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Article

Cometal Addition Effect on Superconducting Properties and Granular Behaviours of Polycrystalline FeSe0.5Te0.5

by
Manasa Manasa
1,
Mohammad Azam
1,
Tatiana Zajarniuk
2,
Ryszard Diduszko
2,3,
Tomasz Cetner
1,
Andrzej Morawski
1,
Andrzej Wiśniewski
2 and
Shiv J. Singh
1,*
1
Institute of High Pressure Physics (IHPP), Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
2
Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Aleja Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
3
Institute of Microelectronics and Photonics, Wólczyńska 133, 01-919 Warsaw, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2023, 16(7), 2892; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072892
Submission received: 7 March 2023 / Revised: 1 April 2023 / Accepted: 3 April 2023 / Published: 5 April 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Superconducting Materials and Applications of Superconductivity)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The enhanced performance of superconducting FeSe0.5Te0.5 materials with added micro-sized Pb and Sn particles is presented. A series of Pb- and Sn-added FeSe0.5Te0.5 (FeSe0.5Te0.5 + xPb + ySn; x = y = 0–0.1) bulks are fabricated by the solid-state reaction method and characterized through various measurements. A very small amount of Sn and Pb additions (x = y ≤ 0.02) enhance the transition temperature (Tconset) of pure FeSe0.5Te0.5 by ~1 K, sharpening the superconducting transition and improving the metallic nature in the normal state, whereas larger metal additions (x = y ≥ 0.03) reduce Tconset by broadening the superconducting transition. Microstructural analysis and transport studies suggest that at x = y > 0.02, Pb and Sn additions enhance the impurity phases, reduce the coupling between grains, and suppress the superconducting percolation, leading to a broad transition. FeSe0.5Te0.5 samples with 2 wt% of cometal additions show the best performance with their critical current density, Jc, and the pinning force, Fp, which might be attributable to providing effective flux pinning centres. Our study shows that the inclusion of a relatively small amount of Pb and Sn (x = y ≤ 0.02) works effectively for the enhancement of superconducting properties with an improvement of intergrain connections as well as better phase uniformity.

1. Introduction

Iron-based superconductors (FBSs) have attracted significant attention owing to their relatively high superconducting transition temperature (Tc) of 58 K [1,2,3]. In 2008, FBSs were discovered through F-doped LaOFeAs [3], and since then, more than 100 compounds have been reported belonging to this high-Tc superconductor. On the basis of parent compound structures, these compounds can be categorized into 6–7 families [2,4,5,6]: REOFeAs (1111) (RE = rare earth), AFe2As2 (A = Ba, K, Ca) (122), FeSexTe1-x (11), CaKFe4As4 (1144), and LiFeAs (111), the 11 family. FeSe belongs to the 11 family [7,8] and has the simplest crystal structure [9,10] in FBSs. Generally, it shows a superconducting transition at 8 K which can be significantly enhanced up to 37.6 K under an applied external pressure of ~4.15 GPa [11]. Many new superconductors have been derived from FeSe with enhanced superconductivity, including AxFe2-ySe2 (A = K, Rb, Tl, etc.) [12,13] and other organic intercalated superconductors, (Li, Fe)OHFeSe [14], heavily electron-doped FeSe through gating or potassium deposition, and in particular, single-layer FeSe/SrTiO3 films with a record high Tc of ~100 K [15,16].
Various kinds of doping have been reported, such as Cu [17,18], Ni [19], Cr [20], Co [8] at Fe sites, and S [8,21,22] and Te [8] at Se sites, to understand the superconducting mechanism and to enhance superconducting properties [23]. It has been reported that when Te is substituted at Se sites, the highest Tc of up to 14.8 K is achieved with an optimal Te content of 50% [24]. Additionally, the 11 family does not contain any dangerous or rare earth elements and shows a high critical density (Jc ≈ 8.6 × 104 A/cm2 at 0 T, 2 K) and high upper critical field (Hc2 ≈ 50 T) [25,26] for single crystals, which is interesting for a range of applications, such as superconducting magnets, wires, and tapes [27]. On the other hand, preparing single-phase superconducting bulks is difficult for this 11 family because the complicated phase diagram of FeSe has many stable crystalline forms such as tetragonal β-FexSe, hexagonal δ-FexSe, orthorhombic FeSe2, tetragonal β-FexSe, monoclinic Fe3Se4, and hexagonal Fe7Se8, in which the tetragonal phase generally exhibits superconductivity with Tc∼8 K [7]. Some of these stable phases, particularly hexagonal δ-FexSe and hexagonal Fe7Se8, appear with the main tetragonal β-FexSe phase during the growth process and are not suitable for superconducting properties [28,29].
Several types of processes have been reported to enhance flux-pinning behaviours such as metal additions, chemical doping using different metallic and non-metallic phases, high-energy irradiation, and the admixing of nanoparticles [30]. Recent studies have shown that different metal additions may be an effective and feasible approach for enhancing the superconducting properties of FBSs by introducing additional pinning centres and comprehending the superconducting mechanism [2,6,30,31,32,33]. In high-Tc cuprate superconductors, the critical current density Jc of YBa2Cu3Oy (YBCO) is enhanced by Ag addition [34]. Ag or Pb addition to the 122 family (Sr0.6K0.4Fe2As2) also enhances Jc values with the improvement in grain connections. In a similar way, various kinds of metal additions, such as Ag [35], Co [36], Ni [36], Li [37], Pb [38], and Sn [39], are also reported for FeSe0.5Te0.5 bulks to enhance superconducting properties. The reported studies suggest that the addition of Li, Pb, or Sn has a positive effect to improve either transition temperature Tc or critical current density Jc [37,38,39]. Therefore, further research works are needed to fully understand the impact of adding suitable metal elements and their appropriate weights to bulk superconductors to enhance all of their superconducting properties, i.e., Tc as well as Jc of FBSs at the same time with high-quality samples.
Chen et al. [39] studied 5 wt% (x = 0, y = 0.05) and 10 wt% (x = 0, y = 0.10) Sn-added FeSe0.5Te0.5 samples, where the 5 wt% Sn-added samples improved the superconducting offset transition temperature (Tcoffset) significantly by ~3 K compared to that of Sn-free samples but had almost the same onset transition temperature (Tconset) value as that of the parent compound. However, there is no report for a small amount of Sn addition, such as less than 5 wt% (y < 0.05). Recently, Pb-added FeSe0.5Te0.5 has also been studied, and these results indicate that the superconducting transition is decreased and the impurity phase is enhanced with Pb addition due to the reduced Fe/Se/Te ratio from the stoichiometric FeSe0.5Te0.5 composition. However, 5 wt% Pb (x = 0.05, y = 0) addition has an onset Tc of 13.8 K and improves the Jc value in the measured magnetic field (up to 9 T) due to the improved grain connections. Hence, Pb addition weakens the superconducting transition of FeSe0.5Te0.5 while enhancing the intergranular behaviour and the critical current properties for a sample with a small amount of Pb (x = 0.05, y = 0). These reported studies suggest that it would be worthwhile to conduct additional research on the optimisation of very low amounts of Pb and Sn addition, such as x = y < 0.05, and process parameters in order to improve superconductivity and critical current properties. However, there are no studies available based on cometal addition to FeSe0.5Te0.5 polycrystalline samples or other families of iron-based superconductors. Because Pb effectively increases the critical current density [38] and Sn improves the quality of the superconducting transition as reported [39], it would be interesting to investigate the superconducting properties of FeSe0.5Te0.5 with a small amount of both Pb and Sn addition, especially with a very low amount of additions. These are our main motivations behind this research paper.
In this study, we synthesised a series of low amounts of Pb- and Sn-added FeSe0.5Te0.5 + xPb + ySn (x = y = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, and 0.10) and investigated the effects of Sn and Pb additions on the structure, microstructure, and superconducting properties of FeSe0.5Te0.5 bulks. Structural and microstructural analysis shows that the impurity phases are increased with higher Pb and Sn additions x = y ≥ 0.03; however, a low amount of addition such as x = y ≤ 0.02 enhanced the superconducting transition by around 1 K and also improved the critical current density. Our present study shows that a small amount of cometal addition is an effective way to improve grain connectivity, superconducting transition Tc, and pinning behaviours, resulting in an enhancement of the critical current density.

