A Special Material or a New State of Matter: A Review and Reconsideration of the Aerogel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Characteristics, Classification and History
2.1. Basic Characteristics
- (1)
- Structure characteristic: gel-like structure, normally with nanoscale coherent skeletons and pores; hierarchical and fractal microstructure (primary structure coexists and is related with larger-scale structure); able to form macroscopic monolith; randomly crosslinking network, normally composed of non-crystalline matter.
- (2)
- Property characteristic: unique bulk properties different from solid matter, gas matter or normal foam, such as ultralow thermal conductivity, ultralow modulus, ultralow refractive index, ultralow dielectric constant, ultralow sound speed, high specific surface area and ultrawide adjustable ranges of the density and the refractive index (especially for silica aerogel); ultralow relative density and ultrahigh porosity.
2.2. Classification
2.3. Brief History
3. Preparation
- (i)
- Solution-sol transition: nanoscale sol particles are formed in the precursor solution spontaneously or catalyzed by the catalysts via hydrolysis and condensation reactions.
- (ii)
- Sol-gel transition (gelation): the sol particles are crosslinked and hierarchically assembled into a wet gel with the coherent network.
- (iii)
- Gel-aerogel transition (drying): the solvent inside the wet gel is replayed by the air without serious microstructure damage.
3.1. The Preparation of the Single-Component Aerogel
3.1.1. Oxide-Based Aerogel
3.1.2. Organic Aerogel
3.1.3. Carbon Aerogel
3.1.4. Chalcogenide Aerogel
3.1.5. Other Single-Component Aerogel
3.2. The Preparation of the Composite Aerogel
3.2.1. Multi-Composition Aerogel
3.2.2. Gradient Aerogel
3.2.3. Micro-/Nano-Composite Aerogel
4. Research Tendency
4.1. The Preparation of Novel Single-Component Aerogels
4.2. Material Design of Composite Aerogels
4.3. Industrial Application of the Aerogels
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
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Du, A.; Zhou, B.; Zhang, Z.; Shen, J. A Special Material or a New State of Matter: A Review and Reconsideration of the Aerogel. Materials 2013, 6, 941-968. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6030941
Du A, Zhou B, Zhang Z, Shen J. A Special Material or a New State of Matter: A Review and Reconsideration of the Aerogel. Materials. 2013; 6(3):941-968. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6030941
Chicago/Turabian StyleDu, Ai, Bin Zhou, Zhihua Zhang, and Jun Shen. 2013. "A Special Material or a New State of Matter: A Review and Reconsideration of the Aerogel" Materials 6, no. 3: 941-968. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6030941
APA StyleDu, A., Zhou, B., Zhang, Z., & Shen, J. (2013). A Special Material or a New State of Matter: A Review and Reconsideration of the Aerogel. Materials, 6(3), 941-968. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6030941