Comparison between Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry and Bioelectrical Impedance Analyses for Accuracy in Measuring Whole Body Muscle Mass and Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Measurement of Clinical and Biochemical Parameters
2.3. Muscle Mass Measurement Using DXA
2.4. Muscle Mass Estimation by BIA
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Clinical Characteristics of the Study Population
3.2. Comparison of Muscle Mass Estimated by BIA with That Measured by DXA (Table 2)
3.3. Subgroup Analysis of Mean Differences in Muscle Mass Estimates between DXA and BIA Methods According to Clinical Features (Table 3)
3.4. Prediction of DXA Estimation of Muscle Mass Measured by BIA Method by Multivariate Regression Models (Table 4)
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Men (n = 213) | Women (n = 294) | * p | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 64.1 ± 1.3 | 63.4 ± 10.3 | 0.511 |
Height (cm) | 168.6 ± 5.8 | 155.4 ± 5.6 | <0.001 |
Weight (kg) | 71.8 ± 11.0 | 60.9 ± 10.2 | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.2 ± 3.1 | 25.2 ± 3.8 | 0.919 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 88.9 ± 6.3 | 84.9 ± 8.9 | <0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 128.4 ± 13.7 | 127.2 ± 13.9 | 0.328 |
DBP (mmHg) | 74.7 ± 10.1 | 75.2 ± 9.1 | 0.565 |
Laboratory findings | |||
FPG (70–110 mg/dL) | 135.0 ± 41.5 | 117.6 ± 33.9 | <0.001 |
HbA1c (4.0–6.4%) | 7.1 ± 1.4 | 6.6 ± 1.2 | <0.001 |
WBC (4–10 × 103/μL) | 6.4 ± 1.7 | 5.6 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
Hemoglobin (13–17 g/dL) | 14.6 ± 1.5 | 13.2 ± 1.0 | <0.001 |
Hematocrit (39–52%) | 43.1 ± 4.1 | 39.7 ± 3.0 | <0.001 |
Platelet (130–400 × 103/μL) | 211.5 ± 52.9 | 243.4 ± 53.9 | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol (0–240 mg/dL) | 161.1 ± 36.1 | 180.8 ± 40.2 | <0.001 |
Triglycerides (0–200 mg/dL) | 139.2 ± 90.5 | 132.4 ± 65.6 | 0.325 |
HDL-cholesterol (35–55 mg/dL) | 47.5 ± 10.5 | 54.9 ± 11.9 | <0.001 |
LDL-cholesterol (0–130 mg/dL) | 91.6 ± 27.3 | 102.1 ± 29.9 | <0.001 |
BUN (10–26 mg/dL) | 17.4 ± 11.4 | 15.0 ± 4.3 | 0.001 |
Creatinine (0.70–1.40 mg/dL) | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 85.3 ± 18.8 | 90.5 ± 19.3 | 0.003 |
Total protein (6.0–8.0 g/dL) | 7.2 ± 0.4 | 7.3 ± 0.4 | 0.034 |
Albumin (3.3–5.2 g/dL) | 4.4 ± 0.3 | 4.4 ± 0.2 | 0.053 |
AST (1–40 IU/L) | 25.7 ± 8.3 | 27.2 ± 15.0 | 0.161 |
ALT (1–40 IU/L) | 27.1 ± 13.8 | 26.1 ± 20.1 | 0.566 |
Muscle mass by DXA | |||
Whole body lean mass (kg) | 46.8 ± 6.5 | 34.0 ± 4.8 | <0.001 |
Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (kg) | 19.9 ± 3.2 | 13.5 ± 2.2 | <0.001 |
Muscle mass by BIA | |||
Whole body muscle mass (kg) | 49.3 ± 6.6 | 36.1 ± 4.7 | <0.001 |
Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (kg) | 22.1 ± 3.3 | 15.3 ± 2.5 | <0.001 |
Fat mass by BIA | |||
Fat mass (kg) | 19.6 ± 5.7 | 22.5 ± 6.8 | <0.001 |
Fat percent (%) | 26.9 ± 5.7 | 36.4 ± 6.3 | <0.001 |
N | Mass by DXA (kg) | Mass by BIA (kg) | Difference (kg) | * p | †p | ICC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(a) Whole body muscle mass (WBMM) | |||||||
Total | 507 | 39.4 ± 8.4 | 41.6 ± 8.6 | 2.3 ± 2.0 | <0.001 | 0.972 | |
Gender | <0.001 | ||||||
Men | 213 | 46.8 ± 6.5 | 49.3 ± 6.6 | 2.5 ± 2.1 | <0.001 | 0.947 | |