2. Experimental Details

The solid-state reaction method was used to grow the polycrystalline samples with nominal compositions of FeSe0.5Te0.5 + xPb + ySn (x = y = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, and 0.10). The initial steps involved mixing the starting materials, which were Fe powder (99.99% purity, Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA, USA), Se (99.99% purity, Alfa Aesar), and Te (99.99% purity, Alfa Aesar), in accordance with the stoichiometric ratios of FeSe0.5Te0.5, for 15 min. More details about the synthesis process are reported elsewhere [38]. In the first step, the prepared pellets were sealed in an evacuated quartz tube which was heated to 600 °C for 11 h in a box furnace. In the second stage, the prepared pellets were ground and mixed with 1 wt% (x = y = 0.01), 2 wt% (x = y = 0.02), 3 wt% (x = y = 0.03), 4 wt% (x = y = 0.04), 5 wt% (x = y = 0.05), and 10 wt% (x = y = 0.1) Pb and Sn (99% purity of Pb and Sn powder, respectively). These powders were pressed into pellets and sealed in an evacuated quartz tube, which was heated at 600 °C for 4 h, followed by a furnace-cooling process. The final pellets had a diameter of 12 mm with a 2.5 mm thickness. To reduce oxygen and moisture during the synthesis, we performed all of the growth processes inside an inert gas glove box. Different batch samples were prepared to confirm the reproducibility of these bulk samples in terms of superconducting properties.
A structural analysis of all the prepared samples was examined using the powder X-ray diffraction method (XRD), which was performed on a Rigaku SmartLab 3 kW diffractometer with filtered Cu-Kα radiation (wavelength: 1.5418 Å, power: 30 mA, 40 kV), and a Dtex250 linear detector. The measuring profile was used from 5° to 70° with a very small step of 0.01 °/min. The measured XRD data were analysed using the ICDD PDF4 + 2021 standard diffraction pattern database and Rigaku’s PDXL software as well as Rietveld refinements using the Fullprof software [40] to perform the profile analysis, the quantitative values of impurity phases (%), and lattice parameter analysis for various samples. Microstructural characterisation was carried out using a field-emission scanning electron microscope. The magnetic measurements up to 9 T in the temperature range of 5–25 K under zero-field and field-cooling circumstances were carried out by Quantum Design PPMS using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). During zero-field cooling (ZFC), the bulk sample was cooled down to 4 K, and then, after applying a magnetic field, the magnetic data were collected with increasing temperatures of 5 to 25 K. A closed-cycle refrigerator was used to measure the temperature dependence of the resistivity of rectangular-shaped samples in a zero magnetic field with various applied electric currents in a temperature range of 7 K to 300 K during the warming process.

