Unique Bee Communities within Vacant Lots and Urban Farms Result from Variation in Surrounding Urbanization Intensity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Code | Species Name | Nesting Guild a | Origin b |
---|---|---|---|
AA | Augochlorella aurata | MINER | Native |
AB | Andrena barbilobris | MINER | Native |
AC | Andrena commoda | MINER | Native |
AM | Andrena miserabilis | MINER | Native |
AMM | Anthidium manicatum | MINER | Exotic |
AO | Anthidium oblongatum | MINER | Exotic |
AP | Augochlora pura | RENT | Native |
APM | Apis mellifera | RENT | Exotic |
AS | Agapostemon sericeus | MINER | Native |
AT | Agapostemon texanus | MINER | Native |
AV | Agapostemon virescens | MINER | Native |
AV | Andrena vicina | MINER | Native |
AW | Andrena wilkella | MINER | Exotic |
BB | Bombus bimaculatus | RENT | Native |
BF | Bombus fervidus | RENT | Native |
BG | Bombus griseocollis | RENT | Native |
BI | Bombus impatiens | RENT | Native |
CA | Calliopsis andreniformis | MINER | Native |
CC | Ceratina calcarata | PITH | Native |
CL | Colletes latitarsis | MINER | Native |
CS | Ceratina stenua | PITH | Native |
CSY | Coelioxys sayi | NONEST | Native |
HAM | Hylaeus addinis/modestus | RENT | Native |
HC | Halictus confusus | MINER | Native |
HCR | Heriades carinata | RENT | Native |
HF | Hylaeus fedorica | RENT | Native |
HH | Hylaeus hyalinatus | RENT | Exotic |
HL | Halictus ligatus | MINER | Native |
HM | Hylaeus mesillae | RENT | Native |
HMO | Hylaeus modestus | RENT | Native |
HP | Hylaeus pictipes | RENT | Exotic |
HR | Halictus rubicundus | MINER | Native |
LE | Lasioglossum ephialtum | MINER | Native |
LF | Lasioglossum fuscipenne | MINER | Native |
LH | Lasioglossum hitchensi | MINER | Native |
LI | Lasioglossum imitatum | MINER | Native |
LL | Lasioglossum leucozonium | MINER | Native |
LM | Lasioglossum mendica | MINER | Native |
LP | Lasioglossum pectorale | MINER | Native |
LPI | Lasioglossum pilosum | MINER | Native |
LS | Lasioglossum smilacinae | MINER | Native |
LT | Lasioglossum tegulare | MINER | Native |
LZ | Lasioglossum zonulum | MINER | Native |
MA | Megachile apicalis | RENT | Exotic |
MAG | Melissodes agilis | MINER | Native |
MB | Melissodes bimaculata | MINER | Native |
MC | Megachile concinna | RENT | Native |
ML | Megachile latimanus | RENT | Native |
MM | Megachile mendica | RENT | Native |
MMO | Megachile montivaga | RENT | Native |
MP | Megachile pugnata | RENT | Native |
MR | Megachile rotundata | RENT | Exotic |
MS | Megachile sculpturalis | RENT | Exotic |
MSU | Melissodes subillatas | MINER | Native |
MT | Megachile texana | RENT | Native |
MTR | Melissodes trinodis | MINER | Native |
NB | Nomada bidentate grp | NONEST | Native |
OC | Osmia caerulescens | RENT | Exotic |
OP | Osmia pumila | RENT | Native |
PP | Peponapis pruinosa | MINER | Native |
TL | Triepeolus lunatus | NONEST | Native |
XV | Xylocopa virginica | CARPENTER | Native |
Code | Species Name | Common Name |
---|---|---|
AS | Allium schoenoprasum | Chives |
ASY | Asclepias syriaca | Common Milkweed |
BD | Buddleja davidii | Butterfly Bush |
CB | Cosmos bipinnatus | Cosmos |
CI | Cichorium intybus | Chicory |
CP | Cucurbita pepo | Squash |
CS | Cucumis sativus | Cucumber |
DC | Daucus carota | Queen Ann’s Lace |
EP | Echinacea purpurea | Purple Coneflower |
FA | Fragaria x ananassa | Strawberry |
HA | Helianthus annuus | Sunflower |
LC | Lotus corniculatus | birds-foot trefoil |
LS | Lavandula spp. | Lavender |
LV | Leucanthemum vulgare | Oxeye daisy |
