Research Progress of Laser Cladding on the Surface of Titanium and Its Alloys
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Surface Modification for Ti and Its Alloys
1.1.1. Buttering Welding
1.1.2. Arc Cladding
1.1.3. Plasma Cladding
1.1.4. Electron Beam Cladding
1.1.5. Laser Cladding
2. LC Processing
2.1. LC Processing Technology
2.2. LC Processing Parameters
2.3. Auxiliary Technology
3. LC Materials
3.1. Metal Alloy Powders
3.1.1. Self-Fluxing Alloy Powders
3.1.2. High-Entropy Alloy Powders
3.2. Ceramics and Ceramic Composite Powders
3.2.1. Pure Ceramic Powders
3.2.2. Ceramic/Metal Composite Powders
3.2.3. Bioceramic Composite Powders
3.3. Rare-Earth-Oxide-Doped Powders
4. Functional Coatings
4.1. Wear-Resistant Coatings
4.2. Corrosion Resistant Coatings
4.3. High-Temperature Oxidation-Resistant Coatings
4.4. Biocompatible Coatings
4.5. Other Functional Coatings
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | BW | AC | PC | EBC | LC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy density | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | High |
Automaticity | Low | Moderate | High | High | High |
Heat-affected zone | High | High | Moderate | Moderate | Low |
Controllability | Low | Moderate | High | High | High |
Cost | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | High |
Cladding Materials | Substrates | Strengthening Phases | Properties | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Co42 + TiN | TC4 Alloy | TiN + TiC + Co3Ti + TiC0.3N0.7 + NiTi | H + WR | [107] |
Co42 + B4C + SiC + Y2O3 | TC4 Alloy | CoTi + CoTi2 + NiTi + TiC + TiB2 + TiB + Cr7C3 + Ti5Si3 | H + WR | [105] |
Co50 | TA15 | TiB2 + Cr5Si3 + TiC + SiC + Co3Ti + NiC + WB | H + WR | [108] |
Co42 + SiC | TC4 Alloy | CoTi + CoTi2 + NiTi + Cr7C3 + TiB + TiC + Ti5Si3 | H + WR | [109] |
NiCrBSi + WC | TA2 | Cr2Ni3 + Cr3Si + TiC + WC + W2C + B4CrTi | H + WR + OB | [8] |
NiCrBSi+ B4C | TC4 Alloy | γ-Ni + TiB2 + TiC + CrB | H | [110] |
NiCrBSi + TiC | TC4 Alloy | TiC + Cr23C6 + CrB + TiB2 | WR | [111] |
NiCrMoNb | α-Ti Alloy | Cr23C6 + Cr5B3 + NbC | H + WR | [100] |
NiCrBSiC | Cr23C6 + Cr5B3 + CrB | H + WR | ||
Ni45 + TC4 + NiCr-Cr3C2 | TC4 Alloy | TiC + TiB2 + Ti2Ni | H + WR | [112] |
Cladding Materials | Substrates | Strengthening Phases | Properties | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
FeNiCrMoWSiBC | TA2 | Fe2Ti + Fe2B + Fe3Si + Ti2Ni | H + WR | [118] |
CoCrFeNiNb | Pure Ti | BCC + Cr2Ti+ Cr2Nb | H | [119] |
AlTiVNbMo | TC4 Alloy | BCC | H | [120] |
CoCrFeNiVTi | TC4 Alloy | BCC + (Co,Ni)Ti2 | H + WR | [121] |
TiAlNiSiV | TC4 Alloy | BCC + (Ti,V)5Si3 + TiN | H + WR | [122] |
NiCrCoTiVAl | TC4 Alloy | BCC + FCC | H | [123] |
TiVCrAlSi | TC4 Alloy | BCC + (Ti,V)5Si3 | H + WR | [124] |
TiVCrAlSi | TC4 Alloy | BCC + (Ti,V)5Si3 | H + WR + OB | [125] |
FeCoCrNi | TC4 Alloy | FCC + BCC + Cr7C3 | H + CP + OB | [126] |
AlCrNiSiTi | Ti64 Alloy | (Ti,Cr)5Si3 + NiAl | H+ WR | [127] |
NiCrCoTiV | TC4 Alloy | BCC + (Ni,Co)Ti2 | H + WR | [128] |
AlNbMoTaCu | TC4 Alloy | HCP + FCC + BCC | H + WR | [129] |
NbMoTaWTi | TC4 Alloy | BCC | H+WR | [130] |
AlBCoCrNiTi | TC4 Alloy | BCC + TiB2 + (Co,Ni)Ti2 | H + WR | [131] |
AlCoCrFeNiTi | TC4 Alloy | BCC + TiN + (Ni,Co)Ti2 | CP | [132] |
AlCoCrCuFeNi | TC4 Alloy | BCC | H + WR | [133] |
Composite Material Systems | Substrates | Reinforced Phase | Properties | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ceramics | Metals | ||||
B4C | NiCrBSi | TC4 alloy | TiC + TiB2 + CrB | H | [110] |
B4C | Ti + Ni | TA15 alloy | TiB + TiC + TiNi + Ti2Ni | H and WR | [144] |
B4C | Ti811 | Ti811 alloy | TiC + TiB | H | [145] |
B4C | TC4 | TC4 alloy | TiC + TiB2 + TiB | H and WR | [146] |
B4C | Ni60A | TC4 alloy | TiC + TiB2 + CrB + Ni3Ti | H and WR | [147] |
TiC + B4C | Ni204 | TC4 alloy | TiC + TiB2 | H and WR | [61] |
