Examining the Relationship between Household Vehicle Ownership and Ridesharing Behaviors in the United States
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Data
3.1. Data Source
3.2. Descriptive Analysis of Ridesharing Usage
3.3. Variable Definitions and Descriptive Statistics
3.3.1. Dependent Variable
3.3.2. Independent Variables
3.3.3. Control Variables
4. Methodology
4.1. Model Selection
4.2. Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial Regression Model
4.2.1. ZINB Distribution
4.2.2. ZINB Fixed Model
4.2.3. Application of the ZINB Model
5. Results
5.1. Results for the Relationship between Household Vehicle Ownership and Ridesharing Usage
5.2. Results for the Relationship between Count of Household Vehicles and Ridesharing Usage Varying by Population Density
5.3. Results for the Relationship between Household Vehicle Ownership Level and Ridesharing Usage Varying by Population Density
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Definition | Type | Obs. | Mean | Std. Dev. | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent Variable | |||||||
Rideshare | Frequency of ridesharing usage in the last 30 days | Ordinal | 219,026 | 0.309 | 1.757 | 0 | 99 |
Independent Variables | |||||||
HHvehcount | Count of household vehicles | Ordinal | 219,026 | 2.232 | 1.231 | 0 | 12 |
Vehicle 0 | Count of household vehicles is zero | Dummy | 219,026 | 0.033 | 0.180 | 0 | 1 |
Vehicle 1 | Count of household vehicles is one | Dummy | 219,026 | 0.229 | 0.420 | 0 | 1 |
Vehicle 2 | Count of household vehicles is two | Dummy | 219,026 | 0.415 | 0.493 | 0 | 1 |
Vehicle 3 | Count of household vehicles is three or more | Dummy | 219,026 | 0.322 | 0.467 | 0 | 1 |
Control Variables | |||||||
Individual characteristics | |||||||
Female | Individual is female (Yes = 1, No = 0) | Dummy | 219,026 | 0.531 | 0.499 | 0 | 1 |
Age | Individual’s age (years) | Ordinal | 219,026 | 53.025 | 18.245 | 16 | 92 |
Education | Individual’s education level: 1 = less than high school, 2 = high school/General Educational Development (GED), 3 = some college/associate, 4 = bachelor, 5 = graduate/professional | Ordinal | 219,026 | 3.332 | 1.185 | 1 | 5 |
White | Individual’s race is white (Yes = 1, No = 0) | Dummy | 219,026 | 0.822 | 0.383 | 0 | 1 |
Worker | Individual is a worker (Yes = 1, No = 0) | Dummy | 219,026 | 0.549 | 0.498 | 0 | 1 |
Driver | Individual is a driver (Yes = 1, No = 0) | Dummy | 219,026 | 0.919 | 0.272 | 0 | 1 |
Household characteristics | |||||||
HHincome | Household income level: 1 = less than $10 k, 2 = $10 k to $15 k, 3 = $15 k to $25 k, 4 = $25 k to $35 k, 5 = $35 k to $50 k, 6 = $50 k to $75 k, 7 = $75 k to $100 k, 8 = $100 k to $125 k, 9 = $125 k to $150 k, 10 = $150 k to $200 k, 11 = $200 k or more | Ordinal | 219,026 | 6.315 | 2.593 | 1 | 11 |