3. Results and Discussion

Powder X-ray diffraction patterns of FeSe0.5Te0.5 with various amounts of Pb and Sn additions (FeSe0.5Te0.5 + xPb + ySn) are depicted in Figure 1a. All samples showed the main tetragonal phase with space group P4/nmm. The parent compound (x = y = 0) also showed a small amount (~3–4%) of the hexagonal phase, which is similar to that of previously reported papers [38,39,41]. The diffracted peaks are not deviated by the additions of Pb and Sn, according to a comparison of the XRD patterns of the parent compound with Pb- and Sn-added samples, as shown in Figure 1a. It suggests that Pb and Sn do not enter into the tetragonal structure of FeSe0.5Te0.5. We also depicted the refined XRD patterns for low amounts of Pb- and Sn-added samples such as for x = y = 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03 in Figure 1b–d, respectively. The obtained lattice parameters and the qualitative values of the impurity phases for various samples are listed in Table 1. The superconducting phase’s crystallite size, as estimated by the XRD fitting data, was also mentioned in Table 1. The crystal size was greater for the sample with x = y = 0.01 and 0.02 than that of other samples, but as further Pb and Sn were added, the crystal size shrank.
The parent compound has the lattice parameters (a = 3.79502 Å, c = 5.9713 Å) which are almost the same as the reported ones for bulk (a = 3.7909 Å, c = 5.9571 Å) and single crystals (a = 3.815 Å, c = 6.069 Å) of FeSe0.5Te0.5 [8,41]. Interestingly, the hexagonal phase is notably reduced by a small amount of Pb and Sn addition (x = y = 0.01) and completely eliminated for x = y = 0.03 as depicted in Figure 1a–d, and this phase is not seen even at higher Pb and Sn additions similar to those reported for Pb [38] or Sn additions [39]. However, for Pb- and Sn-added samples, the Pb0.85Sn0.15Te0.85Se0.15 phase appeared as an impurity phase which is very tiny for x = y = 0.01 and 0.02 but increases in intensity with further increase in Pb and Sn additions. Impurity phase enhancement is very similar to that of Sn- or Pb-added FeSe0.5Te0.5 [38,39]. In the case of Sn-added FeSe0.5Te0.5 [39], SnSe0.3Te0.7, and Fe3O4 exist in the Sn-added samples, and their intensities increase as the amount of Sn addition increases. In higher Pb addition to bulk FeSe0.5Te0.5 [38], three extra phases such as PbTe, FeSe1-δ, and Fe appeared as the impurity phases in which PbTe was observed as a dominant impurity phase, suggesting a lower Te content in the FeSe0.5Te0.5 composition. The existence of the Pb0.85Sn0.15Te0.85Se0.15 phase in this present study suggests a reduced concentration of Se/Te in the FeSe0.5Te0.5 composition. At high amounts of Pb and Sn additions, we also observed a small amount of Fe as an impurity phase, as mentioned in Table 1. The obtained lattice parameters for various samples, seen in Table 1, indicate divergence with cometal additions with respect to the parent compound (x = y = 0), which suggests slightly lower Te/Fe/Se contents. Due to the presence of the various impurity phases, the refinement error is slightly higher for large amounts of Sn and Pb additions. It is important to note that excessive Sn and Pb additions can decrease the Fe/Te/Se concentrations in FeSe0.5Te0.5 compositions, whereas moderate levels of these additions can promote the formation of a tetragonal superconducting phase, similar to what has been observed in Pb or Sn-added FeSe0.5Te0.5 [38,39].
These polycrystalline samples with x = y = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, and 0.1 were also subjected to an elemental analysis using the energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX) method, which allows for the measurement of the actual composition of the elements, as listed in Table 2. The homogenous distribution of the constituent elements is observed for x = y = 0 and 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03, as confirmed by results in Table 2. However, because of the impurity phase, the distribution of Sn and Pb in the samples with x = y ≥ 0.04 is not uniform, and some regions were found to be rich in Pb, Sn, Se, and Te, which proposes the existence of an impurity phase of Pb0.85Sn0.15Te0.85Se0.15, consistent with XRD results. The parent compound shows a molar ratio of 1:0.49:0.51 which is almost the same as the low amount of cometal additions. However, with a high amount of Pb and Sn additions, deviation with this molar ratio and the actual weight percent of cometal increases. These findings suggest that excessive additions of Sn and Pb result in non-uniform element distributions.
To perform the microstructural analysis, we polished the pellet samples by using micron paper inside the glove box and collected backscattered scanning electron microscopy (BSE-SEM, revealing chemical contrast) images at different magnifications for different Sn- and Pb-added samples. Figure 2 shows BSE images for x = y = 0, 0.02, 0.03, and 0.1 from low- to high-magnification images, respectively. We have observed three contrasts in our samples: light grey, white, and black contrasts corresponding to the phases of FeSe0.5Te0.5, Pb0.85Sn0.15Te0.85Se0.15, and pores, respectively. The parent compound has light grey and black contrasts that are observed as almost homogeneous in microstructure images on the microscale, as depicted in Figure 2a–c. Furthermore, these images also confirm that the samples with x = y = 0 have many well-connected and disk-shaped grains with an average size of ~1–3 μm, and in some places, micropores are also observed. A minor amount of Sn and Pb addition (x = y = 0.01, 0.02) slightly increased the grain size (~3–4 μm) while decreasing pore sizes (from micro- to nano-range). Hence, many nanopores are observed, which results from the improved grain connectivity and sample density due to the reduced pore size compared to the parent compound, as shown in Figure 2d–f. Furthermore, regarding the phase of Pb0.85Sn0.15Te0.85Se0.15, we saw a few brighter contrasts in the sample (Figure 2d–f), similar to XRD analysis.
With further increasing the Pb and Sn additions, the improvement in the microstructure was observed with the enhancement of the brighter phase with respect to Pb0.85Sn0.15Te0.85Se0.15, as shown in Figure 2d–f. It seems that the Pb0.85Sn0.15Te0.85Se0.15 phase filled up many nanopores, so we observed comparatively fewer nanopores for x = y = 0.02 compared to the bulk samples with x = y = 0.01 but almost the same grain size of ~3–4 μm. Hence, it suggests further improvement in grain connectivity and the density of materials. Figure 2g–i show BSE images for x = y = 0.03 where the most prominent phase of Pb0.85Sn0.15Te0.85Se0.15 is observed as a white contrast randomly in the bulk sample at many places, i.e., inside grains and at grain boundaries, and also the size of pores as a black contrast is increased compared to samples with low Pb and Sn additions (x = y ≤ 0.02). The existence of pores and impurity phases in the sample results in weak grain connections, and the plate-shaped grains are observed with an average grain size of ∼1–2 μm, as observed from Figure 2g–i. For further cometal additions (x = y > 0.03), a white contrast (Pb0.85Sn0.15Te0.85Se0.15) is observed in larger areas and at many regions of the sample, and the reduced grain size is also observed as depicted in Figure 2j–l for x = y = 0.1. The increased