Medicinal Potential, Utilization and Domestication Status of Bitter Kola (Garcinia kola Heckel) in West and Central Africa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Taxonomy
3. Distribution and Ecology
4. Botanical Description
5. Use
6. Biochemical Characterization
6.1. Nutritional Values
6.2. Biological Activities and Secondary Metabolites
7. Tree Management and Cultivation
7.1. Seed Dormancy and Germination
7.2. Harvesting and Seed Storage
8. Economic Potential
9. Domestication Status
10. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Department, Country | Ondo State, Nigeria a | Southwest Region, Cameroon b | Ouémé, Plateau, Benin c | Ouémé, Atlantique, Plateau, Benin d |
---|---|---|---|---|
DBH (cm) | 43.6 ± 15.2 | 33.8 ± 0.1 | 41.8 ± 2.5 | 43.79 ± 1.8 |
Tree height (m) | 16.5 ± 2.9 | 13.7 ± 4.9 | 12.9 ± 0.6 | 14.83 ± 0.3 |
Trunk height (m) | ND | 3.7 ± 2.4 | 3.4 ± 0.3 | 3.08 ± 0.2 |
Crown diameter (m) | 8.9 ± 2.4 | 10.4 ± 2.8 | 8 ± 0.4 | 9.12 ± 0.3 |
Leaf blade length (cm) | 7.9 ± 1.9 | 12.9 ± 3.3 | 10.8 ± 0.3 | 11.9 ± 2.01 |
Leaf blade width (cm) | 3.8 ± 0.8 | 5.1 ± 1.6 | 4.9 ± 0.2 | 5.0 ± 0.7 |
Fruit weight (g) | 127.5 ± 47.4 | 144 ± 43.9 | 142.7 ± 10 | 93.7 ± 2.6 |
Fruit diameter (cm) | ND | 6.9 ± 0.7 | ND | ND |
Fruit length (cm) | 6.5 ± 0.9 | 6.5 ± 1 | 6.5 ± 1.6 | 5.3 ± 0.6 |
Fruit width (cm) | 6.2 ± 0.8 | ND | 6.8 ± 1.6 | 5.7 ± 0.5 |
Seed weight (g) | 5.4 ± 2.1 | 5.9 ± 1.8 | 7.8 ± 0.4 | 6.3 ± 0.2 |
Seed length (cm) | 3.2 ± 0.5 | 2.9 ± 0.5 | 3.4 ± 0.9 | 2.9 ± 0.8 |
Seed width (cm) | 1.7 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 2 ± 0.4 | 1.7 ± 0.3 |
Composition | Odebunmi et al. 2009 a (%) | Ibekwe et al. 2007 b (% dry wt. basis) | Esiegwu & Udedibie 2009 c (% dry wt. basis) | Eleyinmi et al. 2006 d (g/100 g) | Dosunmu & Johnson 1995 e (g/100 g) | Onyekwelu et al. 2015 f (% fresh wt. basis) | Asaolu 2003 g (% fresh wt. basis) | Arogba 2000 h (% dry wt. basis) | Adesuyi et al. 2012 i (%) | Manourova 2017 j (% dry wt. basis) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hulls | Included | Not spec. | Not spec. | Excluded | Excluded | Included | Not spec. | Excluded | Excluded | Excluded |
Moisture | 60.48 ± 0.06 | 14.6 | 92.7 | 9.73 | 84.1 ± 1 | 71.97 ± 0.00 | 75.5 | 10 ± 0.2 | 7.2 ± 0.08 | 42.3 ± 6.33 |
Ash | 0.79 ± 0.005 | 5.0 | 1.07 | 1.14 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 0.33 ± 0.03 | 5.9 | 3.1 ± 0.1 | 0.47 ± 0.09 | 0.33 ± 0.19 |
Crude protein | 2.48 ± 0.10 | 0.58 | 2.64 | 3.95 | 7.8 ± 0.8 | 1.74 ± 0.00 | 4.25 | 7 ± 0.2 | 1.86 ± 0.15 | 6.48 ± 1.12 |
Crude fat | 4.51 ± 0.56 | 3.0 | 9.47 | 4.33 | 8.7 ± 0.3 | 0.95 ± 0.12 | 14.5 | 9.9 ± 0.3 | 0.19 ± 0.32 | 1.48 ± 0.27 |