Homerent | Home is rental (Yes = 1, No = 0) | Dummy | 219,026 | 0.212 | 0.409 | 0 | 1 |
Regional characteristics | |||||||
Pdensity | Population density (persons per square mile) in the census block group of household’s home location in log | Continuous | 219,026 | 7.172 | 1.752 | 3.9 | 10.3 |
Rail | Home location has heavy rail service (Yes = 1, No = 0) | Dummy | 219,026 | 0.161 | 0.368 | 0 | 1 |
Urban | Household is in an urban area (Yes = 1, No = 0) | Dummy | 219,026 | 0.770 | 0.421 | 0 | 1 |
Public transit usage and season | |||||||
Ptused | Count of public transit usage in the last 30 days | Ordinal | 219,026 | 0.895 | 4.345 | 0 | 240 |
Spring | The survey was conducted in March, April, or May | Dummy | 219,026 | 0.205 | 0.403 | 0 | 1 |
Summer | The survey was conducted in June, July, or August | Dummy | 219,026 | 0.259 | 0.438 | 0 | 1 |
Fall | The survey was conducted in September, October, or November | Dummy | 219,026 | 0.266 | 0.442 | 0 | 1 |
Winter | The survey was conducted in December, January, or February | Dummy | 219,026 | 0.270 | 0.444 | 0 | 1 |
(A) Independent Variable: Count of Household Vehicles | (B) Independent Variable: Household Vehicle Ownership Level | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Coef. | Std. Err. | z Value | p Value | Marginal Effects | Coef. | Std. Err. | z Value | p Value | Marginal Effects |
Non−zero state (not always 0) | Non−zero state (not always 0) | |||||||||
HHvehcount | −0.082 *** | 0.009 | −8.75 | 0.000 | −7.9% | |||||
Vehicle 0 | 0.288 *** | 0.050 | 5.74 | 0.000 | 33.3% | |||||
Vehicle 2 | −0.266 *** | 0.027 | −9.71 | 0.000 | −23.4% | |||||
Vehicle 3 | −0.359 *** | 0.033 | −10.95 | 0.000 | −30.1% | |||||
Female | −0.100 *** | 0.022 | −4.63 | 0.000 | −9.5% | −0.106 *** | 0.021 | −4.95 | 0.000 | −10.1% |
Age | −0.010 *** | 0.001 | −12.70 | 0.000 | −1.0% | −0.011 *** | 0.001 | −13.65 | 0.000 | −1.1% |
Education | −0.032 ** | 0.013 | −2.58 | 0.010 | −3.2% | −0.035 ** | 0.013 | −2.77 | 0.006 | −3.4% |
White | 0.014 | 0.027 | 0.50 | 0.618 | 1.4% | 0.025 | 0.027 | 0.92 | 0.357 | 2.5% |
Worker | 0.009 | 0.029 | 0.30 | 0.762 | 0.9% | 0.008 | 0.029 | 0.27 | 0.784 | 0.8% |
Driver | −0.445 *** | 0.044 | −10.02 | 0.000 | −35.9% | −0.342 *** | 0.046 | −7.39 | 0.000 | −29.0% |
HHincome | 0.059 *** | 0.005 | 12.67 | 0.000 | 6.0% | 0.067 *** | 0.005 | 14.37 | 0.000 | 6.9% |
Homerent | 0.234 *** | 0.027 | 8.81 | 0.000 | 26.3% | 0.181 *** | 0.027 | 6.78 | 0.000 | 19.8% |
Pdensity | 0.138 *** | 0.010 | 13.64 | 0.000 | 14.8% | 0.126 *** | 0.010 | 12.44 | 0.000 | 13.5% |
Rail | 0.109 *** | 0.025 | 4.39 | 0.000 | 11.5% | 0.087 *** | 0.025 | 3.54 | 0.000 | 9.1% |
Urban | −0.358 *** | 0.055 | −6.48 | 0.000 | −30.1% | −0.317 *** | 0.055 | −5.75 | 0.000 | −27.2% |