impurity phase (Pb0.85Sn0.15Te0.85Se0.15) that is sandwiched between FeSe0.5Te0.5 grains often considerably reduces grain-to-grain connections and creates a strong barrier to intergranular supercurrent routes. It is well known from other iron-based superconductors that substantial cracking occasionally occurs at grain boundaries and within grains, but we did not see any micro-cracks between the grains in any of our bulk samples [42,43]. Since FeSe0.5Te0.5 has a theoretical density of 6.99 g/cm3 [7,44], on this basis, we calculated the sample density by assuming the pure phase of FeSe0.5Te0.5 for our various samples, which are obtained around 51%, 61.9%, 65.6%, and 50.8%, for x = y = 0, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03, respectively. It indicates that a very small amount of Sn and Pb content added to the parent sample slightly enhanced the sample density as also observed from the microstructure analysis. Analysis of Figure 2 clearly demonstrates that a very small amount of Pb and Sn addition (x = y ≤ 0.02) improves grain connectivity and sample density and decreases pores in contrast to a larger amount of Pb and Sn additions (x = y >0.02), which reduce the phase purity and cleanness of grain boundaries and increases the number of pores. Non-superconducting phases at the grain boundaries of FeSe0.5Te0.5 for higher cometal additions generally create a problem for superconducting properties, as also reported for Pb-added Sr122 [45], Pb-added FeSe0.5Te0.5 [38], and Sn-added FeSe0.5Te0.5 [39]. As a result, our analysis suggests that a very small amount of Pb and Sn additions work effectively to increase material density while also improving grain size and connectivity.
Figure 3 depicts the DC magnetic susceptibility (χ = 4πM/H) in both zero-field-cooled (ZFC) and field-cooled (FC) magnetisation curves for samples, x = y = 0 and x = 0.05, y = 0; x = y = 0.01, x = y = 0.02 and x = y = 0.03 measured under an applied magnetic field of 20 Oe in the temperature range of 5–20 K. We have shown the normalised magnetic susceptibility for all these samples for a comparison point of view. What one can safely conclude from Figure 3 is that the studied samples are bulk superconductors. Superconducting transition is observed at 14 K with a sharp diamagnetic transition in the magnetic susceptibility (χ) in both the ZFC and FC situations for the parent compound (x = y = 0). Only the Pb-added sample (x = 0.05, y = 0) shows the onset transition at 13.3 K and has a broader transition than that of the parent compound. Interestingly, a small amount of Pb and Sn such as x = y = 0.01 slightly enhanced the transition temperature (Tc~14.8 K) with the sharpness of transition compared to the sample x = 0.05, y = 0. With the further addition of Pb and Sn, almost the same superconducting onset transition of 14.7 K is observed for x = y = 0.02 with better sharpness of the transition compared to other samples. However, a further increase in Pb and Sn additions reduces the transition temperature with the large broadening of the transition. It might be possible due to the formation of impurity phase Pb0.85Sn0.15Te0.85Se0.15 and to reduce the actual content of Te and Se from the main phase FeSe0.5Te0.5 as discussed above with the XRD data and the microstructural analysis. The single-step transition of each sample can be explained by the intergranular properties of these bulk samples, as discussed and reported for other FBS families [46]. These analyses also confirm that a very low amount of Sn- and Pb-added samples (x = y ≤ 0.02) are effective for the superconducting properties of FeSe0.5Te0.5 similar to the conclusion of microstructural analysis and XRD measurements. Further, Tc is decreased as Sn and Pb concentrations are increased, possibly due to changes in Te/Se concentrations.
The temperature dependence of the resistivity (ρ) is shown in Figure 4a–c for the nominal compositions of polycrystalline FeSe0.5Te0.5 + xPb + ySn (x = y = 0–0.1) in a zero magnetic field. Due to the structural phase transition, the parent FeSe0.5Te0.5 (x = y = 0) exhibits a large anomaly in resistivity at a temperature of below ~110 K [47]. As reported [38] for Pb-added Fe(Se, Te), the electrical behaviour of this sample gradually changed, and a somewhat higher value of the normal state resistivity was observed due to the tiny amount and uneven distribution of the impurity PbTe phase with only Pb addition (x = 0.05, y = 0), and this resistivity anomaly also appeared for these Pb-added samples (x = 0.05, y = 0). A small amount of Sn and Pb addition to FeSe0.5Te0.5 up to x = y = 0.03 increases the metallic behaviour and its resistivity decreases in the whole temperature range. Interestingly, the anomaly related to the structural phase transition is also observed for these samples. A kink or concavity feature appeared for samples with very low amounts of Pb and Sn (x = y = 0.01, 0.02 and 0.03) below 80 K, which is similar to the behaviour reported for FeSe [48] or Fe(Se, Te) samples [49], and is usually linked with the weak structural distortion or attributed to the weak localisation effect [48,49].
With further enhancements of Pb and Sn additions (x = y ≥ 0.03), the resistivity started to increase in the normal state and showed semi-metallic behaviour below the structural phase transition. The amount of the Pb0.85Sn0.15Te0.85Se0.15 phase is enhanced very rapidly for samples with x = y > 0.03 as discussed above, and its distribution inside the sample became more homogeneous with a reduction in the whole sample density as observed from the microstructural analysis, which could be a reason for the enhancement of the normal state resistivity, as in Figure 4a, which is visible more clearly below the structural transition. The sample with x = y = 0.1 has shown high resistivity values within the whole measured temperature range due to the very large amount of impurity phases. However, the low amount of addition of Pb and Sn (x = y ≤ 0.02) increased the density of the samples, as discussed in the microstructural analysis, which could be a reason for the decreased resistivity of these samples and supported the formation of the superconducting tetragonal phase. The observed properties of the sample with x = y = 0.03 depict the combined effect of low and high amounts of Pb and Sn additions, suggesting that this could be the optimum cometal addition level. Due to the presence of impurity phases, the higher Sn- and Pb-added samples (x = y > 0.02) had a negative slope of resistivity below 120 K, which primarily manifests as semi-metallic behaviour.
The low-temperature behaviour of the resistivity (ρ), as a function of temperature from 5 K to 18 K, is shown in Figure 4b, where each sample depicts a superconducting transition. The parent compound shows a transition temperature of around 14.8 K with a transition width (ΔT) of 3.1 K. The samples with x = y = 0.01 and 0.02 have an enhanced transition temperature of 15.6 K and 15.4 K, respectively with a sharper superconducting transition. With further increases in Sn and Pb additions, the transition temperature is decreased with the broader transition width. Interestingly, the sample with x = y = 0.03 shows the onset transition of 12.8 K. With further increases in Sn and Pb additions, the onset Tc reduces very slowly but exhibits a relatively broad transition with a low Tcoffset. The onset Tc is observed around 12.1 K, 11.9 K, and 11.6 K for the samples with x = y = 0.04, x = y = 0.05, and x = y = 0.1, respectively.