NC | Nepeta cataria | Catnip |
PL | Plantago lanceolata | Narrowleaf Plantain |
RH | Rudbeckia hirta | Black-eyed Susan |
RI | Rubus idaeus | Raspberry |
SB | Stachys byzantina | Lamb’s Ear |
SL | Solanum lycopersicum | Tomato |
TP | Trifolium pratense | Red Clover |
TR | Trifolium repens | White Clover |
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Family | Species | Urban Farms | Vacant Lots | Nesting Guild | Status | Size (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Andrenidae | Andrena barbilabris | 0 | 1 | MINER | Native | 10.50 |
Andrena commoda | 4 | 19 | MINER | Native | 11.00 | |
Andrena cressonii | 1 | 3 | MINER | Native | 9.50 | |
Andrena dunningi | 1 | 0 | MINER | Native | 11.50 | |
Andrena erigeniae | 3 | 2 | MINER | Native | 7.50 | |
Andrena miserabilis | 3 | 0 | MINER | Native | 7.60 | |
Andrena nasonii | 5 | 0 | MINER | Native | 7.50 | |
Andrena perplexa | 0 | 2 | MINER | Native | 12.00 | |
Andrena violae | 0 | 9 | MINER | Native | 10.00 | |
Andrena wilkella | 2 | 3 | MINER | Exotic | 10.50 | |
Andrena ziziae | 0 | 1 | MINER | Native | 6.00 | |
Calliopsis andreniformis | 4 | 15 | MINER | Native | 6.50 | |
Apidae | Anthophora terminalis | 1 | 1 | MINER | Native | 11.75 |
Apis mellifera | 40 | 35 | RENT | Exotic | 13.50 | |
Bombus fervidus | 3 | 13 | RENT | Native | 10.50 | |
Bombus griseocollis | 4 | 4 | RENT | Native | 13.75 | |
Bombus impatiens | 15 | 2 | RENT | Native | 12.25 | |
Bombus perplexus | 0 | 1 | RENT | Native | 13.00 | |
Bombus vagans | 0 | 1 | RENT | Native | 10.75 | |
Ceratina calcarata | 43 | 107 | PITH | Native | 6.50 | |
Ceratina mikmaqi | 0 | 2 | PITH | Native | 6.50 | |
Ceratina strenua | 0 | 1 | PITH | Native | 5.50 | |
Holcopasites calliopsidis | 1 | 0 | NONEST | Native | 5.50 | |
Melissodes bimaculatus | 70 | 49 | MINER | Native | 13.00 | |
Melissodes druriellus | 0 | 1 | MINER | Native | 9.90 | |
Melissodes trinodis | 1 | 2 | MINER | Native | 10.50 | |
Nomada articulata | 1 | 2 | NONEST | Native | 9.00 | |
Nomada bidentate group | 1 | 1 | NONEST | Native | 7.35 | |
Nomada cressonii | 0 | 1 | NONEST | Native | 7.50 | |
Nomada imbricata | 1 | 0 | NONEST | Native | 9.50 | |
Nomada luteoloides | 1 | 2 | NONEST | Native | 7.00 | |
Nomada maculata | 1 | 0 | NONEST | Native | 9.75 | |
Nomada pygmaea | 0 | 1 | NONEST | Native | 7.25 | |
Peponapis pruinosa | 25 | 34 | MINER | Native | 12.49 | |
Triepeolus remigatus | 0 | 1 | NONEST | Native | 13.00 | |
Xylocopa virginica | 3 | 5 | CARPENTER | Native | 20.00 | |
Colletidae | Hylaeus affinis | 0 | 5 | RENT | Native | 5.50 |
Hylaeus affinis/modestus | 0 | 5 | RENT | Native | 5.75 | |
Hylaeus hyalinatus | 12 | 7 | RENT | Exotic | 5.89 | |
Hylaeus modestus | 0 | 2 | RENT | Native | 5.75 | |
Hylaeus pictipes | 0 | 3 | RENT | Exotic | 4.35 | |
Halictidae | Agapostemon sericeus | 12 | 20 | MINER | Native | 9.41 |
Agapostemon texanus | 39 | 61 | MINER | Native | 10.00 | |
Agapostemon virescens | 279 | 436 | MINER | Native | 10.50 | |
Augochlora pura | 1 | 6 | RENT | Native | 8.00 | |
Augochlorella aurata | 10 | 22 | MINER | Native | 5.25 | |
Halictus confusus | 38 | 82 | MINER | Native | 7.00 | |
Halictus ligatus | 65 | 109 | MINER | Native | 8.50 | |
Halictus rubicundus | 0 | 2 | MINER | Native | 10.50 | |
Lasioglossum admirandum | 11 | 5 | MINER | Native | 5.25 | |
Lasioglossum anomalum | 11 | 0 | MINER | Native | 4.00 | |
Lasioglossum apocyni | 0 | 1 | MINER | Native | 4.56 | |
Lasioglossum bruneri | 5 | 5 | MINER | Native | 6.30 | |