TiC | Ti | TC4 alloy | TiC | H | [148] |
TiC | NiCrBSi | TC4 alloy | TiC + TiB2 | H | [149] |
TiC | Ti-Ni-Si | TA15 alloy | TiC | H and WR | [150] |
TiC | NiCrBSi | TC4 alloy | Cr23C6 + TiC + TiB2 + CrB | WR | [111] |
TiC | Ti + Al + Si | TC4 alloy | TiC + TiAl3 | H and WR | [151] |
TiC | Al | TC4 alloy | Ti3Al + Al3Ti + TiAl + TiC | H | [152] |
TiC + TiB2 | Ti | TC2 alloy | TiC + TiB2 | H and CP | [153] |
TiB2 | TC4 | TC4 alloy | TiB2 + TiB | H and WR | [154] |
TiB2 | Ti | TC4 alloy | TiAl3 + TiAl + Ti3Al + TiB2 | H | [155] |
TiB2 | Ti | TC4 alloy | TiB +TiB2 + B27 | H and WR | [156] |
TiB2 + Al2O3 | Fe3Al | TC4 alloy | Ti3Al + Fe3Al + TiB2 + Al2O3 | H | [157] |
TiB2 | TC4 | TC4 alloy | TiB2 + TiB | H and WR | [158] |
TiN | Al | TC4 alloy | TiN + Ti3Al + TiAl + Al3Ti | H and WR | [159] |
TiN | Co42 | TC4 alloy | NiTi + TiN + TiC + TiB | H and WR | [107] |
TiN | Ti + Al | TC21 alloy | Ti3Al + Ti3AlN + TiN | H and WR | [160] |
TiCN | Ti | TC4 alloy | TiCN + TiO2 | H and WR | [161] |
h-BN | TC4 | TC4 alloy | TiN + TiB+ Ti3N1.29 + BN | WR and B | [162] |
h-BN | Ti | Ti-3Al-2V alloy | TiN + TiB + BN | H and WR | [163] |
TaC | NiCrBSi | TC4 alloy | TiC + TiB2 + TiB + TaC | OB | [164] |
WC | Ni60A | TA2 | WC + TiC | H, OB, and WR | [8] |
WC | Co + Ti | TC4 alloy | TiC + TiB2 + Cr3C2 + WC | WR | [165] |
WC | TC4 | TC4 alloy | W + WC + W2C + TiC | H | [166] |
Cladding Materials | Substrates | Strengthening Phases | Properties | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
TC4 + NiCr-Cr3C2 + CeO2 | TC4 Alloy | FCC + CrTi4 + TiC | H | [68] |
Ni25 + CeO2 | TC4 Alloy | Ti2Ni + Ni3Ti + TiC | H + CP | [184] |
FeCoNiCrMo + CeO2 | TC4 Alloy | BCC + FCC | H + CP | [185] |
TC4 + NiCr-Cr3C2 + CeO2 | TC4 Alloy | FCC + CrTi4 + TiC | H + WR | [186] |
Ni60 + TiN + CeO2 | TC4 Alloy | Ti(C,N) + Ni3Ti + Cr7C3 + TiC | H + WR | [187] |
Co42 + B4C + CeO2 | TC4 Alloy | CoTi2 +NiTi + TiC + Cr7C3 + TiB2 + TiB | H + WR | [188] |
TiC + ZrO2 + CeO2 | TC4 Alloy | TiC + TiO + VC + TiVC2 | H + WR | [187] |
TiCN + SiO2 + CeO2 | TC4 Alloy | TiN + Ti6O + Ti3SiC2 | H + WR | [189] |
TC4-Ni60-CeO2 | Ti811 Alloy | TiC + Ti2Ni + TiB2 | H + WR | [190] |
Ni60A + CeO2 | TC4 Alloy | Ti2Ni + TiC + TiB2 | H + WR | [182] |
Ni60-TiN-C-CeO2 | TC4 Alloy | TiN+ Ti(C,N)+ TiC | H + WR | [191] |
TC4 + B4C + LaB6 | TC4 Alloy | TiC + TiB + TiB2 | H + WR | [146] |
Ti + AlB2 + LaB6 | TC4 Alloy | TiB + Ti3Al | H + WR | [192] |
TC4 + B4C + LaB6 | TC4 Alloy | TiO2 + TiC + TiB + TiB2 | OB | [193] |
NiCrBSi + WC + Y2O3 | TC4 Alloy | TiC + TiB2 + Ni3B | H + WR | [194] |
TC4 + NiCr-Cr3C2 + Y2O3 | TC4 Alloy | FCC + CrTi4 + TiC | H + WR | [195] |
Ti + h-BN + Y2O3 | TC4 Alloy | TiB + TiN | H + WR | [196] |
Ti + B4C + Al + Y2O3 | TC4 Alloy | TiB + TiC | H + WR | [197] |
Co42-B4C-SiC-Y2O3 | TC4 Alloy | CoTi + CoTi2 + NiTi + TiC + TiB2 + TiB + Cr7C3 + Ti5Si3 | H + WR | [105] |
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Zhao, H.; Zhao, C.; Xie, W.; Wu, D.; Du, B.; Zhang, X.; Wen, M.; Ma, R.; Li, R.; Jiao, J.; et al. Research Progress of Laser Cladding on the Surface of Titanium and Its Alloys. Materials 2023, 16, 3250. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16083250
Zhao H, Zhao C, Xie W, Wu D, Du B, Zhang X, Wen M, Ma R, Li R, Jiao J, et al. Research Progress of Laser Cladding on the Surface of Titanium and Its Alloys. Materials. 2023; 16(8):3250. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16083250
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Hui, Chaochao Zhao, Weixin Xie, Di Wu, Beining Du, Xingru Zhang, Min Wen, Rui Ma, Rui Li, Junke Jiao, and et al. 2023. "Research Progress of Laser Cladding on the Surface of Titanium and Its Alloys" Materials 16, no. 8: 3250. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16083250