More interestingly, their Tcoffset values differ significantly. According to reports, samples with 5% Pb addition show comparable Tconset values (13.8 K), which is around 1.1 K lower than the value for the Pb-free sample [38]. Chen et al. [39] reported that 5% Sn-added FeSe0.5Te0.5 (x = 0, y = 0.05) has Tconset = 13.8 K and Tcoffset = 12 K with respect to Tconset = 13.5 K and Tcoffset = 9 K of the parent compound which dramatically enhanced the zero resistivity temperature (Tcoffset) by 3 K accompanied by almost the same onset temperature of the superconducting transition (Tconset) [39]. Interestingly, a low amount of cometal Sn and Pb addition improved the onset transition temperature and also reduced the transition width, which works well accordingly to previous studies [38,39]. The sharper transition for the 1 and 2 wt% Sn- and Pb-added samples (x = y = 0.01, 0.02) suggests better grain connections and slightly higher Te/Se concentrations than the Sn- and Pb-free one (x = y = 0) which might be due to reducing the hexagonal phase, as discussed for XRD measurements. On the other hand, further increments of Sn and Pb addition exhibit the broadening of superconducting transition which might result due to the increased impurity phase (Pb0.85Sn0.15Te0.85Se0.15) and the decreased superconducting phase. The slight decrease in the lattice parameters with Sn and Pb addition, as mentioned in Table 1, suggests that there is a lower Se/Te concentration in the FeSe0.5Te0.5 composition, which is also supported by EDAX measurements (Table 2). This could be a possible reason for the reduced transition temperature Tc at high Pb and Sn additions. The reported study based on Li-doped FeSe0.5Te0.5 [37] has confirmed that the doping element Li entered the crystal structure of Fe(Se,Te) and enhanced the superconducting transition by 1–1.5 K for 1 wt% doping without affecting the Tcoffset. In contrast to these earlier findings, adding 5% Sn to FeSe0.5Te0.5 can significantly raise Tcoffset by 3 K without affecting Tconset while not altering the crystal structure of the compound. The magnetic elements such as Co and Ni at Fe sites reduce the superconducting properties of FeSe0.5Te0.5 [41]. Our current results show the enhancement of Tconset by ~1 K and also slightly improved Tcoffset by a very small amount of Sn- and Pb-added samples without entering the crystal structure of FeSe0.5Te0.5 which implies that a small amount of Sn and Pb (x = y ≤ 0.02) seems to be the most promising additive among metals to further improve the superconductivity in the 11-type FBSs.
The offset transition temperature (Tcoffset) generally relates to the grain connections, i.e., the intergrain effect, whereas the onset transition temperature (Tconset) represents the specific grain effect, i.e., the intragrain effect [50,51]. These effects can be understood by the resistivity measurements under different applied currents. To understand the grain connectivity behaviours of our bulk samples, we have depicted the low-temperature resistivity behaviours of various bulk samples with three different currents, I = 5, 10, and 20 mA, in Figure 4c. The bulk samples with x = y = 0.01 and 0.02 have almost no transition broadening with various currents and also a sharper transition compared to that of the parent compound (x = y = 0). The transition broadening is increased for higher Pb and Sn additions (x = y ≥ 0.02), and the offset transition is more sensitive with the applied currents, as shown in Figure 4c which could be due to the enhanced impurity phases as observed from XRD patterns. It clearly suggests that a low amount of cometal (x = y = 0.01 and 0.02)-added samples have a better intergrain effect than that of the parent compound. These outcomes support the analysis of microstructural studies, as discussed above. A previous study shows that 5 wt% Pb-added FeSe0.5Te0.5 has almost the same broadening with applied current as that of the parent compound but has a shaper transition. However, higher Pb additions reduce the grain connections due to the enhancement of the impurity phase. Compared to our results with only Pb-added samples, a low amount of cometal additions to FeSe0.5Te0.5 has almost no broadening of the transition with respect to the applied current, which suggests better grain connectivity. These results well agree with microstructural and XRD analysis.
Magnetic moment hysteresis loops M(H) at a constant temperature of 7 K for x = y = 0, x = 0.05, y = 0; x = y = 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03 were measured with the rectangular-shaped sample in order to determine the persistent critical current density Jc. The measured magnetic loops M(H) for these samples were observed under ferromagnetic effects, which is similar to previous reports based on FeSe samples [29,38,52]. The inset of Figure 5a shows the M(H) loop for Pb- and Sn-added samples with x = y = 0.02, which is depicted after the subtraction of the normal state magnetisation, i.e., the M(H) loop at 22 K. Similar magnetisation loops, with larger backgrounds, however, were obtained for a sample with high Pb and Sn additions.
These hysteresis loops allow us to estimate the critical current density, which is an important parameter for practical applications. The Bean critical state model [53] was applied to obtain the critical state densities from the magnetisation loops. The calculation of the critical current density Jc for our samples was performed using the formula Jc = 20Δm/Va(1−a/3b) [53], where Δm is the hysteresis loop width, V is the volume of the sample, and a and b are the lengths of the shorter and longer edge, respectively. Figure 5a depicts the magnetic field dependence of the critical current density (Jc) up to 9 T at 7 K for the parent compound with various Pb- and Sn-added samples. Jc values of the parent compounds were enhanced by adding 5 wt% Pb to FeSe0.5Te0.5 (x = 0.05, y = 0), whereas, with the addition of Sn and Pb, i.e., x = y = 0.02, the Jc values are further enhanced in the whole magnetic field range up to 9 T. Interestingly, the calculated Jc of samples x = y = 0.01 and 0.02 has field dependence almost similar to that of Pb-added samples (x = 0.05, y = 0) and enhanced one order of magnitude of the Jc values compared to the parent compound. This improvement in Jc values suggests that cometal inclusion is capable of providing effective flux-pinning centres. It could be possible due to the increased density and improved grain connections caused by the addition of a small amount of Sn and Pb, which are clearly observed in the microstructural analysis and resistivity studies. In pure bulk MgB2 polycrystalline samples, the same observation was observed [54], where Ag nanoparticle addition enhances the Jc value due to extra pinning centres. One should note an important point that the 5% Pb-added sample (x = 0.05, y = 0) has almost the same Jc values [38] and similar behaviour as that of 1% Sn- and Pb-added samples (x = y = 0.01). It clearly suggests that Sn can be the most effective metal to enhance the Jc value for FeSe0.5Te0.5 samples, which is comparable to the reported elevation of Jc values for Sn-added SmFeAs(O,F) [50] where Sn additions also work more effectively to improve the intergranular current than that of other metal additions [30].
