Adversity in University: Cyberbullying and Its Impacts on Students, Faculty and Administrators
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Negative Affect
I just collapsed. Like I remember I put my head down on my direct boss’ desk and I cried for, I don’t know, it felt like forever, probably just a few minutes but it felt, … I felt crazy.(Debbie, 16 years’ experience, faculty interview)
I was cyber-bullied by someone that was anonymous, on a blog website … It made me feel very emotional and upset, because the website is public and can be viewed by anyone. This anonymous person had posted pictures of me and written comments below the pictures that were mean and not true.(Female 3rd-year student, survey respondent S1334)
Email, text messages making comments that I was incompetent, not accessible, was too slow, workload too difficult, and the words used were “useless”, “lousy”, and “I am reporting you to the (professional association), they will take away your license you are so stupid”. Student was not open to feedback. I felt attacked, humiliated, and believed all the other classmates were feeling the same way, as it was veiled in the notes that everyone thought I was a ‘loser’ instructor.(Female professor, 6–10 years’ experience, survey respondent F252)
I know there are cruel and disparaging remarks posted about me on ratemyprofessor.com … The unpoliced internet allows students to post demeaning and often untrue comments anonymously. How is this not libel?(Female professor, 2–5 years’ experience, survey respondent F63)
I was sent lots of text messages from an individual who believed I had been gossiping about her. She was threatening, and told me to fix the problem I had caused. She texted me 73 times in one day, and over a week it was about 180 messages. When I didn’t respond it was worse.(Female teaching assistant, less than 2 years’ experience, survey respondent F42)
3.2. Mental Health Impacts
The effort was a lot, but as a result I managed to dissociate the old from the new, and no further harassment continued. No crowds, forum members targeted me nor was my identity compromised, so I was lucky. Despite that, the fears of being attacked in such a manner and knowing the true realistic sense of what could possibly have happened was unnerving and stressful enough for me that time that it affected me quite a lot that time.(Male 4th-year student, survey respondent S941)
Yeah, the next wave to come and hit you. And that’s another emotional, like the anxiety of that starts to build and it’s like “Oh, it’s here. It’s gonna come again.” And every time you turn on the computer, it’s: “So, is there another email that’s gonna come?” So it’s the anxiety of that builds.(Skylar, female associate professor, 7 years’ experience, interview)
The bully wrote a status telling me I should kill myself and that I was ugly. It affects my mental health, I felt very depressed.(Female 1st-year student, survey respondent S1144)
A friend called me fat and told me i should just forget about finding anyone to love me. This made me feel really sad and suicidal, but I just tried to ignore it and continue with school and eventually I recovered by the help of my true friends who I have known for some years.(Female 4th-year student, survey respondent S47)
... But those DID make me feel suicidal, depressed, like it was ruining my friendships inside and outside of school.(Male 1st-year student, survey respondent S1556)
3.3. Physical Health Impacts
When I finally stood up for myself, he threatened me almost every day, sending fake e-mails and he even tried to impersonate me and tell the police that I was sending him and his family nasty e-mails and phone calls … I had panic attacks every day and I lost a significant amount of weight. I still bear the scars that he left me, physically and emotionally.(Female Master’s student, survey respondent S1358)
If the Dean had acted on the request of the faculty member a while ago, he would be in a much better mind set right now. And I’ve let that be known because there’s more complications that have come out of that. And it’s had a very negative effect on this health.(10494, male faculty association representative, administrator interview)
Sometimes I feel like you have to justify why you’re getting these course evaluations … I say my agenda is equity in human rights and I’ll stand behind that every time … But again students … they resist that challenge and so feel that their only mechanism is to … take it out on you on the evaluation where they get their one shot. So I just think they’re antiquated and … can be quite damaging, but nobody looks at them that way which can be a problem.(Jeff, assistant professor, 3 years’ experience)
3.4. Perceptions of Self
I am a male and was placed in work team, which included another female student. Several messages were sent to me by this student, which made me feel as though I am inept at interacting with women. It was also implied by her communications to me that there is something pathological about being a 22-year-old male who has never had a girlfriend. Overall, these communications made my confidence in interacting with women regress significantly, something I have struggled with since my teens.(Male 4th-year student, survey respondent S952)
