The Economic Efficiency of Urban Land Use with a Sequential Slack-Based Model in Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background of the Research
1.2. Current Situation of the Korean Greenbelt Policies
2. Methodologies and Data
2.1. Sequential Slack-Based Measure (SSBM) Model
2.2. Selection of Input and Output Indicators
2.3. Econometric Model and Data
3. Empirical Results
3.1. Empirical Results of Land Use Efficiency
3.2. Influencing Factors of the ULUEE
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Area (km2) | Population (1000 Person) | Population Growth Rate (%) | Growth Domestic Product (100,000 USD) | Farmland Growth Rate (%) | Building Site Growth Rate (%) | Road Growth Rate (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1980 | 99,011 | 38,124 | 1.57 | 387,749 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
1990 | 98,730 | 42,869 | 0.99 | 1,866,909 | 94 | 113 | 129 |
2000 | 99,461 | 47,008 | 0.84 | 6,514,153 | 87 | 137 | 159 |
2008 | 99,828 | 48,607 | 0.31 | 10,239,377 | 84 | 155 | 196 |
Variables | Variable Notation | Measure Description | Units |
---|---|---|---|
Input | AREA | Built-up area | m2 |
FIX | Total investment in fixed assets | 103 ₩ | |
EM23 | Number of manufacturing and service industry employees | 103 Persons | |
Desirable output | P23 | Value added in manufacturing industry and service industry | 107 ₩ |
Undesirable output | CE | Industry chemical emissions | Kg/year |
WA | Industrial wastewater | Ton/Year | |
CN | Cities degree of Noise Status | Leq dB (A) |
Citys | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 |
Seoul | 1.000 | 0.897 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Busan | 0.425 | 0.433 | 0.430 | 0.425 | 0.433 | 0.430 | 0.427 | 0.418 |
Daegu | 0.472 | 0.505 | 0.499 | 0.485 | 0.496 | 0.497 | 0.502 | 0.495 |
Incheon | 0.721 | 1.000 | 0.638 | 0.560 | 0.615 | 0.741 | 0.804 | 0.745 |
Gwangju | 0.596 | 0.599 | 0.663 | 0.643 | 0.631 | 0.631 | 0.643 | 0.605 |
Daejeon | 0.677 | 0.890 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.982 | 0.995 | 1.000 |
Ulsan | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.880 | 0.837 | 0.846 | 1.000 |
Gyeonggi | 0.366 | 0.434 | 0.495 | 0.589 | 0.699 | 0.802 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Gangwon | 0.620 | 0.609 | 0.568 | 0.577 | 0.593 | 0.573 | 0.560 | 0.587 |
Chungbuk | 0.660 | 0.654 | 0.644 | 0.572 | 0.548 | 0.548 | 0.582 | 0.651 |
Chungnam | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.911 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.985 | 1.000 |
Jeonbuk | 0.552 | 0.557 | 0.526 | 0.512 | 0.523 | 0.499 | 0.480 | 0.470 |
Jeonnam | 1.000 | 0.572 | 0.590 | 0.510 | 0.558 | 0.544 | 0.554 | 0.543 |
Gyeongbuk | 0.541 | 0.561 | 0.585 | 0.592 | 0.596 | 0.594 | 0.561 | 0.533 |
Gyeongnam | 0.363 | 0.370 | 0.361 | 0.369 | 0.388 | 0.384 | 0.386 | 0.383 |
Jeju | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Variable | Coefficient | Std. Error | t-Statistic | Prob. |
---|---|---|---|---|
PGDP | 0.05724 | 0.01150 | 4.977437 | 0 |
URB | 0.004404 | 0.000412 | 10.69089 | 0 |
LCP | −0.067887 | 0.016836 | −4.03218 | 0.0001 |
LUI | 0.066111 | 0.009533 | 6.93513 | 0 |
Weighted Statistics | ||||
R-squared | 0.939236 | Mean dependent var | 1.026964 | |
Adjusted R-squared | 0.937766 | S.D. dependent var | 0.701334 | |
S.E. of regression | 0.17496 | Sum squared resid | 3.795766 | |
Prob(F-statistic) | 0 | |||
Unweighted Statistics | ||||
R-squared | 0.385459 | Mean dependent var | 0.692132 | |
Sum squared resid | 3.919573 |
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Choi, Y.; Wang, N. The Economic Efficiency of Urban Land Use with a Sequential Slack-Based Model in Korea. Sustainability 2017, 9, 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9010079
Choi Y, Wang N. The Economic Efficiency of Urban Land Use with a Sequential Slack-Based Model in Korea. Sustainability. 2017; 9(1):79. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9010079
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoi, Yongrok, and Na Wang. 2017. "The Economic Efficiency of Urban Land Use with a Sequential Slack-Based Model in Korea" Sustainability 9, no. 1: 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9010079
APA StyleChoi, Y., & Wang, N. (2017). The Economic Efficiency of Urban Land Use with a Sequential Slack-Based Model in Korea. Sustainability, 9(1), 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9010079