To understand the pinning behaviours of these samples, the magnetic field dependence of the vortex pinning force density, Fp, has been calculated by Fp = μ0H × Jc [55] with the obtained Jc values at 7 K which are depicted in Figure 5b for various samples. The Fp curves of the parent compound increase with magnetic fields and reach a maximum around 8–9 T, whereas 1 wt% Pb and Sn additions show a maximum of Fp for low magnetic fields, and then they decrease very slowly with the applied fields. Further Sn and Pb additions enhance Fp values in the whole measured fields and shift the maximum of Fp to the higher magnetic field as similar to 5 wt% Pb-added samples (x = 0.05, y = 0). The samples with x = y = 0.03 showed similar behaviours to 1 wt% Pb- and Sn-added FeSe0.5Te0.5 but with lower values of Fp compared to all other samples depicted in Figure 5b. This is unusual behaviour, most likely caused by cometal addition, that warrants further investigation to understand how cometal additions can influence the vortex pinning mechanisms in FeSe0.5Te0.5 compounds. The Fp values are enhanced up to the intermediate field (~5–6 T) range for the small amount of Pb- and Sn-added FeSe0.5Te0.5 (x = y ≤ 0.02) compared to that of the parent compound (x = y = 0) which is in nice agreement with the Jc enhancement as depicted in Figure 5a. Briefly, 5 wt% Pb-added samples (x = 0.05, y = 0) also enhanced the Fp values, which are similar to the previous report [38] and higher than those of 1 wt% Pb- and Sn-added samples and their parent compounds. Furthermore, the obtained Fp values of the parent compounds are almost the same as those reported (0.1–1 GN/m3) in previous studies [52,56] based on polycrystalline Fe(Se, Te) samples. The Fp behaviour leads us to the conclusion that improving the appropriate pinning centres is a reason for the enhancement of the critical current behaviours. There are also reports of similar results for Ag-added MgB2 [54] and Sn-added alternative FBS bulk samples [50]. High-pressure techniques such as high-pressure growth and high-pressure sintering can be used to further improve the Jc and Fp of these samples [2,56].
To summarise the main findings of our study, the variation of transition temperature Tconset, the transition width (ΔT), the room temperature resistivity (ρ300K), the RRR (ρ300K/ρ20K), and the critical current density (Jc) for 0 T and 5 T at 7 K with weight concentrations of Pb- and Sn-added samples (x, y) are shown in Figure 6a–e. The Tconset is enhanced by ~1 K for 1 and 2 wt% Pb- and Sn-added samples. With further increases in the weight of these concentrations, the Tconset value starts to decrease (Figure 6a). The value of transition width ΔT (= Tconset − Tcoffset) also reduces with a small amount of Sn and Pb addition and reaches a minimum value for 2% weight Pb and Sn addition; i.e., it has a sharp transition with respect to other samples as depicted in Figure 6b. This is a clear indication of higher homogeneity, better grain connectivity, and phase purity of this sample compared to other samples. On the other hand, the broadening of the transition, i.e., the transition width ΔT starts to enhance with further increases in Pb and Sn additions and becomes almost saturated for x = y ≥ 0.04. The addition of Pb and Sn also enhanced the metallic nature of the FeSe0.5Te0.5 sample at room temperature; i.e., the resistivity ρ300K decreased for a low amount of metal additions, as shown in Figure 6c, and ρ300K reached minimum values for 3 and 4%weight Sn- and Pb-added samples. With further enhancements of Pb and Sn, ρ300K started to increase, which is due to the enhancement of the impurity phases as discussed above. We also calculated and plotted the residual resistivity ratio RRR value for all samples, as depicted in Figure 6d. The maximum RRR is observed for the samples with x = y = 0.02, and after that, RRR started to decrease with further increases in Pb and Sn additions.
The maximum of RRR and the minimum of ΔT are other transport signatures of the high quality of the polycrystalline samples with x = y = 0.02. The onset Tc was reduced, and the transition width, ΔT, and ρ300K were enhanced with increasing Pb and Sn additions. It is worth noting that the RRR for our best samples was 2.2, which is higher than the reported value (1.3) for the 5 and 10% Sn-added FeSe0.5Te0.5 samples [39] and also better than the reported (1.8) for the Pb-added FeSe0.5Te0.5 samples [38]. A very small amount of Sn and Pb additions improved the overall RRR of the parent compound, as similar to those reported for Ag, Sn, and Pb additions [32,38,39]. Meanwhile, 1 and 2 wt% Sn- and Pb-added samples show a ~1 K higher transition and a comparatively sharper transition width with Tc of 15.6 K and a Tcoffset of 13.2 K. The transition width of 2.4 K suggests a sharper transition than for the pure sample. In Figure 5e, we plot the Jc values at 0 T and 5 T for various Pb- and Sn-added samples with parent and only 5% Pb-added samples. It clearly indicates that a very small amount of the addition of Sn and Pb creates effective pinning centres and, in consequence, improves the critical current density by an order of magnitude with respect to the parent compound and also only Pb-added samples. This analysis suggests that a small amount of cometal addition improves both the superconducting properties and also the granular behaviour.
Disorder can significantly enhance superconductivity and has been utilised as an effective method to explore superconducting order [57,58,59]. Strong disorder, on the other hand, increases phase fluctuations, which lowers the superfluid density and suppresses superconductivity globally [59,60]. As the disorder strength is varied, an optimal degree of inhomogeneity can be reached which enhances the superconducting properties and the transition temperature Tc to reach the maximum value. Outside that region, strong disorder reduces superconductivity and can even cause a superconductor–insulator transition [61], as observed in conventional superconductors, which are usually believed to be insensitive to small concentrations of random nonmagnetic impurities [62]. On this basis, here, we can explain the enhancement of the superconducting properties of FeSe0.5Te0.5 with the correlation effect in the disorder which is generated by nonmagnetic cometal addition. A large amount of Pb and Sn addition generally creates strong disorder due to a large amount of impurity phase, as discussed above, and its behaviour shifts to the superconductor–insulation transition which is clearly observed through the resistivity measurements for high-Pb- and Sn-added FeSe0.5Te0.5 samples (x = y ≥ 0.04) (Figure 4a). A very small amount of cometal addition such as (below x = y = 0.01) does not affect the superconducting properties, as observed from Figure 6 with the dotted line, and more than 3 wt% cometal addition induces strong disorder which enhances rapidly with further Pb and Sn additions. On these analyses, we can conclude that 1 to 2 wt% cometal addition is the optimum region where the disorder strength improves the superconducting properties of the FeSe0.5Te0.5 bulk. Hence, it seems that the enhanced superconductivity of these materials is related to the effects of the disorder correlations as is well-reported for other superconductors [59].

