Material and Structural Performance Evaluations of Hwangtoh Admixtures and Recycled PET Fiber-Added Eco-Friendly Concrete for CO2 Emission Reduction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material Properties and Mix Proportions
2.1. Hwangtoh
2.2. Recycled PET Fibers
2.3. Optimal Hwangtoh Replacement Ratio Selection
Composition type | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MgO | CaO | K2O | TiO2 | Na2O |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
KH | 42.5 | 36.6 | 4.05 | 0.69 | 0.57 | 0.41 | 0.23 | 0.18 |
CH | 57.0 | 18.0 | 6.15 | 0.32 | 8.91 | 0.2 | 0.25 | 0.20 |
GGBS (Slag) | 41.2 | 34.2 | 11.7 | 8.81 | - | 0.31 | - | 0.29 |
Specimens | W/B (%) | S/A (%) | Replacement ratio of Hwangtoh (%) | Replacement ratio of GGBS (%) | Unit weight (kg/m3) | RPET fiber (%) | SP (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W | C | HT | GGBS | S | G | |||||||
Control | 55 | 44.8 | - | - | 186.7 | 339.4 | - | - | 746.7 | 958.1 | - | 0.7 |
SC | - | 30 | 237.6 | - | 101.8 | - | ||||||
KH | 20 | - | 271.5 | 67.9 | - | - | ||||||
CH | 20 | - | 271.5 | 67.9 | - | - | ||||||
KHS | 20 | 30 | 169.7 | 67.9 | 101.8 | - | ||||||
CHS | 20 | 30 | 169.7 | 67.9 | 101.8 | - | ||||||
KHSP | 20 | 30 | 169.7 | 67.9 | 101.8 | 0.5 | ||||||
CHSP | 20 | 30 | 169.7 | 67.9 | 101.8 | 0.5 | ||||||
RPET | - | - | 339.4 | - | - | 0.5 |
3. Experiment Methods
3.1. Compressive Strength and Elastic Modulus Tests
3.2. Method for pH Tests
3.3. Carbonation Depth Test
3.4. Creep Test Method
3.5. Drying Shrinkage Cracking Test Methods
3.6. Reinforced Concrete (RC) Flexural Test Methods
4. Experiment Results and Discussion
4.1. Compressive Strength and Elastic Modulus
4.2. Compression Failure Behavior
4.3. Measurement of pH
4.4. Carbonation Depth
4.5. Creep Strain
4.6. Free and Restrained Drying Shrinkage Cracking Behaviors
Specimens | Full-through cracking time (Days) |
---|---|
Control | 20 |
KH | 16 |
CH | 15 |
KHSP | 21 |
CHSP | 19 |
RPET | 24 |
4.7. Load-Deflection Relation
Specimens | Pcr (kN) | ∆cr (mm) | Py (kN) | ∆y (mm) | Pu (kN) | ∆u (mm) | Ductility Index(∆u/∆y) | Relative Ductility Index |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 42.5 | 0.84 | 112.1 | 4.09 | 129.56 | 29.6 | 7.24 | 1 |
SC | 50.8 | 0.94 | 121.1 | 4.03 | 129.95 | 26.1 | 6.48 | 0.90 |
KH | 45.5 | 0.82 | 120.2 | 4.29 | 130.54 | 26.4 | 6.15 | 0.85 |
CH | 46.8 | 0.77 | 117.6 | 4.16 | 129.16 | 38.6 | 9.28 | 1.28 |
KHS | 43.9 | 1.02 | 118.2 | 4.35 | 131.52 | 27.1 | 6.23 | 0.86 |
CHS | 45.3 | 1.18 | 112.5 | 4.17 | 126.62 | 31.5 | 7.55 | 1.04 |
KHSP | 42.9 | 0.76 | 117.2 | 4.29 | 140.00 | 59.8 | 13.94 | 1.93 |
CHSP | 49.4 | 0.79 | 118.8 | 4.27 | 146.60 | 63.4 | 14.85 | 2.05 |
RPET | 49.0 | 0.74 | 117.0 | 4.11 | 152.39 | 59.8 | 14.55 | 2.01 |
4.8. Ductility Index
4.9. Cracking Modes
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- From the trial tests, the optimum replacement ratio of Hwangtoh powder to cement is 20%. In addition, without using a chemical water-reducing admixture, desired workability can be achieved through the addition of blast furnace slag powder. By replacing cement with Hwangtoh and blast furnace slag powders in proportions of up to 50%, eco-friendly Hwangtoh concrete with material properties equivalent to the properties of OPC concrete can be developed.
