Bitumen Recovery from Crude Bitumen Samples from Halfaya Oilfield by Single and Composite Solvents—Process, Parameters, and Mechanism
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Samples
2.2. Single Factor Experiment
2.3. Single Solvent Extraction and Composite Solvent Extraction
2.4. SARA Analysis
2.5. Viscosity Measurement and Element Content Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Single Factor Experiment
3.2. Single Solvent Extraction Experiment
3.3. SARA Analysis of Bitumen from Single Solvent Extraction
3.4. Composite Solvent Extraction
3.5. SARA Analysis of Bitumen from Composite Solvent Extraction
3.6. Viscosity Analysis
3.7. The Element Content Analysis of Bitumen
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The optimal operation condition for bitumen recovery by toluene from crude bitumen samples was, as follows: the temperature was 40 °C, crude bitumen sample to solvent ratio was 1:10, stirring rate was 500 rpm, stirring time was 60 min, ultrasound time was 30 min.
- (2)
- The bitumen recovery increased significantly using the composite solvent compared to the single solvent. The highest bitumen recovery from crude bitumen samples was 98.9 wt%. SARA analysis indicated that the asphaltene content increased significantly from the single solvent to composite solvent. Toluene and cycloalkane showed the highest asphaltene content, while the n-alkanes showed the lowest asphaltene content. The composite solvent obtained the highest asphaltene content and bitumen recovery.
- (3)
- The bitumen samples extracted from different solvents showed different viscosities. The bitumen viscosity influenced the bitumen recovery, and the lower the bitumen viscosity, the higher the bitumen recovery. The C/H ratio of the bitumen followed this rule.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable Factors | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Other Factors |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature (°C) | 25 | 40 | 55 | 70 | Condition a |
Oil sands to solvent ratio | 1:1 | 1:5 | 1:10 | 1:20 | Condition b |
Stirring rate (rpm) | 100 | 300 | 500 | 700 | Condition c |
Stirring time (min) | 20 | 40 | 60 | 80 | Condition d |
Ultrasound time (min) | 0 | 30 | 60 | 120 | Condition e |
Condition | Temperature (°C) | Oil Sands to Solvent Ratio | Stirring Rate (rpm) | Stirring Time (min) | Ultrasound Time (min) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | Variable | 1:10 | 500 | 60 | 30 |
b | 40 | Variable | 500 | 60 | 30 |
c | 40 | 1:10 | Variable | 60 | 30 |
d | 40 | 1:10 | 500 | Variable | 30 |
e | 40 | 1:10 | 500 | 60 | Variable |
Bitumen from Single Solvent Extraction | C | H | O | N | S |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
toluene | 83.358 | 9.650 | 0.072 | 0.490 | 6.430 |
n-heptane | 79.652 | 12.152 | 2.766 | 0.347 | 5.083 |
tetrahydrofuran | 81.642 | 11.048 | 2.623 | 0.322 | 4.365 |
cyclohexane | 82.658 | 10.346 | 0.028 | 0.432 | 6.536 |
cyclopentane | 82.356 | 10.586 | 1.481 | 0.440 | 5.137 |
ethyl acetate | 81.568 | 11.036 | 2.874 | 0.354 | 4.168 |
n-pentane | 82.265 | 10.952 | 1.057 | 0.406 | 5.320 |
Bitumen from Composite Solvent Extraction | C | H | O | N | S |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
toluene/n-heptane | 83.532 | 10.564 | 0.442 | 0.379 | 5.083 |
cyclohexane/cyclopentane | 83.048 | 10.298 | 1.509 | 0.265 | 4.889 |
tetrahydrofuran/n-pentane | 82.653 | 11.892 | 0.662 | 0.336 | 4.458 |
toluene/ethyl acetate | 84.685 | 8.780 | 0.455 | 0.405 | 5.675 |
toluene/tetrahydrofuran | 84.068 | 9.365 | 0.094 | 0.376 | 6.097 |
cyclohexane/ethyl acetate | 82.964 | 11.068 | 0.021 | 0.983 | 4.964 |
toluene/cyclohexane | 85.026 | 8.460 | 0.803 | 0.344 | 5.367 |
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Liu, Y.; Qiu, Z.; Zhong, H.; Nie, Z.; Li, J.; Huang, W.; Zhao, X. Bitumen Recovery from Crude Bitumen Samples from Halfaya Oilfield by Single and Composite Solvents—Process, Parameters, and Mechanism. Materials 2019, 12, 2656. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12172656
Liu Y, Qiu Z, Zhong H, Nie Z, Li J, Huang W, Zhao X. Bitumen Recovery from Crude Bitumen Samples from Halfaya Oilfield by Single and Composite Solvents—Process, Parameters, and Mechanism. Materials. 2019; 12(17):2656. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12172656
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Yunfeng, Zhengsong Qiu, Hanyi Zhong, Zhen Nie, Jia Li, Weian Huang, and Xin Zhao. 2019. "Bitumen Recovery from Crude Bitumen Samples from Halfaya Oilfield by Single and Composite Solvents—Process, Parameters, and Mechanism" Materials 12, no. 17: 2656. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12172656