Ptused | 0.012 *** | 0.002 | 7.17 | 0.000 | 1.2% | 0.010 *** | 0.002 | 6.23 | 0.000 | 1.0% |
Spring | 0.131 *** | 0.031 | 4.24 | 0.000 | 14.0% | 0.124 *** | 0.031 | 4.06 | 0.000 | 13.2% |
Summer | −0.090 ** | 0.030 | −3.05 | 0.002 | −8.6% | −0.084 ** | 0.030 | −2.85 | 0.004 | −8.1% |
Winter | 0.004 | 0.028 | 0.14 | 0.885 | 0.4% | 0.005 | 0.028 | 0.17 | 0.868 | 0.5% |
Intercept | 0.572 *** | 0.105 | 5.45 | 0.000 | 0.561 *** | 0.105 | 5.35 | 0.000 | ||
Zero state (odds of always 0) | Zero state (odds of always 0) | |||||||||
HHvehcount | 0.207 *** | 0.012 | 17.74 | 0.000 | 23.0% | |||||
Vehicle 0 | −0.546 *** | 0.071 | −7.71 | 0.000 | −42.1% | |||||
Vehicle 2 | 0.442 *** | 0.031 | 14.10 | 0.000 | 55.5% | |||||
Vehicle 3 | 0.670 *** | 0.036 | 18.58 | 0.000 | 95.4% | |||||
Female | 0.109 *** | 0.023 | 4.77 | 0.000 | 11.6% | 0.115 *** | 0.023 | 4.99 | 0.000 | 12.2% |
Age | 0.040 *** | 0.001 | 50.49 | 0.000 | 4.1% | 0.041 *** | 0.001 | 50.86 | 0.000 | 4.1% |
Education | −0.464 *** | 0.012 | −38.15 | 0.000 | −37.1% | −0.465 *** | 0.012 | −38.21 | 0.000 | −37.2% |
White | −0.160 *** | 0.029 | −5.43 | 0.000 | −14.8% | −0.164 *** | 0.030 | −5.55 | 0.000 | −15.1% |
Worker | −0.368 *** | 0.028 | −13.13 | 0.000 | −30.8% | −0.372 *** | 0.028 | −13.23 | 0.000 | −31.0% |
Driver | −0.342 *** | 0.050 | −6.77 | 0.000 | −28.9% | −0.456 *** | 0.054 | −8.49 | 0.000 | −36.6% |
HHincome | −0.242 *** | 0.005 | −44.29 | 0.000 | −21.5% | −0.253 *** | 0.006 | −45.30 | 0.000 | −22.4% |
Homerent | −0.610 *** | 0.029 | −20.71 | 0.000 | −45.6% | −0.573 *** | 0.030 | −19.23 | 0.000 | −43.6% |
Pdensity | −0.264 *** | 0.011 | −24.45 | 0.000 | −23.2% | −0.262 *** | 0.011 | −24.26 | 0.000 | −23.1% |
Rail | −0.307 *** | 0.028 | −11.01 | 0.000 | −26.4% | −0.299 *** | 0.028 | −10.71 | 0.000 | −25.9% |
Urban | −0.238 *** | 0.051 | −4.71 | 0.000 | −21.2% | −0.249 *** | 0.051 | −4.92 | 0.000 | −22.0% |
Ptused | −0.059 *** | 0.003 | −17.96 | 0.000 | −5.7% | −0.052 *** | 0.003 | −16.16 | 0.000 | −5.1% |
Spring | 0.072 * | 0.033 | 2.19 | 0.028 | 7.5% | 0.068 * | 0.033 | 2.06 | 0.039 | 7.0% |
Summer | 0.114 *** | 0.032 | 3.58 | 0.000 | 12.1% | 0.114 *** | 0.032 | 3.59 | 0.000 | 12.1% |
Winter | −0.080 ** | 0.031 | −2.60 | 0.009 | −7.6% | −0.078 * | 0.031 | −2.55 | 0.011 | −7.5% |
Intercept | 6.071 *** | 0.106 | 57.07 | 0.000 | 6.293 *** | 0.107 | 58.85 | 0.000 | ||
Number of observations (obs.) | 219,026 | 219,026 | ||||||||
Nonzero obs. | 16,817 | 16,817 | ||||||||
Zero obs. | 202,209 | 202,209 | ||||||||
Log likelihood | −82,654.76 | −82,462.38 | ||||||||
LR chi2 | 1749.03 *** | 1881.69 *** |
High Population Density (Dependent Variable: Rideshare) | Low Population Density (Dependent Variable: Rideshare) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Coef. | Std. Err. | z Value | p Value | Marginal Effects | Coef. | Std. Err. | z Value | p Value | Marginal Effects |