Student was rude and demeaning regarding an issue in the course for failure to hand in an assignment and thus subsequent grade. I felt like my marking style was put into question as well as my confidence as a teaching assistant/marker.(Female teaching assistant, 2–5 years’ experience, survey respondent F12)
The Tutor-marker for our class was repeatedly rude in her comments to students in the online class, and I felt like some of her comments were demeaning. They weren’t always directed at me, but rather at groups of us who were asking honest questions. Her responses made people feel dumb/ignorant/as though they were bothersome and made people not want to take an online class again. In talking to classmates, several felt unsupported and as though they should not ask for help or clarification when they needed it because they were afraid of how she would respond or how she might judge them/grade their work differently.(Female 4th-year student, survey respondent S90)
My ex-boyfriend said hurtful things to me against my personality and the way I look. Even though I asked him to stop he would not stop ... at one point i started to believe everything he said and I felt worthless and my self esteem was pretty low.(Female 1st-year student, survey respondent S1449)
… you don’t have to listen, but it’s so easy, you know, once you’ve seen a comment, a bad comment, even if you know it’s wrong … you can’t unsee that. And even if it gets taken down in a day, you will, if you saw it, it will still eat away at your soul kind of thing.(Wallace, male 1st-year student, focus group participant)
3.5. Impacts on Personal Life, Home Life and Relationships Outside the University
I have deleted all contact I have with (the cyberbully) and avoid him at all costs. I have had to drop several other extra-curricular activities because he was involved in them.(Female 3rd-year student, survey respondent S286)
I was angry with myself for believing she was a good person, for being vulnerable and inadvertently giving her ammo with which to attack me. I was upset because a friend of hers wanted to date me and sent me a harassing text at her behest, which was extremely disappointing. … Sometimes when I go to the food bank or Women’s Center, I worry I’ll see her there.(Female 4th-year student, survey respondent S915)
A student at another university sent me really rude, hurtful messages. I felt really bad about myself and it really has ruined not just that friendship but almost all of my friendships. To stop it I just removed myself from that group of friends.(Female 2nd-year student, survey respondent S659)
I was very upset, unsure of why this person decided to select ME to do this to. This incident made me feel embarrassed, upset, and isolated me from others because I did not know WHO had posted that about me, so you start to question who your friends/enemies are.(Female 4th-year student, survey respondent S1398)
I think it impacted my marriage to some extent. I was in a horrible mood and state all the time.(Lynne, adjunct professor, 8 years’ experience, interview)
I remember feeling like I haven’t felt for years and years and years and years, just really shaky in myself, really raw, shaky, everything being magnified, any comment my husband made being magnified.(Debbie, faculty member, 16 years’ experience, interview)
3.6. Concern about One’s Safety
A colleague was not happy about the views of committee members and used email (and) in-person aggression to influence committee members. This included hovering over me at my desk to persuade me towards her position. I wanted to run when I saw her in the corridor as her aggression was very overbearing.(Female professor, 6–10 years’ experience, survey respondent F251)
I was recently photoshopped into another photo - my face onto another person’s body, and it was a shocking experience because I had assumed the bullies had left my friends and I alone. … I felt personally attacked, as well as feeling scared that they would do the same to my friends as well.(Female 1st-year student, survey respondent S611)
Over Facebook I was sent a personal message from a bully. Disclosed within this message was a death threat. They threatened that if I didn’t stop coming to school and being who I was that they were going to kill me. It was the scariest time of my entire life.(Female 1st-year student, survey respondent S1534)
Over the past week a male student from a seminar class has sent me several demanding, angry, and belittling emails (essentially he is upset about quiz grades and that he’s past the drop deadline from class) ... I feel strongly that such behavior would not occur were I older, and/or male. For the most part I accept this as an unpleasant part of my job, but it certainly makes me feel unsafe working in the evenings in my office when no other faculty members are around. (I don’t know what an angry student is capable of and I don’t want to find out.)(Female professor, 2–5 years’ experience, survey respondent F63)
