, J.; Okabe, H.; Kitamura, N. Activated protein C reduces the ischemia/reperfusion-induced spinal cord injury in rats by inhibiting neutrophil activation. Ann. Surg 2000, 232, 272–280. [Google Scholar]
- Emmez, H.; Yildirim, Z.; Kale, A.; Tonge, M.; Durdag, E.; Borcek, A.O.; Ucankus, L.N.; Dogulu, F.; Kilic, N.; Baykaner, M.K. Anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects of alpha-lipoic acid on spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury in rabbits. Acta Neurochir 2010, 152, 1591–1600. [Google Scholar]
- Faulkner, J.R.; Herrmann, J.E.; Woo, M.J.; Tansey, K.E.; Doan, N.B.; Sofroniew, M.V. Reactive astrocytes protect tissue and preserve function after spinal cord injury. J. Neurosci 2004, 24, 2143–2155. [Google Scholar]
- Ouyang, Y.B.; Voloboueva, L.A.; Xu, L.J.; Giffard, R.G. Selective dysfunction of hippocampal CA1 astrocytes contributes to delayed neuronal damage after transient forebrain ischemia. J. Neurosci 2007, 27, 4253–4260. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, Y.; Vartiainen, N.E.; Ying, W.; Chan, P.H.; Koistinaho, J.; Swanson, R.A. Astrocytes protect neurons from nitric oxide toxicity by a glutathione-dependent mechanism. J. Neurochem 2001, 77, 1601–1610. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, P.; Cao, X.; Nagel, D.J.; Yin, G. Activation of ASK1 during reperfusion of ischemic spinal cord. Neurosci. Lett 2007, 415, 248–252. [Google Scholar]
- Halestrap, A.P.; Kerr, P.M.; Javadov, S.; Woodfield, K.Y. Elucidating the molecular mechanism of the permeability transition pore and its role in reperfusion injury of the heart. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1998, 1366, 79–94. [Google Scholar]
- Verspohl, E.J.; Bauer, K.; Neddermann, E. Antidiabetic effect of Cinnamomum cassia and Cinnamomum zeylanicum in vivo and in vitro. Phytother. Res 2005, 19, 203–206. [Google Scholar]
- Khan, A.; Safdar, M.; Ali Khan, M.M.; Khattak, K.N.; Anderson, R.A. Cinnamon improves glucose and lipids of people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003, 26, 3215–3218. [Google Scholar]
- Fine, A.M. Oligomeric proanthocyanidin complexes: History, structure, and phytopharmaceutical applications. Altern. Med. Rev 2000, 5, 144–151. [Google Scholar]
- Ho, K.Y.; Huang, J.S.; Tsai, C.C.; Lin, T.C.; Hsu, Y.F.; Lin, C.C. Antioxidant activity of tannin components from Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. J. Pharm. Pharmacol 1999, 51, 1075–1078. [Google Scholar]
- Zayachkivska, O.S.; Gzhegotsky, M.R.; Terletska, O.I.; Lutsyk, D.A.; Yaschenko, A.M.; Dzhura, O.R. Influence of Viburnum opulus proanthocyanidins on stress-induced gastrointestinal mucosal damage. J. Physiol. Pharmacol 2006, 57, 155–167. [Google Scholar]
- Hajos, F.; Kalman, M. Distribution of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactive astrocytes in the rat brain. II. Mesencephalon, rhombencephalon and spinal cord. Exp. Brain Res 1989, 78, 164–173. [Google Scholar]
- DeGracia, D.J.; Montie, H.L. Cerebral ischemia and the unfolded protein response. J. Neurochem 2004, 91, 1–8. [Google Scholar]
- Dugan, L.L.; Kim-Han, J.S. Astrocyte mitochondria in in vitro models of ischemia. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr 2004, 36, 317–321. [Google Scholar]
- Harding, H.P.; Zhang, Y.; Zeng, H.; Novoa, I.; Lu, P.D.; Calfon, M.; Sadri, N.; Yun, C.; Popko, B.; Paules, R.; et al. An integrated stress response regulates amino acid metabolism and resistance to oxidative stress. Mol. Cell 2003, 11, 619–633. [Google Scholar]