Non−zero state (not always 0) | Non−zero state (not always 0) | |||||||||
HHvehcount | −0.136 *** | 0.012 | −10.92 | 0.000 | −12.7% | −0.057 *** | 0.015 | −3.79 | 0.000 | −5.5% |
Female | −0.077 ** | 0.027 | −2.82 | 0.005 | −7.5% | −0.077 * | 0.037 | −2.07 | 0.038 | −7.4% |
Age | −0.011 *** | 0.001 | −10.48 | 0.000 | −1.1% | −0.013 *** | 0.001 | −10.86 | 0.000 | −1.3% |
Education | −0.01 | 0.016 | −0.64 | 0.521 | −1.0% | 0.047 * | 0.020 | 2.29 | 0.022 | 4.8% |
White | 0.122 *** | 0.034 | 3.63 | 0.000 | 13.0% | −0.207 *** | 0.049 | −4.19 | 0.000 | −18.7% |
Worker | 0.011 | 0.039 | 0.27 | 0.788 | 1.1% | 0.130 ** | 0.045 | 2.88 | 0.004 | 13.9% |
Driver | −0.438 *** | 0.051 | −8.64 | 0.000 | −35.5% | 0.052 | 0.073 | 0.72 | 0.474 | 5.4% |
HHincome | 0.077 *** | 0.006 | 13.12 | 0.000 | 8.0% | 0.075 *** | 0.008 | 9.37 | 0.000 | 7.8% |
Homerent | 0.241 *** | 0.032 | 7.51 | 0.000 | 27.2% | 0.301 *** | 0.049 | 6.12 | 0.000 | 35.1% |
Rail | 0.193 *** | 0.029 | 6.65 | 0.000 | 21.3% | 0.120 ** | 0.046 | 2.63 | 0.009 | 12.8% |
Ptused | 0.009 *** | 0.002 | 5.23 | 0.000 | 0.9% | 0.004 | 0.003 | 1.54 | 0.122 | 0.4% |
Spring | 0.113 ** | 0.040 | 2.84 | 0.005 | 11.9% | 0.169 ** | 0.052 | 3.23 | 0.001 | 18.4% |
Summer | −0.071 | 0.038 | −1.87 | 0.061 | −6.8% | −0.076 | 0.051 | −1.50 | 0.134 | −7.3% |
Winter | −0.011 | 0.036 | −0.31 | 0.758 | −1.1% | 0.093 | 0.048 | 1.93 | 0.053 | 9.8% |
Intercept | 1.337 *** | 0.100 | 13.32 | 0.000 | −0.273 * | 0.125 | −2.19 | 0.029 | ||
Zero state (odds of always 0) | Zero state (odds of always 0) | |||||||||
HHvehcount | 0.262 *** | 0.018 | 14.91 | 0.000 | 29.9% | 0.263 *** | 0.019 | 13.74 | 0.000 | 30.1% |
Female | 0.102 ** | 0.033 | 3.14 | 0.002 | 10.8% | 0.153 *** | 0.042 | 3.65 | 0.000 | 16.6% |
Age | 0.047 *** | 0.001 | 40.48 | 0.000 | 4.8% | 0.038 *** | 0.001 | 27.07 | 0.000 | 3.9% |
Education | −0.466 *** | 0.017 | −26.99 | 0.000 | −37.3% | −0.487 *** | 0.022 | −21.98 | 0.000 | −38.6% |
White | −0.294 *** | 0.039 | −7.50 | 0.000 | −25.5% | 0.093 | 0.058 | 1.60 | 0.109 | 9.8% |
Worker | −0.413 *** | 0.040 | −10.26 | 0.000 | −33.8% | −0.360 *** | 0.050 | −7.25 | 0.000 | −30.2% |
Driver | −0.360 *** | 0.063 | −5.69 | 0.000 | −30.2% | 0.011 | 0.110 | 0.10 | 0.920 | 1.1% |
HHincome | −0.216 *** | 0.008 | −28.51 | 0.000 | −19.4% | −0.311 *** | 0.010 | −30.70 | 0.000 | −26.7% |
Homerent | −0.650 *** | 0.039 | −16.59 | 0.000 | −47.8% | −0.669 *** | 0.058 | −11.44 | 0.000 | −48.8% |
Rail | −0.465 *** | 0.036 | −13.05 | 0.000 | −37.2% | −0.363 *** | 0.061 | −5.97 | 0.000 | −30.4% |
Ptused | −0.042 *** | 0.003 | −12.86 | 0.000 | −4.1% | −1.536 *** | 0.109 | −14.13 | 0.000 | −78.5% |
