The Molecular and Genetic Interactions between Obesity and Breast Cancer Risk
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Distinction of Obesity to BC Risk among Pre- and Post-Menopause
3. Adiposity and Adipokines Secretion
3.1. Leptin
3.2. Adiponectin
3.3. TNF-α
3.4. IL-6
4. The Hormonal Imbalance Effect
5. Hyperinsulinemia and the Insulin Resistance Effect
6. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway Interrelation Effect
7. Enhancement of the Cholesterol Synthesis Effect
8. The Genetic Interactions of Obesity with BC Risk
8.1. Epigenetics in Obesity and BC Risk
8.2. SNPs Associated with Obesity and BC Risk
9. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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BC Subtypes | ER | PR | HER | Prognosis | Frequency (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Luminal A | Yes | Yes | No | Good | 50 |
Luminal B | Yes | Some cases | No | Moderate | 15 |
HER2 | Some cases | Some cases | Yes | Moderate/Poor | 20 |
TNBC | No | No | No | Poor | 15–25 |
Phase | BC Receptor Subtypes | Obesity Association with BC Outcomes | Study |
---|---|---|---|
Premenopausal | ER+/PR+ |
| [34,36,38] |
TNBC |
| [34,35,37,51,52,53] | |
HER2+ |
| [41,42] | |
Postmenopausal | ER+/PR+ |
| [39] |
TNBC |
| [44] | |
HER2+ |
| [46,47] |
Gene | Obesity SNP Associated with BC | SNP’s Molecular Effect | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
FTO | rs9939609 | Affects the status of ERs and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. | [175,180] |
LEP | −2548G/A | Associated with higher leptin levels. | [184] |
ADIPOQ | rs2241766 rs1501299 | Induces low adiponectin levels inversely proportional to adiposity. | [163,183] |
ADIPOR1 | rs7539542 rs2232853 | Alters mRNA levels of the receptor to modulate ADIPOR1 mRNA levels. | [183] |
FER | rs10447248 | Increases NF-κB activation and IL-6 signals to regulate STAT3 phosphorylation associated with BC risk through adiponectin and obesity. | [185,186,187] |
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Ajabnoor, G.M.A. The Molecular and Genetic Interactions between Obesity and Breast Cancer Risk. Medicina 2023, 59, 1338. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59071338
Ajabnoor GMA. The Molecular and Genetic Interactions between Obesity and Breast Cancer Risk. Medicina. 2023; 59(7):1338. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59071338
Chicago/Turabian StyleAjabnoor, Ghada M. A. 2023. "The Molecular and Genetic Interactions between Obesity and Breast Cancer Risk" Medicina 59, no. 7: 1338. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59071338