Toxic Elements in Different Medicinal Plants and the Impact on Human Health
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection and Preparation
2.2. Medicinal Plant Digestion
2.3. Elemental Measurement by Using ICP-MS
2.4. Chemicals, Reagents, and Analytical Method
2.5. Quality Control
2.6. Quality Assurance
2.7. Human Risk Assessment: Calculation of the Intake Dose and the Equations
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Elements | Mahareeb | Sheeh | Harjal | Nabipoot | Cafmariam |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unwashed Plants (mg/kg) | |||||
As | 0.24 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.34 ± 0.01 | 0.33 ± 0.70 | 0.103 ± 0.00 |
Cd | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.033 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 1.31 | 0.100 ± 0.00 |
Pb | 1.77 ± 0.02 | 2.59 ± 0.05 | 0.67 ± 0.01 | 0.65 ± 1.97 | 1.60 ± 0.03 |
Al | 1609.18 ± 17.59 | 156.40 ± 2.3 | 212.86 ± 1.15 | 625.55 ± 1.30 | 673.25 ± 15.89 |
Washed Plants (mg/kg) | |||||
As | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.22 ± 0.01 | 0.21 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 |
Cd | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 |
Pb | 7.20 ± 0.02 | 1.21 ± 0.01 | 0.62 ± 0.01 | 1.47 ± 0.01 | 0.51 ± 0.01 |
Al | 428.99 ± 3.71 | 135.73 ± 3.93 | 125.02 ± 7.34 | 397.48 ± 7.38 | 107.32 ± 2.45 |
Unwashed Plants (mg/kg.bw) | |||||
Mahareeb | Sheeh | Harjal | Nabipoot | Cafmariam | |
Al | 7.61 × 10−2 | 1 × 10−2 | 2.25 × 10−2 | 3.21 × 10−2 | 4.17 × 10−2 |
As | 1.13 × 10−5 | 3.2 × 10−5 | 3.61 × 10−5 | 1.69 × 10−5 | 5.57 × 10−6 |
Cd | 2.84 × 10−6 | 1.27 × 10−6 | 1.06 × 10−6 | 2.00 × 10−6 | 5.57 × 10−6 |
Pb | 8.13 × 10−5 | 1.66 × 10−4 | 5.91 × 10−5 | 2.3 × 10−5 | 9.9 × 10−5 |
Washed Plants (mg/kg.bw) | |||||
Mahareeb | Sheeh | Harjal | Nabipoot | Cafmariam | |
Al | 2.04 × 10−2 (26.8%) %R | 8.7 × 10−3 (86.8%) %R | 1.32 × 10−2 (58.7%) %R | 2.04 × 10−2 (63.5%) %R | 3.54 × 10−4 (0.8%) %R |
As | 2.71 × 10−6 (24.1%) %R | 2.86 × 10−6 (89.3%) %R | 2.29 × 10−5 (63.2%) %R | 1.14 × 10−5 (67.6%) %R | 2.86 × 10−6 (51.3%) %R |
Cd | 2.43 × 10−6 (85.4%) %R | 2.43 × 10−6 (nr) | 1.86 × 10−6 (nr) | 1.06 × 10−5 (57.1%) %R | 2.43 × 10−6 (43.6%) %R |
Pb | 3.41 × 10−4 (nr) | 7.71 × 10−5 (46.6%) %R | 6.57 × 10−5 (nr) | 6.43 × 10−5 (nr) | 3.14 × 10−5 (18.2%) %R |
Calculated Dose (mg/kg.bw) # | |||||
Mahareeb | Sheeh | Harjal | Nabipoot | Cafmariam | |
Al | 5.57 × 10−2 (73.2%) $ | 1.33 × 10−3 (13.2%) $ | 9.27 × 10−3 (41.3%) $ | 1.17 × 10−2 (36.5%) $ | 4.13 × 10−2 (99.2%) $ |
As | 8.57 × 10−6 (75.9%) $ | 3.43 × 10−7 (10.7%) $ | 1.33 × 10−5 (36.8%) $ | 5.49 × 10−6 (32.4%) $ | 2.71 × 10−6 (48.7%) $ |
Cd | 4.14 × 10−7 (14.6%) $ | nc * | nc * | 8.57 × 10−7 (42.9%) $ | 3.14 × 10−6 (56.4%) $ |
Pb | nc * | 8.86 × 10−5 (53.4%) $ | nc * | nc * | 6.76 × 10−5 (81.8%) $ |
Element | PTWI | PTDI | Calculated Quantity # | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Al | 2 mg/kg.bw | 0.3 mg/kg.bw/day * | 21,000 μg/day | [17] |
As | 3 μg/kg.bw | 0.43 μg/kg.bw/day * | 30.1 μg/day | [17] |
Cd | 25 μg/kg.bw/month | 0.83 μg/kg bw/day * | 58.1 μg/day | [18] |
Pb | 25 μg/kg.bw | 3.6 μg/kg bw/day * | 252 μg/day | [17] |
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Brima, E.I. Toxic Elements in Different Medicinal Plants and the Impact on Human Health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1209. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101209
Brima EI. Toxic Elements in Different Medicinal Plants and the Impact on Human Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(10):1209. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101209
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrima, Eid I. 2017. "Toxic Elements in Different Medicinal Plants and the Impact on Human Health" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 10: 1209. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101209