4. Conclusions

We studied the cometal addition effect on the superconducting properties of FeSe0.5Te0.5 through various characterisations. Structural analysis of the prepared FeSe0.5Te0.5 samples with Pb and Sn additions showed that these metals do not enter in the superconducting tetragonal structure of FeSe0.5Te0.5 and lattice parameters seem to be unaffected by these additions. A large amount of Sn and Pb additions (x = y > 0.02) enhanced the impurity phases and introduced inhomogeneities into the samples, resulting in a change in the Fe/Se/Te ratio from the stoichiometric FeSe0.5Te0.5 composition. However, very low amounts of Pb and Sn additions were effective in enhancing the transition temperature of Tc and Jc in the measured magnetic field (up to 9 T) due to the improved grain connections as well as the presence of additional pinning centres. Microstructural analysis shows disc-shaped superconducting grains, and at high Pb and Sn additions, the intergrain connections were reduced compared to low amounts of Sn- and Pb-added samples and their parent compounds. A cometal addition effect on iron-based superconductors has been studied for the first time, confirming that cometal additions can be a potential way to enhance superconducting properties with the improvement of sample qualities. We believe that this method will enable the further exploration of Fe(Se, Te) and other FBS materials to achieve additional improvements in their superconducting properties and the development of their magnetic applications, especially with respect to superconducting wires and tapes.