- Jiang, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, X.; Lam, P.Y.; Yang, H.; Xu, Q.; Yu, A.C. Activation of Erk1/2 and Akt in astrocytes under ischemia. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun 2002, 294, 726–733. [Google Scholar]
- Diermeier-Daucher, S.; Clarke, S.T.; Hill, D.; Vollmann-Zwerenz, A.; Bradford, J.A.; Brockhoff, G. Cell type specific applicability of 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) for dynamic proliferation assessment in flow cytometry. Cytometry A 2009, 75, 535–546. [Google Scholar]
- Rafehi, H.; Ververis, K.; Karagiannis, T.C. Controversies surrounding the clinical potential of cinnamon for the management of diabetes. Diabetes Obes. MeTable 2012, 14, 493–499. [Google Scholar]
- Bagchi, D.; Sen, C.K.; Ray, S.D.; Das, D.K.; Bagchi, M.; Preuss, H.G.; Vinson, J.A. Molecular mechanisms of cardioprotection by a novel grape seed proanthocyanidin extract. Mutat Res. 2003, 523–524, 87–97. [Google Scholar]
- Yamakoshi, J.; Kataoka, S.; Koga, T.; Ariga, T. Proanthocyanidin-rich extract from grape seeds attenuates the development of aortic atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Atherosclerosis 1999, 142, 139–149. [Google Scholar]
- Ben Amor, N.; Bouaziz, A.; Romera-Castillo, C.; Salido, S.; Linares-Palomino, P.J.; Bartegi, A.; Salido, G.M.; Rosado, J.A. Characterization of the intracellular mechanisms involved in the antiaggregant properties of cinnamtannin B-1 from bay wood in human platelets. J. Med. Chem 2007, 50, 3937–3944. [Google Scholar]
- Gonzalez, A.; Santofimia-Castano, P.; Rivera-Barreno, R.; Salido, G.M. Cinnamtannin B-1, a natural antioxidant that reduces the effects of H2O2 on CCK-8-evoked responses in mouse pancreatic acinar cells. J. Physiol. Biochem 2012, 68, 181–191. [Google Scholar]
- Anderson, R.A.; Broadhurst, C.L.; Polansky, M.M.; Schmidt, W.F.; Khan, A.; Flanagan, V.P.; Schoene, N.W.; Graves, D.J. Isolation and characterization of polyphenol type-A polymers from cinnamon with insulin-like biological activity. J. Agric. Food Chem 2004, 52, 65–70. [Google Scholar]
- Jacobson, J.; Duchen, M.R. Mitochondrial oxidative stress and cell death in astrocytes—Requirement for stored Ca2+ and sustained opening of the permeability transition pore. J. Cell Sci 2002, 115, 1175–1188. [Google Scholar]
- Turrens, J.F.; Boveris, A. Generation of superoxide anion by the NADH dehydrogenase of bovine heart mitochondria. Biochem. J 1980, 191, 421–427. [Google Scholar]
- Bernardi, P.; Scorrano, L.; Colonna, R.; Petronilli, V.; Di Lisa, F. Mitochondria and cell death. Mechanistic aspects and methodological issues. Eur. J. Biochem 1999, 264, 687–701. [Google Scholar]
- Crompton, M. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore and its role in cell death. Biochem. J 1999, 341, 233–249. [Google Scholar]
- Yeo, J.E.; Kim, J.H.; Kang, S.K. Selenium attenuates ROS-mediated apoptotic cell death of injured spinal cord through prevention of mitochondria dysfunction; in vitro and in vivo study. Cell Physiol. Biochem 2008, 21, 225–238. [Google Scholar]
- Repici, M.; Zanjani, H.S.; Gautheron, V.; Borsello, T.; Dusart, I.; Mariani, J. Specific JNK inhibition by D-JNKI1 protects Purkinje cells from cell death in Lurcher mutant mouse. Cerebellum 2008, 7, 534–538. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, H.S.; He, X.; Qu, F.; Kang, S.M.; Yu, Y.; Liao, D.; Lu, S.J. Differential roles of peripheral mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathways in bee venom-induced nociception and inflammation in conscious rats. J. Pain 2009, 10, 201–207. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, J.; Wong, P.K. Oxidative stress is linked to ERK1/2-p16 signaling-mediated growth defect in ATM-deficient astrocytes. J. Biol. Chem 2009, 284, 14396–14404. [Google Scholar]
