Aryl Polyphosphonates: Useful Halogen-Free Flame Retardants for Polymers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Main-Chain Phosphorus-Containing Aryl Polyphosphonates
No. | R | R' | MC-ArPPN content (wt %) | Properties of the PET blends | Properties of the PBT blends | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P content (wt %) | LOI (vol%) | P content (wt %) | LOI (vol%) | ||||
0 | 0 | 0 | 17.0 | 0 | 16.5 | ||
1 | 5 | 0.54 | 18.6 | 0.60 | 18.7 | ||
10 | 1.30 | 21.0 | 1.27 | 19.4 | |||
2 | 5 | 0.48 | 18.9 | 0.64 | 18.1 | ||
10 | 1.53 | 22.0 | 1.17 | 19.4 | |||
3 | 10 | 1.09 | 18.8 | 0.83 | 18.3 |
Matrix | PPP content (wt %) | Intrinsic viscosity of PPP (dL/g) | Phosphorus content (wt %) | LOI (vol %) |
---|---|---|---|---|
PET | 5 | 0.46 | 0.52 | 18.6 |
10 | 0.46 | 1.16 | 19.9 | |
5 | 0.17 | 0.54 | 18.6 | |
10 | 0.17 | 1.33 | 20.0 | |
PBT | 5 | 0.46 | 0.58 | 18.7 |
10 | 0.46 | 1.19 | 20.4 | |
5 | 0.17 | 0.66 | 18.7 | |
10 | 0.17 | 1.30 | 20.7 |
Sample | Heat release capacity (J/(g.K)) | Char yield at 800 °C (wt %) |
---|---|---|
BHDB-PPN | 81 ± 11 | 52.0 |
polyethylene | 1676 | 0 |
polystyrene | 927 | 0 |
polycarbonate (BPA) | 359 | 21.7 |
poly(ethylene terephthalate) | 332 | 5.1 |
poly(vinyl chloride) | 138 | 15.3 |
poly(2,6-dimethylene 1,4-phenyleneoxide) | 409 | 25.5 |
poly(phenyl sulfone) | 153 | 38.4 |
Vectra C LCP a | 164 | 40.6 |
iPC : PPC (molar ratio) | Heat release capacity (J/(g.K)) | Thermal stability parameters a | |
---|---|---|---|
5 wt % loss temperature (°C) | Char yield at 800 °C (wt %) | ||
100:0 | 65 ± 5 | 340 | 45 |
77:23 | 48 ± 4 | 346 | 50 |
57:43 | 41 ± 3 | 383 | 56 |
46:54 | 36 ± 2 | 367 | 54 |
39:61 | 40 ± 3 | 390 | 57 |
23:77 | 59 ± 5 | 394 | 55 |
0:100 | 81 ± 11 | 397 | 52 |
PC (wt %) | Flame retardants (wt %) | Flame retardancy | Charyield at 700 °C (wt %) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PSPPP | SSK | LOI | UL-94 rating | ||
100 | 0 | 0 | 26.3 | V-2 | |
95 | 5 | 0 | 31.9 | V-2 | |
95 | 4.5 | 0.5 | 36.8 | V-0 | 18.2 |
95 | 4 | 1 | 35.2 | V-0 | 20.3 |
95 | 2 | 3 | 32.9 | V-0 | 16.5 |
95 | 0 | 5 | 33.0 | V-0 |
3. Main-Chain/Side-Chain Combined Phosphorus-Containing Aryl Polyphosphonates
Sample | First ignition | Second ignition | UL-94 rating | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Burning time (s) a | Observed dripping b | Burning time (s) | Observed dripping | ||
PET/2% PDPTP | 0 | drip | 2 | drip | V-2 |
PET/5% PDPTP | 0 | heavy | 0 | heavy | V-0 |
PET/10% PDPTP | 0 | drip | 0 | drip | V-0 |
PET/2% PDPPP | 0 | drip | 2 | drip | V-2 |
PET/5% PDPPP | 0 | drip | 0 | drip | V-0 |
PET/8% PDPPP | 0 | drip | 0 | drip | V-0 |
PET/5% PDPPP/5% PSTPP | 0 | drip | 0 | drip | V-0 |
PET/2% PSTPP | >180 | scarcely | none c | none | NR |
PET/5% PSTPP | >180 | scarcely | none | none | NR |
PET/10% PSTPP | >180 | no | none | none | NR |
PET/20% PSTPP | 1 | no | 2 | no | V-0 |
- a Average time to self-extinguishing after ignition;
- b Indicated that samples did (yes) or did not (no) drip onto the cotton patch underneath the bar during the UL-94 test.
- c There is no enough sample left after the first ignition, hence the second ignition cannot be carried out in that case.
4. Conclusions and Prospect
Acknowledgements
References and Notes
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Chen, L.; Wang, Y.-Z. Aryl Polyphosphonates: Useful Halogen-Free Flame Retardants for Polymers. Materials 2010, 3, 4746-4760. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3104746
Chen L, Wang Y-Z. Aryl Polyphosphonates: Useful Halogen-Free Flame Retardants for Polymers. Materials. 2010; 3(10):4746-4760. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3104746
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Li, and Yu-Zhong Wang. 2010. "Aryl Polyphosphonates: Useful Halogen-Free Flame Retardants for Polymers" Materials 3, no. 10: 4746-4760. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3104746
APA StyleChen, L., & Wang, Y. -Z. (2010). Aryl Polyphosphonates: Useful Halogen-Free Flame Retardants for Polymers. Materials, 3(10), 4746-4760. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3104746