Lasioglossum cattellae | 0 | 6 | MINER | Native | 5.10 | |
Lasioglossum cinctipes | 0 | 1 | MINER | Native | 8.00 | |
Lasioglossum coeruleum | 6 | 5 | MINER | Native | 6.18 | |
Lasioglossum cressonii | 0 | 2 | MINER | Native | 5.96 | |
Lasioglossum ellisiae | 3 | 3 | MINER | Native | 4.32 | |
Lasioglossum ephialtum | 54 | 28 | MINER | Native | 5.31 | |
Lasioglossum hitchensi | 23 | 40 | MINER | Native | 4.85 | |
Lasioglossum illinoense | 5 | 4 | MINER | Native | 4.70 | |
Lasioglossum imitatum | 39 | 45 | MINER | Native | 4.18 | |
Lasioglossum laevissimum | 2 | 14 | MINER | Native | 6.11 | |
Lasioglossum leucocomum | 19 | 55 | MINER | Native | 5.43 | |
Lasioglossum leucozonium | 17 | 74 | MINER | Native | 7.50 | |
Lasioglossum lineatulum | 2 | 6 | MINER | Native | 6.00 | |
Lasioglossum lionotum | 0 | 1 | MINER | Native | 4.30 | |
Lasioglossum pectorale | 24 | 26 | MINER | Native | 5.50 | |
Lasioglossum pilosum | 65 | 53 | MINER | Native | 6.00 | |
Lasioglossum subviridatum | 1 | 24 | MINER | Native | 10.79 | |
Lasioglossum tegulare | 10 | 3 | MINER | Native | 8.30 | |
Lasioglossum versatum | 1 | 2 | MINER | Native | 5.92 | |
Lasioglossum weemsi | 8 | 8 | MINER | Native | 9.14 | |
Lasioglossum zephyrum | 4 | 2 | MINER | Native | 6.08 | |
Lasioglossum zonulum | 0 | 2 | MINER | Native | 7.50 | |
Sphecodes atlantis | 0 | 1 | NONEST | Native | 5.63 | |
Sphecodes coronus | 1 | 1 | NONEST | Native | 5.85 | |
Sphecodes cressonii | 2 | 1 | NONEST | Native | 5.25 | |
Sphecodes mandibularis | 3 | 0 | NONEST | Native | 5.36 | |
Sphecodes minor | 0 | 1 | NONEST | Native | 6.75 | |
Megachilidae | Anthidium manicatum | 1 | 1 | MINER | Exotic | 14.00 |
Anthidium oblongatum | 1 | 22 | MINER | Exotic | 8.55 | |
Megachile apicalis | 2 | 0 | RENT | Exotic | 7.50 | |
Megachile brevis | 1 | 0 | RENT | Native | 9.50 | |
Megachile centuncularis | 1 | 3 | RENT | Native | 9.50 | |
Megachile frigida | 1 | 0 | RENT | Native | 13.00 | |
Megachile mendica | 2 | 3 | RENT | Native | 10.50 | |
Megachile pugnata | 0 | 1 | RENT | Native | 14.50 | |
Megachile relativa | 0 | 1 | RENT | Native | 10.00 | |
Megachile rotundata | 12 | 28 | RENT | Exotic | 8.00 | |
Megachile texana | 1 | 2 | RENT | Native | 12.00 | |
Osmia atriventris | 0 | 1 | RENT | Native | 7.50 | |
Osmia bucephala | 1 | 1 | RENT | Native | 14.50 | |
Osmia caerulescens | 4 | 33 | RENT | Exotic | 10.00 | |
Osmia georgica | 9 | 13 | RENT | Native | 8.25 | |
Osmia pumila | 3 | 14 | RENT | Native | 7.50 | |
Osmia subfasciata | 1 | 0 | RENT | Native | 7.50 | |
Osmia taurus | 2 | 0 | RENT | Exotic | 11.10 | |
TOTAL | 1048 | 1623 |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Sivakoff, F.S.; Prajzner, S.P.; Gardiner, M.M. Unique Bee Communities within Vacant Lots and Urban Farms Result from Variation in Surrounding Urbanization Intensity. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1926. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10061926
Sivakoff FS, Prajzner SP, Gardiner MM. Unique Bee Communities within Vacant Lots and Urban Farms Result from Variation in Surrounding Urbanization Intensity. Sustainability. 2018; 10(6):1926. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10061926
Chicago/Turabian StyleSivakoff, Frances S., Scott P. Prajzner, and Mary M. Gardiner. 2018. "Unique Bee Communities within Vacant Lots and Urban Farms Result from Variation in Surrounding Urbanization Intensity" Sustainability 10, no. 6: 1926. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10061926