- Kluck, R.M.; Bossy-Wetzel, E.; Green, D.R.; Newmeyer, D.D. The release of cytochrome c from mitochondria: A primary site for Bcl-2 regulation of apoptosis. Science 1997, 275, 1132–1136. [Google Scholar]
- Itoh, N.; Tsujimoto, Y.; Nagata, S. Effect of Bcl-2 on Fas antigen-mediated cell death. J. Immunol 1993, 151, 621–627. [Google Scholar]
- Reed, J.C. Double identity for proteins of the Bcl-2 family. Nature 1997, 387, 773–776. [Google Scholar]
- Desagher, S.; Glowinski, J.; Premont, J. Astrocytes protect neurons from hydrogen peroxide toxicity. J. Neurosci 1996, 16, 2553–2562. [Google Scholar]
- Jakel, R.J.; Kern, J.T.; Johnson, D.A.; Johnson, J.A. Induction of the protective antioxidant response element pathway by 6-hydroxydopamine in vivo and in vitro. Toxicol. Sci 2005, 87, 176–186. [Google Scholar]
- Ishii, T.; Itoh, K.; Yamamoto, M. Roles of Nrf2 in activation of antioxidant enzyme genes via antioxidant responsive elements. Methods Enzymol 2002, 348, 182–190. [Google Scholar]
- Makar, T.K.; Nedergaard, M.; Preuss, A.; Hertz, L.; Cooper, A.J. Glutamine transaminase K and omega-amidase activities in primary cultures of astrocytes and neurons and in embryonic chick forebrain: Marked induction of brain glutamine transaminase K at time of hatching. J. Neurochem 1994, 62, 1983–1988. [Google Scholar]
- Stewart, V.C.; Heales, S.J. Nitric oxide-induced mitochondrial dysfunction: Implications for neurodegeneration. Free Radic. Biol. Med 2003, 34, 287–303. [Google Scholar]
- Black, J.A.; Sontheimer, H.; Waxman, S.G. Spinal cord astrocytes in vitro: Phenotypic diversity and sodium channel immunoreactivity. Glia 1993, 7, 272–285. [Google Scholar]
- Reichert, S.A.; Kim-Han, J.S.; Dugan, L.L. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore and nitric oxide synthase mediate early mitochondrial depolarization in astrocytes during oxygen-glucose deprivation. J. Neurosci 2001, 21, 6608–6616. [Google Scholar]
- Meng, Z.X.; Nie, J.; Ling, J.J.; Sun, J.X.; Zhu, Y.X.; Gao, L.; Lv, J.H.; Zhu, D.Y.; Sun, Y.J.; Han, X. Activation of liver X receptors inhibits pancreatic islet beta cell proliferation through cell cycle arrest. Diabetologia 2009, 52, 125–135. [Google Scholar]
© 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Share and Cite
Chi, Z.; Ma, X.; Cui, G.; Li, M.; Li, F. Cinnamtannin B-1 Regulates Cell Proliferation of Spinal Cord Astrocytes and Protects the Cell from Oxygen-Glucose-Serum Deprivation/Reoxygenation-Induced Apoptosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14, 15827-15837. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms140815827
Chi Z, Ma X, Cui G, Li M, Li F. Cinnamtannin B-1 Regulates Cell Proliferation of Spinal Cord Astrocytes and Protects the Cell from Oxygen-Glucose-Serum Deprivation/Reoxygenation-Induced Apoptosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2013; 14(8):15827-15837. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms140815827
Chicago/Turabian StyleChi, Zhiyong, Xueling Ma, Guofeng Cui, Mingchao Li, and Fuchun Li. 2013. "Cinnamtannin B-1 Regulates Cell Proliferation of Spinal Cord Astrocytes and Protects the Cell from Oxygen-Glucose-Serum Deprivation/Reoxygenation-Induced Apoptosis" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 14, no. 8: 15827-15837. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms140815827