Spring | 0.086 | 0.047 | 1.82 | 0.068 | 9.0% | 0.154 ** | 0.060 | 2.59 | 0.010 | 16.7% |
Summer | 0.154 *** | 0.045 | 3.43 | 0.001 | 16.6% | 0.192 ** | 0.059 | 3.27 | 0.001 | 21.1% |
Winter | −0.101 * | 0.044 | −2.32 | 0.020 | −9.6% | 0.013 | 0.056 | 0.23 | 0.822 | 1.3% |
Intercept | 3.125 *** | 0.106 | 29.45 | 0.000 | 3.330 *** | 0.153 | 21.79 | 0.000 | ||
Number of obs. | 64,468 | 162,356 | ||||||||
Nonzero obs. | 9023 | 8007 | ||||||||
Zero obs. | 55,445 | 154,349 | ||||||||
Log likelihood | −41,684.62 | −42,105.86 | ||||||||
LR chi2 | 940.26 *** | 388.41 *** |
High Population Density (Dependent Variable: Rideshare) | Low Population Density (Dependent Variable: Rideshare) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Coef. | Std. Err. | z Value | p Value | Marginal Effects | Coef. | Std. Err. | z Value | p Value | Marginal Effects |
Non−zero state (not always 0) | Non−zero state (not always 0) | |||||||||
Vehicle0 | 0.252 *** | 0.054 | 4.69 | 0.000 | 28.7% | 0.167 | 0.100 | 1.68 | 0.093 | 18.2% |
Vehicle2 | −0.293 *** | 0.033 | −8.84 | 0.000 | −25.4% | −0.266 *** | 0.052 | −5.09 | 0.000 | −23.4% |
Vehicle3 | −0.443 *** | 0.043 | −10.43 | 0.000 | −35.8% | −0.346 *** | 0.058 | −6.00 | 0.000 | −29.2% |
Female | −0.088 ** | 0.027 | −3.19 | 0.001 | −8.4% | −0.079 * | 0.037 | −2.13 | 0.034 | −7.6% |
Age | −0.012 *** | 0.001 | −11.06 | 0.000 | −1.2% | −0.015 *** | 0.001 | −11.58 | 0.000 | −1.5% |
Education | −0.011 | 0.016 | −0.69 | 0.490 | −1.1% | 0.045 * | 0.020 | 2.22 | 0.027 | 4.6% |
White | 0.128 *** | 0.033 | 3.83 | 0.000 | 13.7% | −0.195 *** | 0.049 | −3.94 | 0.000 | −17.7% |
Worker | 0.006 | 0.039 | 0.14 | 0.887 | 0.6% | 0.134 ** | 0.045 | 2.95 | 0.003 | 14.3% |
Driver | −0.368 *** | 0.053 | −6.92 | 0.000 | −30.8% | 0.148 | 0.077 | 1.93 | 0.054 | 15.9% |
HHincome | 0.082 *** | 0.006 | 13.94 | 0.000 | 8.6% | 0.087 *** | 0.008 | 10.64 | 0.000 | 9.1% |
Homerent | 0.202 *** | 0.032 | 6.26 | 0.000 | 22.4% | 0.238 *** | 0.050 | 4.74 | 0.000 | 26.8% |
Rail | 0.163 *** | 0.029 | 5.60 | 0.000 | 17.7% | 0.108 * | 0.046 | 2.36 | 0.018 | 11.5% |
Ptused | 0.008 *** | 0.002 | 4.59 | 0.000 | 0.8% | 0.004 | 0.003 | 1.46 | 0.145 | 0.4% |
Spring | 0.105 ** | 0.040 | 2.66 | 0.008 | 11.1% | 0.169 ** | 0.052 | 3.23 | 0.001 | 18.4% |
Summer | −0.069 | 0.038 | −1.83 | 0.068 | −6.7% | −0.074 | 0.051 | −1.46 | 0.146 | −7.1% |
Winter | −0.015 | 0.036 | −0.41 | 0.685 | −1.4% | 0.098 * | 0.048 | 2.03 | 0.043 | 10.3% |
Intercept | 1.239 *** | 0.101 | 12.27 | 0.000 | −0.317 * | 0.130 | −2.44 | 0.015 | ||
Zero state (odds of always 0) | Zero state (odds of always 0) | |||||||||
Vehicle0 | −0.569 *** | 0.083 | −6.88 | 0.000 | −43.4% | −1.160 *** | 0.199 | −5.84 | 0.000 | −68.6% |
Vehicle2 | 0.482 *** | 0.042 | 11.59 | 0.000 | 62.0% | 0.528 *** | 0.063 | 8.39 | 0.000 | 69.5% |