- (2)
- According to the results of the tests herein, Hwangtoh concrete exhibits a slightly lower compressive strength and elastic modulus than plain concrete. However, the differences (less than 2%–6%) are minute, thus, validating the possibility of using Hwangtoh concrete as a structural construction material.
- (3)
- The free drying shrinkage strain of Hwangtoh concrete is approximately 1.5 to 2.0 times greater than the free drying shrinkage strain of plain concrete. The cracking time of Hwangtoh concrete is approximately five days earlier than the cracking time of plain concrete. However, the cracking time of the recycled PET fiber-reinforced Hwangtoh concrete is similar to the cracking time of plain concrete. Accordingly, these finding suggest that the crack-prone characteristics of Hwangtoh concrete can be mitigated by adding short plastic fibers, such as PP or PET fibers, to the material.
- (4)
- Hwangtoh concrete measures slightly lower pH values than the pH values of ordinary cement concrete. The carbonation depth of Hwangtoh concrete is larger than the carbonation depth of ordinary cement concrete due to the decreased production of calcium oxide caused by the replacement of ordinary cement with Hwangtoh. Creep strain is highest in Hwangtoh-PET fiber concrete, followed by slag cement concrete and Hwangtoh concrete. These findings show that there is a tradeoff between drying shrinkage strain resistance and creep strain resistance, which comes with the addition of PET fibers.
- (5)
- The flexural failure behavior of Hwangtoh concrete RC beams is very similar to the flexural failure behavior control specimens herein. The fiber-bridging capability of members reinforced with recycled PET fibers in the tensile region improves the flexural capacity of the RC members by delaying ultimate failure.
- (6)
- This study’s evaluation of the ductility index reveals almost no difference between Hwangtoh and plain concrete without recycled PET fibers. RC specimens with recycled PET fibers, however, have relative ductility indices that are approximately twice as great as the ductility indices of concrete without recycled PET fibers. Therefore, the ductility of RC members cast with Hwangtoh concrete is significantly improved by the addition of recycled PET fibers.
- (7)
- Since all of the performance evaluations are conducted under normal environments in dry condition, additional durability tests of the material in a variety of aggressive environments, such as seawater, must be addressed in future works.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Koo, B.-M.; Kim, J.-H.J.; Kim, S.-B.; Mun, S. Material and Structural Performance Evaluations of Hwangtoh Admixtures and Recycled PET Fiber-Added Eco-Friendly Concrete for CO2 Emission Reduction. Materials 2014, 7, 5959-5981. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7085959
Koo B-M, Kim J-HJ, Kim S-B, Mun S. Material and Structural Performance Evaluations of Hwangtoh Admixtures and Recycled PET Fiber-Added Eco-Friendly Concrete for CO2 Emission Reduction. Materials. 2014; 7(8):5959-5981. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7085959
Chicago/Turabian StyleKoo, Bon-Min, Jang-Ho Jay Kim, Sung-Bae Kim, and Sungho Mun. 2014. "Material and Structural Performance Evaluations of Hwangtoh Admixtures and Recycled PET Fiber-Added Eco-Friendly Concrete for CO2 Emission Reduction" Materials 7, no. 8: 5959-5981. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7085959