What emerged was a real targeting of one of my staff members and the comments went beyond the event and got quite personal and then definitely bordered on threatening. … he was pretty bothered by it because … he actually lived in residence and so lived in a quite high profile position and so he contacted protective services to have them look into it a potential violation of the code.(Katherine, residence director, administrator interview)
it makes me, you know, mindful … as a gay man … I’m mindful of my surroundings … where will the next attack come. I’m always aware on the street who’s walking behind me, who’s ahead of me, where I am and, well, even the person beside me.(Jeff, assistant professor, 3rd year at the university, interview)
It had an impact on my department because, you know, the support staff especially were quite concerned about the potential for someone to come into … the building and to be disruptive or worse, so for a time our (administrative professional officer) made a decision to lock our door so that, yeah, so it did have an impact on my unit.(Jane, professor and chair, 17 years at the university, interview)
3.7. Impact on Professional Life
I think it changes a faculty member’s approach. … I know it gets them second guessing on what they do, on how vulnerable they make themselves, on decisions that they make because they don’t want to go through that again. So it kind of changes the relationship between the faculty member and the student.(10494, male faculty association representative, administrator interview)
If I’ve decided to disengage, then there’s the guilt of that, you know, I let the bully win and it also makes me withdraw from my position, it makes me withdrawn from my professional position as a member of the community, it makes me feel like it’s really not worth it to, for instance, deal with substantial problems and how we run certain programs.(Skylar, female associate professor, 7 years’ experience, interview)
The impact of the Internet is materially different from me writing a sign on the wall which says (interviewer’s name) is a slut. There’s only a finite number of people who are gonna walk by and see that sign … So we need to sit down and very carefully work through, do we need something that can respond at a different level, given the impact, the power of the Internet?(Charles, senior academic administrator, interview)
And this is how I got word of it because she said: “I don’t want this (scholarship) money to be used for the residence since I have to move out, I cannot psychologically, I’m not able to stay in there anymore.” And this was when I got involved and wrote the letter in fact to the residences saying these are the reasons she had to leave…you have confirmation of the physician... And what was interesting…the student in the end decided to leave, what I regret is the fact that the student didn’t feel comfortable in staying at (University A) and that she was forced to leave because of this experience.(Claudia, assistant professor and centre director, 2 years in current position, interview)
I mean they just kept having people leaving and leaving and leaving, but there was no ah-ha moment, maybe it has to do with something, it was always the blaming and I mean I heard through the grapevine that they were really angry with me after because I left in the middle of the year … but I couldn’t stand it anymore, so I quit. …It just has such a detrimental effect … on a person’s life, on a person’s home life, on their job satisfaction. I mean the reason that I didn’t leave long before I did is I actually enjoyed what I was doing, the actual job itself. I loved my students, I loved the program, I enjoyed teaching the courses … I was absolutely committed to the students and to the program, so it was really hard to leave.(Lynne, adjunct professor, 8 years’ experience, interview)
3.8. Authorities’ (Non) Response
I informed the professor, she dealt with it. The student gave me an apology in class, and remained silent for the remainder of the term with regards to his prejudice comments. … I was grateful for the professor’s support and for the public apology.(Female 4th-year student, survey respondent S1223)
The student sent me a rude and derogatory email. I was shocked and upset as I work hard to have positive and open relationships with my students. I informed my immediate supervisor and we booked a private meeting with the student. Although we reviewed the inappropriateness of the behaviour with the student, I don’t really think she understood (or cared) about what she had done. I was happy that we had the meeting with her but don’t think she understood the gravity of her behaviour.(Female sessional instructor, 2–5 years’ experience, survey respondent F152)
A colleague sent me a series of insulting and demanding emails—she also copied approx 10 other colleagues on these messages. I immediately informed my Chair, the Union, and the Human Rights Officer, all of whom were very supportive, and all of whom met separately with the individual. While it was a very unpleasant experience, I did feel like several people intervened on my behalf and the harassment stopped.(Female professor, 2–5 years’ experience, survey respondent F309)
I think there are lots of policies and procedures in place, there’s lots of offices that work together …That was pretty impressive how quickly offices and individuals work together to coordinate I suppose a response to that in a very timely way. So it, the system worked and actually that’s been my experience with these sorts of things.(Jimmy, IT Services, administrator interview)
