Effect of Pulsed Electric Field on Membrane Lipids and Oxidative Injury of Salmonella typhimurium
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) Inactivation by Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) Treatment
2.2. Modification in Cytoplasmic Membrane Fluidity
2.3. Changes in Lipid Composition
2.4. Lipid Peroxidation and Cell Morphology
2.5. Alteration in Expression of Fatty Acid Biosynthesis-Associated Genes and Cytochrome Bo Oxidase Genes
3. Discussion
3.1. The Effect of PEF Treatment Time on S. typhimurium Inactivation
3.2. The Effect of PEF on Cytoplasmic Membrane Fluidity of S. typhimurium
3.3. The Effect of PEF on on Lipid Composition and Oxidative Injury
3.4. The Effect of PEF on Relative Expression of Fatty Acid Biosynthesis-Associated Genes and Cytochrome Bo Oxidase Genes
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Growth Condition of S. Typhimurium
4.3. PEF System and Treatment
4.4. Enumeration of Survivors
4.5. Measurement of Cytoplasmic Membrane Fluidity
4.6. Determination of Membrane Fatty Acid Composition
4.7. Detection of Membrane Lipid Peroxidation
4.8. RNA Extraction and Analysis of Gene Expression by Quantitative Real-Time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR)
4.9. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
4.10. Statistics Analysis
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fatty Acid Composition | Content (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Control | PEF for 1.6 ms | PEF for 4.0 ms | |
Saturated fatty acid (SFA) | |||
C12:0 | 2.11 ± 0.32 a | 1.96 ± 0.15 a | 1.65 ± 0.12 b |
C14:0 | 6.71 ± 0.48 a | 5.35 ± 0.12 ab | 5.81 ± 0.31 a |
C16:0 | 46.04 ± 1.23 a | 50.90 ± 0.23 b | 55.68 ± 0.62 c |
Unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) | |||
C16:1 | 5.56 ± 0.41 a | 5.06 ± 0.98 a | 4.84 ± 0.37 a |
C18:1 | 7.30 ± 0.12 a | 4.54 ± 0.21 b | 3.01 ± 0.16 c |
Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) | |||
C18:2 | 1.33 ± 0.11 a | 0.63 ± 0.09 b | 0.22 ± 0.08 c |
Cyclic fatty acid (CFA) | |||
C17:cyclo | 19.21 ± 0.37 a | 18.91 ± 0.93 a | 16.22 ± 0.21 b |
C19:cyclo | 3.23 ± 0.62 a | 2.94 ± 0.21 a | 1.75 ± 0.14 b |
C14:0 (3-OH) | 7.40 ± 0.12 a | 7.76 ± 0.15 a | 8.13 ± 0.16 ab |
Total minor fatty acids | 1.11 ± 0.59 a | 1.95 ± 0.49 a | 2.69 ± 0.68 ab |
Gene | Sequence (5′ to 3′) | Product Length (bp) |
---|---|---|
16S rRNA | F: TCGTGTTGTGAAATGTTGGGTTA | 66 |
R: ACCGCTGGCAACAAAGGAT | ||
fabA | F: GGTTCTTCGGATGCCACTTTAT | 65 |
R: CATAGCATCCAGACCCAGACAA | ||
fabD | F: AGTGGACGAAGAGCGTGGAAT | 67 |
R: CCTGGACCCACTTCATAAAGATG | ||
cfa | F: CCCCCACCATGTTAAAGATACG | 74 |
R: AGGCGCGTTTTTTACTTTGTAGA | ||
cyoA | F: TGGTTTCGCCTGGAAGTATC | 64 |
R: GTGTGACCAGTTCGGGCTAT | ||
cyoB | F: GGCACCCATTTCTTTACCAA | 105 |
R: GACCGGCAGAATCAGAATGT | ||
cyoC | F: GGATGGCGGTGCTGATG | 67 |
R: ATGATGCGGGTACGGTTAGTG |
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Yun, O.; Zeng, X.-A.; Brennan, C.S.; Han, Z. Effect of Pulsed Electric Field on Membrane Lipids and Oxidative Injury of Salmonella typhimurium. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 1374. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17081374
Yun O, Zeng X-A, Brennan CS, Han Z. Effect of Pulsed Electric Field on Membrane Lipids and Oxidative Injury of Salmonella typhimurium. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016; 17(8):1374. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17081374
Chicago/Turabian StyleYun, Ou, Xin-An Zeng, Charles S. Brennan, and Zhong Han. 2016. "Effect of Pulsed Electric Field on Membrane Lipids and Oxidative Injury of Salmonella typhimurium" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17, no. 8: 1374. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17081374