Investigating the Effects of Land Use and Land Cover on the Relationship between Moisture and Reflectance Using Landsat Time Series
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Methods
3.1. Landsat Data Processing
3.2. Drought Index: SPEI
3.3. Land Use/Land Cover: NLCD
3.4. Data Analysis Methods
4. Results
4.1. Effects of LULC and Effective Moisture on Spectral Response
4.2. Fine-Scale Spatial Variability in the Impact of Effective Moisture
5. Discussion
5.1. Potential Applications for Spatial Variability in Effective Moisture Impacts
5.2. Using Reflectance and Weather Data in Modeling
5.3. Effect of LULC on Albedo-Drought Interactions
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Cloud Masking Methods
Appendix B. Atmospheric Correction with Dark Object Subtraction
Appendix C. Weighted Regression
Appendix D. Count of Pixels Utilized in Summary Plots
References
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Sensor | Satellite | Dates | Spatial Resolution | Number of Observations |
---|---|---|---|---|
MSS | 1–5 | 7/1972-9/1983 (for 1–3) | ∼80 m | 281 |
TM | 4–5 | 7/1982-12/2013 | 30 m | 749 |
ETM+ | 7 | 4/1999+ | 30 m | 468 |
OLI | 8 | 2/2013+ | 30 m | 52 |
Category | 1992 Alternative Category(s) | Pixels | Significant | Slope | Intercept | RMSE | R |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grassland/ | NA | 99% | −0.014 | 0.108 | 0.016 | 0.49 | |
Herbaceous (71) | |||||||
Cultivated Crops (82) | Orchards/Vineyards/ | 62% | −0.011 | 0.110 | 0.030 | 0.19 | |
Other (61), | |||||||
Row Crops (82), | |||||||
Small Grains (83), | |||||||
Fallow (84) | |||||||
Pasture/Hay (81) | NA | 86% | −0.012 | 0.094 | 0.022 | 0.30 | |
Open Water (11) | NA | 64% | −0.008 | 0.086 | 0.020 | 0.21 | |
Developed, | Urban/Recreational | 81% | −0.009 | 0.115 | 0.017 | 0.29 | |
All (21,22,23,24) | Grasses (85) | ||||||
Barren Land (31) | Bare Rock/Sand/Clay (31) | 75% | −0.012 | 0.172 | 0.026 | 0.22 | |
Wetlands, All (90, 95) | Wetlands, All (91,92) | 86% | −0.008 | 0.077 | 0.014 | 0.30 | |
Shrub/Scrub (52) | Shrubland (51) | 97% | −0.012 | 0.109 | 0.016 | 0.40 | |
Forest, All (41,42,43) | NA | 99% | −0.010 | 0.082 | 0.014 | 0.38 |
Landsat Bands | SPEI Regression Results | Atmospheric Correction | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Band | Spectral Range | MSS Available | Slope | Intercept | RMSE | Significant | Slope | Intercept |
(ETM+, μm) | Pixels (%) | |||||||
Blue | 0.452–0.514 | −0.008 | 0.116 | 0.010 | 93 | 0.001 | 0.050 | |
Green | 0.519–0.601 | x | −0.008 | 0.112 | 0.012 | 91 | 0.001 | 0.016 |
Red | 0.631–0.692 | x | −0.013 | 0.109 | 0.019 | 91 | 0.001 | 0.006 |
Near-IR | 0.772–0.898 | ∼0.7–0.8, ∼0.8–1.0 | 0.008 | 0.232 | 0.030 | 43 | 0.001 | −0.011 |
SWIR-1 e | 1.547–1.748 | −0.023 | 0.241 | 0.033 | 86 | 0.003 | −0.021 | |
SWIR-2 e | 2.065–2.346 | −0.021 | 0.154 | 0.031 | 85 | 0.003 | −0.022 |
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Tollerud, H.J.; Brown, J.F.; Loveland, T.R. Investigating the Effects of Land Use and Land Cover on the Relationship between Moisture and Reflectance Using Landsat Time Series. Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 1919. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12121919
Tollerud HJ, Brown JF, Loveland TR. Investigating the Effects of Land Use and Land Cover on the Relationship between Moisture and Reflectance Using Landsat Time Series. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12(12):1919. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12121919
Chicago/Turabian StyleTollerud, Heather J., Jesslyn F. Brown, and Thomas R. Loveland. 2020. "Investigating the Effects of Land Use and Land Cover on the Relationship between Moisture and Reflectance Using Landsat Time Series" Remote Sensing 12, no. 12: 1919. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12121919