…when the issue (student cyberbullying a faculty member) was raised from the faculty member to the Dean, there was instant support and it was nipped in the bud right away. And, you know, if it wasn’t, it would have just kept going on, that student would have been allowed and they would have been supported by no action and it would have just gotten bigger and bigger and bigger and bigger … I’ve had instances before where I had support from the Dean and it made all the difference in the world when I was instructing, you know. And having that confidence of an administrator supporting you, not necessarily acknowledging that you were right, but supporting you or working those things through is huge.(Janet, senior academic administrator, interview)
And it was an educational moment for the student …to say look it, you can’t be doing this because of X, Y, and Z, this isn’t gonna achieve what you’re trying to achieve.(10494, male faculty association representative, administrator interview)
We had a “lengthy conflict resolution process” (in air quotes for the tape) with a conflict resolution specialist. We had about six sessions and apparently that made things worse in the long run. … if you think of the parallel of marriage counselling, you can’t do marriage counselling in a situation where one partner is still actively abusing the other, right. That has to stop before you can say “are we gonna salvage this?” …And then … we did all kinds of things about … developing group norms and things like that which were … ineffective at best and harmful at worst. One of the recommendations that this conflict resolution expert made was that [name of bully/cyberbully] should undergo some anger management training … he perhaps maybe did go off and have some sessions, but this then became … a weapon for him to use in future online bullying where he says, you know, four (colleagues) tried to get me fired and I had to go for anger management counselling and it’s now another thing for him to be bitter and angry about, etc.(Debbie, faculty member, 16 years’ experience, interview)
I just felt that one of my TA’s was threatening, and talking inappropriately to students in a condescending way. It made me angry, and I felt that because I am paying for this I deserve someone to be respectful … Another TA I had verbally and emotionally abused many classes. Numerous students contacted the department in hopes that something would be done but nothing was. It was highly unprofessional and appropriate and very discouraging for such a good university.(Female 4th-year student, survey respondent S552)
I asked ratemyprofessor to remove the category called “hotness” marked by a chili pepper icon from my profile, explaining that it reduced my dignity, was defamatory, and implied that my appearance affected my teaching, and could even imply that I would use “hotness”, i.e., flirting or sexuality in the classroom to get my way (against all university policy). Again, this undermines my dignity, is defamatory, and humiliating. ratemyprofessor neither responded nor removed the hotness rating. This is a company in the US. I am not pursuing it further.(Limited-term lecturer, gender identified as “alternative,” 2–5 years’ experience, survey respondent F233)
I think in the university it’s still very hierarchical and I think sometimes different groups may get together and they kind of are hiding behind academic reasons for their abusive positions but yet that’s still what they’re doing is abuse.(Molly, faculty member, 10 years at university, interview)
Not wanting to pop our heads … not wanting to have any kind of new initiatives in the department because then it’s, you become a target … right, so if you say “hey I’d like to do this, what does everyone think?” you know, then that makes you visible. …I’ve made that a very conscious strategy, focus on what I love which is … working with my students and I have control over that and I can do a great job and grow and challenge myself and just completely detach from any bigger departmental initiatives, plans, strategic planning or anything like that.(Debbie, faculty member, 16 years at university, interview)
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
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Cassidy, W.; Faucher, C.; Jackson, M. Adversity in University: Cyberbullying and Its Impacts on Students, Faculty and Administrators. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 888. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080888
Cassidy W, Faucher C, Jackson M. Adversity in University: Cyberbullying and Its Impacts on Students, Faculty and Administrators. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(8):888. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080888
Chicago/Turabian StyleCassidy, Wanda, Chantal Faucher, and Margaret Jackson. 2017. "Adversity in University: Cyberbullying and Its Impacts on Students, Faculty and Administrators" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 8: 888. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080888