“We Don’t Need to Worry Because We Will Find Food Tomorrow”: Local Knowledge and Drivers of Mangroves as a Food System through a Gendered Lens in West Kalimantan, Indonesia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Approach and Positionality
2.2. Study Location
2.3. Focus Group Discussions
2.4. Seasonal Food Mapping Method
2.5. Method of Analysis
2.5.1. Seasonal Food Calendar
2.5.2. Thematic Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Species Identification and Seasonal Availability
3.2. Source Habitat and Uses
3.3. Drivers and Barriers of Mangroves as a Local Food System
3.3.1. Environmental Drivers
“Almost all the foods (from the mangroves) are always available here, but whether we can access them depends on nature”Male, Fisher.
3.3.2. Political and Institutional Drivers
“They (government and industry) are smart people, we are not, so we are the ones. The poor ones”Male, Fisher.
3.3.3. Economic Drivers
3.3.4. Socio-Cultural Drivers
“Because we have a rich ecosystem even though we are still poor. Because we always have an easy mindset. Don’t worry we can find food tomorrow. We have that mindset”Male, Fisher.
“Many of us go (gleaning) together…, even if we only have rice for lunch, it tastes better because we eat it together”Female, Gleaner.
3.3.5. Consumer Behaviour
“That fish is really delicious if you cook asam pedas (sour and spicy soup)”Female, Tea Maker.
“I don’t like it, it feels disgusting, I don’t like, especially its tentacle”Female, Fisher.
3.3.6. Personal Barriers
“Based on our local folklore, people believe that jellyfish came from the placenta of the sea ghost. So, if you know their origin, then you know the cure for their sting”Female, Fisher.
“We are women with many experiences… usually the male fishers fish in areas that aren’t as complex as the ones we visit”Female, Fisher.
“I usually persuade my husband to allow me to go fishing”Female, Fisher.
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Village | Sub-Village | Focus Group | Number of Participants | Occupations |
---|---|---|---|---|
Medan Mas | Medan Deli | Female | 4 | 4 gleaners |
Male | 4 | 4 fishers | ||
Batu Ampar | Sungai Limau | Female | 5 | 1 gleaner, 4 fishers |
Male | 2 | 2 fishers | ||
Batu Ampar | Gunung Keruing | Female | 2 | 1 fisher, 1 tea maker |
Male | 3 | 3 fishers | ||
Batu Ampar | Teluk Air | Female | 4 | 1 fisher, 3 gleaners |
Male | 6 | 6 fishers |
Themes | Codes |
---|---|
Local ecological knowledge | Species habitat and behaviour, harvesting method, species classification |
Non-food uses of mangroves | Traditional medicine, beauty, timber |
Environmental drivers (FR) | Changes in catch, changes to landscapes, environmental protection, seasons and weather, changes in climate |
Economic drivers (FR) | Economic motivations (income-based motivation, economic demand) |
Political and institutional drivers (FR) | Conflict, sourcing species protected by law/illegal trade |
Socio-cultural drivers (FR) | Women’s empowerment, autonomy, enjoyment, food and culture, pride, and social capital |
Demographic drivers (FR) | Loss of knowledge (caused by urbanisation), modernisation |
Personal barriers | Gender norms, ability, fear, risks, local customary beliefs |
Consumer behaviour (FR) | Dietary preferences, flavour, dietary risk and fear, food processing |
Food Group | Female | Male |
---|---|---|
Honey | 2 | 2 |
Fruit | 8 | 5 |
Plant | 10 | 5 |
Mammals | 18 | 1 |
Insects and worms | 2 | 1 |
Reptiles | 9 | 2 |
Birds | 35 | 0 |
Jellyfish | 4 | 2 |
Crustaceans | 13 | 14 |
Molluscs | 14 | 15 |
Sharks and rays | 9 | 2 |
Finfish | 80 | 67 |
Total | 204 | 116 |
Female | Male | |
---|---|---|
Mangrove Bed | 9 | 17 |
Mangrove Roots | 6 | 6 |
Mangrove Trunk | 6 | 0 |
Mangrove Treetops | 33 | 0 |
Mangrove Forest | 28 | 0 |
Nypah Forest | 11 | 13 |
Mudflat | 19 | 0 |
Ponds | 2 | 0 |
Mangrove fringes | 58 | 67 |
River/estuary | 59 | 68 |
Female | Male | |
---|---|---|
Food | 135 | 97 |
Sale | 116 | 88 |
Fish/Crab Bait | 5 | 6 |
Medicine | 6 | 4 |
Tea | 3 | 1 |
Beauty Product | 3 | 0 |
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Middleton, L.; Astuti, P.; Brown, B.M.; Brimblecombe, J.; Stacey, N. “We Don’t Need to Worry Because We Will Find Food Tomorrow”: Local Knowledge and Drivers of Mangroves as a Food System through a Gendered Lens in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Sustainability 2024, 16, 3229. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16083229
Middleton L, Astuti P, Brown BM, Brimblecombe J, Stacey N. “We Don’t Need to Worry Because We Will Find Food Tomorrow”: Local Knowledge and Drivers of Mangroves as a Food System through a Gendered Lens in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Sustainability. 2024; 16(8):3229. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16083229
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiddleton, Lucinda, Puji Astuti, Benjamin M. Brown, Julie Brimblecombe, and Natasha Stacey. 2024. "“We Don’t Need to Worry Because We Will Find Food Tomorrow”: Local Knowledge and Drivers of Mangroves as a Food System through a Gendered Lens in West Kalimantan, Indonesia" Sustainability 16, no. 8: 3229. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16083229