Crude fibre | 5.23 ± 0.16 | 10.0 | 20.51 | 11.40 | 13.9 ± 0.3 | 3.22 ± 0.19 | NE | NE | 1.23 ± 0.15 | 2.27 ± 0.47 |
NFE | 35.64 | 91.3 | 57.54 | 69.45 | 67.2 ± 1 | 21.79 ± 0.36 | 10.85 | 70 ± 1.4 | 88.3 ± 0.08 | 47.19 ** |
Composition | Odebunmi et al. 2009 a (mg/kg) | Eleyinmi et al. 2006 b (mg/kg) | Dosunmu and Johnson 1995 c (mg/100 g) | Okwu, 2005 d (mg/100 g−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hulls | Included | Excluded | Excluded | Included |
Na | NE | 86.4 | 1.8 | 0.72 ± 0.10 |
K | 722.10 ± 0.00 | 335 | 499 | 2.50 ± 0.10 |
Ca | 67.07 ± 0.12 | 34.1 | 100 | 1.80 ± 0.40 |
Mg | 114.83 ± 3.47 | 28.1 | 166 | 0.42 ± 0.30 |
Fe | 6.10 ± 0.43 | NE | 4.2 | 17.75 ± 0.30 |
Zn | 2.30 ± 0.08 | NE | 3.5 | 2.30 ± 0.01 |
P | 188.57 ± 0.37 | 243 | 720 | 0.33 ± 0.10 |
Cu | NE | 38.4 | 1.3 | 0.78 ± 0.20 |
Co | NE | 102 | NE | 0.55 ± 0.20 |
Cr | NE | ND | 0.2 | ND |
Constituents | Okwu (2005) a | Adesuyi (2012) b | Onyekwelu et al. (2015) c | Adegboye et al. (2008) d | Popoola et al. (2016) e | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Presence | Amount (mg/100 g) | Presence | Amount (mg/100 g) | Presence | Amount (mg/g) | Presence | Presence | |
Phenols | + | 0.11 ± 0.2 | + | 0.147 ± 0.00 | + | 21.08 ± 0.21 | + | + |
Flavonoids | + | 1.98 ± 0.2 | + | 2.041 ± 0.30 | + | 0.79 ±0.18 | + | + |
Steroids | ND | ND | ND | + | − | |||
Glycosides | ND | + | 3.421 ± 0.00 | ND | + | + | ||
Alkaloids | + | 0.36 ± 0.1 | + | 0.647 ± 0.20 | + | 0.139 | − | + |
Tannins | + | 0.26 ± 0.2 | + | 0.342 ± 0.00 | + | 0.2 | + | + |
Saponins | + | 11.48 ± 0.1 | + | 2.471 ± 0.00 | + | 7.31 | + | + |
Phytate | ND | + | 0.570 ± 0.05 | + | 2.47 | ND | ND | |
Oxalate | ND | + | 0.423 ± 0.00 | + | 1.26 | ND | ND |
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Maňourová, A.; Leuner, O.; Tchoundjeu, Z.; Van Damme, P.; Verner, V.; Přibyl, O.; Lojka, B. Medicinal Potential, Utilization and Domestication Status of Bitter Kola (Garcinia kola Heckel) in West and Central Africa. Forests 2019, 10, 124. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10020124
Maňourová A, Leuner O, Tchoundjeu Z, Van Damme P, Verner V, Přibyl O, Lojka B. Medicinal Potential, Utilization and Domestication Status of Bitter Kola (Garcinia kola Heckel) in West and Central Africa. Forests. 2019; 10(2):124. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10020124
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaňourová, Anna, Olga Leuner, Zacharie Tchoundjeu, Patrick Van Damme, Vladimír Verner, Ondřej Přibyl, and Bohdan Lojka. 2019. "Medicinal Potential, Utilization and Domestication Status of Bitter Kola (Garcinia kola Heckel) in West and Central Africa" Forests 10, no. 2: 124. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10020124