Author Contributions

Conceptualisation, Supervision and Formal analysis, S.J.S. and A.W.; methodology, S.J.S.; XRD data analysis, S.J.S. and R.D.; Magnetic data collection, T.Z., M.M. and M.A.; Transport and SEM data collections, M.M., M.A. and T.C.; investigation and writing—original draft preparation, S.J.S. and M.M.; writing—review and editing, S.J.S. and A.W.; Comments and Suggestions, M.M., M.A., T.Z., T.C., A.M., R.D. and A.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by National Science Centre (NCN), Poland, grant number “2021/42/E/ST5/00262” (SONATA-BIS 11). S.J.S. acknowledges financial support from National Science Centre (NCN), Poland through research Project number: 2021/42/E/ST5/00262.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Data are available upon request to the corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Materials 16 02892 g001a 550Materials 16 02892 g001b 550
Figure 1. (a) X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) of powdered FeSe0.5Te0.5 + xPb + ySn (x = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, and 0.1) samples. The fitted XRD patterns with the experimental, calculated diffraction patterns and their differences at room temperature are shown for the sample with (b) x = y = 0.01, (c) x = y = 0.02 (d) x = y = 0.03. Instead of the nominal composition of FeSe0.5Te0.5, the tetragonal phase of Fe1.1Se0.5Te0.5 was observed as the real composition of the superconducting phase. One hexagonal phase, Fe7Se8, was left out in the refinement because of relatively weak reflections, whereas a hexagonal phase of Fe0.6Se0.54Te0.46 (~4–5%) was found and is depicted as ‘H’ in figure (a). The list of the obtained lattice parameters ‘a’ and ‘c’ and the obtained phases are listed in Table 1.
Figure 1. (a) X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) of powdered FeSe0.5Te0.5 + xPb + ySn (x = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, and 0.1) samples. The fitted XRD patterns with the experimental, calculated diffraction patterns and their differences at room temperature are shown for the sample with (b) x = y = 0.01, (c) x = y = 0.02 (d) x = y = 0.03. Instead of the nominal composition of FeSe0.5Te0.5, the tetragonal phase of Fe1.1Se0.5Te0.5 was observed as the real composition of the superconducting phase. One hexagonal phase, Fe7Se8, was left out in the refinement because of relatively weak reflections, whereas a hexagonal phase of Fe0.6Se0.54Te0.46 (~4–5%) was found and is depicted as ‘H’ in figure (a). The list of the obtained lattice parameters ‘a’ and ‘c’ and the obtained phases are listed in Table 1.
Materials 16 02892 g001aMaterials 16 02892 g001b
Materials 16 02892 g002 550
Figure 2. Back-scattered (BSE) images of various Pb and Sn-added FeSe0.5Te0.5 + xPb + ySn polycrystalline samples: (a–c) for x = y = 0; (d–f) for x = y = 0.02; (g–i) for x = y = 0.03 and (j–l) for x = y = 0.10. Bright contrast, light grey, and black contrast correspond to the phase of Pb0.85Sn0.15Te0.85Se0.15, Fe(Se, Te) and pores, respectively. The approximate grain size is depicted by the solid line.
Figure 2. Back-scattered (BSE) images of various Pb and Sn-added FeSe0.5Te0.5 + xPb + ySn polycrystalline samples: (a–c) for x = y = 0; (d–f) for x = y = 0.02; (g–i) for x = y = 0.03 and (j–l) for x = y = 0.10. Bright contrast, light grey, and black contrast correspond to the phase of Pb0.85Sn0.15Te0.85Se0.15, Fe(Se, Te) and pores, respectively. The approximate grain size is depicted by the solid line.
Materials 16 02892 g002
Materials 16 02892 g003 550
Figure 3. The variation of magnetic susceptibility (χ = 4πM/H) with temperature for various FeSe0.5Te0.5 + xPb + ySn (x = y = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, and also x = 0.05, y = 0) bulks at the applied magnetic field of 20 Oe under zero-field-cooled (ZFC) and field-cooled (FC) regimes.
Figure 3. The variation of magnetic susceptibility (χ = 4πM/H) with temperature for various FeSe0.5Te0.5 + xPb + ySn (x = y = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, and also x = 0.05, y = 0) bulks at the applied magnetic field of 20 Oe under zero-field-cooled (ZFC) and field-cooled (FC) regimes.
Materials 16 02892 g003
Materials 16 02892 g004 550
Figure 4. (a) The variation of resistivity (ρ) with respect to the temperature for all Pb- and Sn-added FeSe0.5Te0.5 bulks (FeSe0.5Te0.5 + xPb + ySn (x = y = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, and 0.1)). (b) The resistivity behaviours with temperature for various samples in the low-temperature region (<20 K). (c) The low-temperature resistivity variation with temperature for FeSe0.5Te0.5 + xPb + ySn (x = y = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, and 0.1) with respect to different currents I = 5, 10, 20 mA.
Figure 4. (a) The variation of resistivity (ρ) with respect to the temperature for all Pb- and Sn-added FeSe0.5Te0.5 bulks (FeSe0.5Te0.5 + xPb + ySn (x = y = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, and 0.1)). (b) The resistivity behaviours with temperature for various samples in the low-temperature region (<20 K). (c) The low-temperature resistivity variation with temperature for FeSe0.5Te0.5 + xPb + ySn (x = y = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, and 0.1) with respect to different currents I = 5, 10, 20 mA.
Materials 16 02892 g004
Materials 16 02892 g005 550
Figure 5. (a) The magnetic field (H) dependence of critical current density (Jc) for FeSe0.5Te0.5 + xPb + ySn (x = y = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, and x = 0.05, y = 0)) samples with respect to the parent compound FeSe0.5Te0.5 at a temperature of 7 K. The inset figure shows the magnetic hysteresis loop M(H) at 7 K for x = y = 0.02 after the subtraction of the normal state background. (b) The variation of pinning force Fp with respect to the applied magnetic field at 7 K for various bulk FeSe0.5Te0.5 + xPb + ySn (x = y = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, and x = 0.05, y = 0)) samples.
Figure 5. (a) The magnetic field (H) dependence of critical current density (Jc) for FeSe0.5Te0.5 + xPb + ySn (x = y = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, and x = 0.05, y = 0)) samples with respect to the parent compound FeSe0.5Te0.5 at a temperature of 7 K. The inset figure shows the magnetic hysteresis loop M(H) at 7 K for x = y = 0.02 after the subtraction of the normal state background. (b) The variation of pinning force Fp with respect to the applied magnetic field at 7 K for various bulk FeSe0.5Te0.5 + xPb + ySn (x = y = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, and x = 0.05, y = 0)) samples.
Materials 16 02892 g005
Materials 16 02892 g006 550
Figure 6. The variation of (a) transition temperature (Tc), (b) transition width (ΔT), (c) room temperature resistivity ρ300K, (d) residual resistivity ratio RRR (ρ300K/ρ20K) and (e) the critical current density Jc for 0 T and 5 T at 7 K with respect to weight% of Pb and Sn addition for parent FeSe0.5Te0.5, i.e., FeSe0.5Te0.5 + xPb + ySn (x = y = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, and 0.1) and also only Pb-added FeSe0.5Te0.5 (x = 0.05, y = 0).
Figure 6. The variation of (a) transition temperature (Tc), (b) transition width (ΔT), (c) room temperature resistivity ρ300K, (d) residual resistivity ratio RRR (ρ300K/ρ20K) and (e) the critical current density Jc for 0 T and 5 T at 7 K with respect to weight% of Pb and Sn addition for parent FeSe0.5Te0.5, i.e., FeSe0.5Te0.5 + xPb + ySn (x = y = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, and 0.1) and also only Pb-added FeSe0.5Te0.5 (x = 0.05, y = 0).
Materials 16 02892 g006
Table
Table 1. The obtained lattice parameters ‘a’ and ‘c’, the impurity phases, and the crystallite size of the main tetragonal phase for FeSe0.5Te0.5 + xPb + ySn samples are listed. We used Rigaku’s PDXL software and the ICDD PDF4 + 2021 standard diffraction patterns database for the quantitative analysis of impurity phases (%) and crystallite size through the refinement of the measured XRD data.
Table 1. The obtained lattice parameters ‘a’ and ‘c’, the impurity phases, and the crystallite size of the main tetragonal phase for FeSe0.5Te0.5 + xPb + ySn samples are listed. We used Rigaku’s PDXL software and the ICDD PDF4 + 2021 standard diffraction patterns database for the quantitative analysis of impurity phases (%) and crystallite size through the refinement of the measured XRD data.
SampleLattice ‘a’
(Å)		Lattice ‘c’
(Å)		Pb0.85Sn0.15Te0.85Se0.15
(%)		Fe
(%)		Hexagonal
(%)		Crystallite Size (nm)
(FeSe0.5Te0.5 Phase)
x = y = 03.79505.9713- 334
x = y = 0.013.79775.9713~2 <248.2
x = y = 0.023.79785.9665~3 <246.0
x = y = 0.033.79585.9667~6 --42.1
x = y = 0.043.79955.96849 --35
x = y = 0.053.79115.963914----33.5
x = 0.05, y = 03.79305.9611------45
x = y = 0.13.79215.9681292-24.5
Table
Table 2. List of molar ratios of various elements presented in FeSe0.5Te0.5 + xPb + ySn bulks.
Table 2. List of molar ratios of various elements presented in FeSe0.5Te0.5 + xPb + ySn bulks.
SampleFe
Molar Ratio		Te
Molar Ratio		Se
Molar Ratio		Pb
(%)		Sn
(%)
x = y = 010.490.5 - -
x = y = 0.0110.50.490.980.99
x = y = 0.0210.50.51.52
x = y = 0.0310.520.482.42.6
x = y = 0.0410.530.423.164.1
x = y = 0.0510.510.583.75.1
x = 0.05, y = 010.510.49--
x = y = 0.10.980.470.574.57.98
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Manasa, M.; Azam, M.; Zajarniuk, T.; Diduszko, R.; Cetner, T.; Morawski, A.; Wiśniewski, A.; Singh, S.J. Cometal Addition Effect on Superconducting Properties and Granular Behaviours of Polycrystalline FeSe0.5Te0.5. Materials 2023, 16, 2892. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072892

AMA Style

Manasa M, Azam M, Zajarniuk T, Diduszko R, Cetner T, Morawski A, Wiśniewski A, Singh SJ. Cometal Addition Effect on Superconducting Properties and Granular Behaviours of Polycrystalline FeSe0.5Te0.5. Materials. 2023; 16(7):2892. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072892

Chicago/Turabian Style

Manasa, Manasa, Mohammad Azam, Tatiana Zajarniuk, Ryszard Diduszko, Tomasz Cetner, Andrzej Morawski, Andrzej Wiśniewski, and Shiv J. Singh. 2023. "Cometal Addition Effect on Superconducting Properties and Granular Behaviours of Polycrystalline FeSe0.5Te0.5" Materials 16, no. 7: 2892. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072892

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