Vehicle3 | 0.729 *** | 0.050 | 14.44 | 0.000 | 107.2% | 0.933 *** | 0.069 | 13.59 | 0.000 | 154.3% |
Female | 0.102 ** | 0.033 | 3.12 | 0.002 | 10.8% | 0.167 *** | 0.043 | 3.91 | 0.000 | 18.1% |
Age | 0.048 *** | 0.001 | 40.73 | 0.000 | 4.9% | 0.039 *** | 0.001 | 26.90 | 0.000 | 4.0% |
Education | −0.465 *** | 0.017 | −26.88 | 0.000 | −37.2% | −0.493 *** | 0.022 | −22.03 | 0.000 | −38.9% |
White | −0.299 *** | 0.039 | −7.59 | 0.000 | −25.9% | 0.082 | 0.059 | 1.39 | 0.165 | 8.6% |
Worker | −0.418 *** | 0.040 | −10.36 | 0.000 | −34.2% | −0.363 *** | 0.050 | −7.24 | 0.000 | −30.5% |
Driver | −0.479 *** | 0.068 | −7.10 | 0.000 | −38.1% | −0.135 | 0.116 | −1.16 | 0.244 | −12.7% |
HHincome | −0.228 *** | 0.008 | −29.42 | 0.000 | −20.4% | −0.325 *** | 0.011 | −30.84 | 0.000 | −27.8% |
Homerent | −0.618 *** | 0.040 | −15.65 | 0.000 | −46.1% | −0.628 *** | 0.060 | −10.48 | 0.000 | −46.6% |
Rail | −0.449 *** | 0.036 | −12.52 | 0.000 | −36.1% | −0.369 *** | 0.062 | −5.98 | 0.000 | −30.9% |
Ptused | −0.037 *** | 0.003 | −11.06 | 0.000 | −3.6% | −1.586 *** | 0.117 | −13.60 | 0.000 | −79.5% |
Spring | 0.083 | 0.047 | 1.76 | 0.078 | 8.7% | 0.150 * | 0.060 | 2.48 | 0.013 | 16.1% |
Summer | 0.150 *** | 0.045 | 3.34 | 0.001 | 16.2% | 0.186 ** | 0.059 | 3.14 | 0.002 | 20.5% |
Winter | −0.100 * | 0.044 | −2.27 | 0.023 | −9.5% | 0.014 | 0.056 | 0.25 | 0.800 | 1.4% |
Intercept | 3.431 *** | 0.108 | 31.85 | 0.000 | 3.617 *** | 0.159 | 22.69 | 0.000 | ||
Number of obs. | 64,468 | 162,356 | ||||||||
Nonzero obs. | 9023 | 8007 | ||||||||
Zero obs. | 55,445 | 154,349 | ||||||||
Log likelihood | −41,582.4 | −42,028.79 | ||||||||
LR chi2 | 1012.03 *** | 433.12 *** |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Zhang, Y.; Zhang, Y. Examining the Relationship between Household Vehicle Ownership and Ridesharing Behaviors in the United States. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2720. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082720
Zhang Y, Zhang Y. Examining the Relationship between Household Vehicle Ownership and Ridesharing Behaviors in the United States. Sustainability. 2018; 10(8):2720. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082720
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Yuanyuan, and Yuming Zhang. 2018. "Examining the Relationship between Household Vehicle Ownership and Ridesharing Behaviors in the United States" Sustainability 10, no. 8: 2720. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082720
APA StyleZhang, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2018). Examining the Relationship between Household Vehicle Ownership and Ridesharing Behaviors in the United States. Sustainability, 10(8), 2720. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082720