Women | 294 | 34.0 ± 4.8 | 36.1 ± 4.7 | 2.1 ± 1.9 | <0.001 | 0.918 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | <0.001 | ||||||
<20 | 22 | 30.4 ± 4.7 | 33.8 ± 5.8 | 3.4 ± 2.1 | <0.001 | 0.936 | |
20–22.9 | 112 | 35.3 ± 6.7 | 38.5 ± 7.3 | 3.2 ± 1.7 | <0.001 | 0.975 | |
23–24.9 | 97 | 38.2 ± 6.9 | 41.3 ± 7.1 | 3.0 ± 1.6 | <0.001 | 0.973 | |
25–26.9 | 137 | 39.8 ± 7.0 | 41.7 ± 7.6 | 1.9 ± 2.0 | <0.001 | 0.965 | |
27–29.9 | 75 | 43.1 ± 9.0 | 44.6 ± 9.8 | 1.5 ± 1.8 | <0.001 | 0.986 | |
≥30 | 47 | 47.0 ± 10.2 | 47.5 ± 10.8 | 0.4 ± 2.1 | <0.001 | 0.982 | |
Age (years) | <0.001 | ||||||
19–39 | 21 | 44.7 ± 12.5 | 47.7 ± 12.9 | 2.9 ± 1.9 | <0.001 | 0.989 | |
40–49 | 33 | 47.7 ± 9.5 | 49.3 ± 9.7 | 1.6 ± 1.7 | <0.001 | 0.984 | |
50–59 | 69 | 42.9 ± 8.7 | 44.5 ± 9.1 | 1.6 ± 2.5 | <0.001 | 0.963 | |
60–69 | 228 | 37.7 ± 7.5 | 40.3 ± 7.7 | 2.6 ± 1.9 | <0.001 | 0.963 | |
≥ 70 | 142 | 37.2 ± 6.8 | 39.5 ± 7.1 | 2.2 ± 2.0 | <0.001 | 0.961 | |
Body fat (%) ‡ | 0.003 | ||||||
Non-obese | 74 | 37.5 ± 8.0 | 40.5 ± 8.4 | 2.9 ± 2.0 | <0.001 | 0.972 | |
Obese | 420 | 39.6 ± 8.5 | 41.7 ± 8.7 | 2.2 ± 2.0 | <0.001 | 0.972 | |
(b) Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM) | |||||||
Total | 507 | 16.2 ± 4.1 | 18.2 ± 4.4 | 2.0 ± 1.1 | <0.001 | 0.972 | |
Gender | <0.001 | ||||||
Men | 213 | 19.9 ± 3.2 | 22.1 ± 3.3 | 2.3 ± 1.1 | <0.001 | 0.939 | |
Women | 294 | 13.5 ± 2.2 | 15.3 ± 2.5 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | <0.001 | 0.928 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.093 | ||||||
<20 | 22 | 12.2 ± 2.4 | 14.4 ± 3.1 | 2.2 ± 1.3 | <0.001 | 0.932 | |
20–22.9 | 112 | 14.4 ± 3.3 | 16.5 ± 3.9 | 2.1 ± 1.1 | <0.001 | 0.973 | |
23–24.9 | 97 | 15.8 ± 3.3 | 17.9 ± 3.7 | 2.1 ± 1.0 | <0.001 | 0.968 | |
25–26.9 | 137 | 16.3 ± 3.6 | 18.2 ± 3.9 | 1.9 ± 1.1 | <0.001 | 0.958 | |
27–29.9 | 75 | 17.8 ± 4.7 | 19.6 ± 5.0 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | <0.001 | 0.985 | |
≥30 | 47 | 19.5 ± 5.3 | 21.2 ± 5.4 | 1.8 ± 1.0 | <0.001 | 0.981 | |
Age (years) | 0.503 | ||||||
19–39 | 21 | 19.2 ± 6.5 | 21.3 ± 6.7 | 2.2 ± 0.9 | <0.001 | 0.991 | |
40–49 | 33 | 20.4 ± 4.7 | 22.1 ± 4.7 | 1.7 ± 1.1 | <0.001 | 0.971 | |
50–59 | 69 | 17.8 ± 4.2 | 19.7 ± 4.5 | 1.9 ± 1.0 | <0.001 | 0.979 | |
60–69 | 228 | 15.4 ± 3.6 | 17.5 ± 4.0 | 2.0 ± 1.0 | <0.001 | 0.968 | |
≥70 | 142 | 15.0 ± 3.3 | 17.0 ± 3.9 | 2.0 ± 1.2 | <0.001 | 0.959 | |
Body fat (%) ‡ | 0.675 | ||||||
Non-obese | 74 | 15.4 ± 3.8 | 17.4 ± 4.5 | 2.0 ± 1.1 | <0.001 | 0.975 | |
Obese | 420 | 16.3 ± 4.2 | 18.2 ± 4.5 | 2.0 ± 1.1 | <0.001 | 0.972 |
(a) Whole Body Muscle Mass (WBMM) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | BIA-DXA | r | * p | †p | ||
Anemia | Hb ≥ 12 g/dL | 457 | 2.33 ± 1.93 | 0.971 | <0.001 | 0.734 |
Hb < 12 g/dL | 50 | 1.93 ± 2.26 | 0.938 | <0.001 | ||
Kidney function | eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 480 | 2.25 ± 1.91 | 0.975 | <0.001 | 0.242 |
eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 27 | 2.80 ± 2.18 | 0.958 | <0.001 | ||
DM | DM (+) | 327 | 2.16 ± 2.04 | 0.971 | <0.001 | 0.157 |
DM (−) | 180 | 2.48 ± 1.70 | 0.978 | <0.001 | ||
Medication (1) | Diuretics (−) | 457 | 2.32 ± 1.92 | 0.975 | <0.001 | 0.187 |
Diuretics (+) | 50 | 1.83 ± 1.96 | 0.966 | <0.001 | ||
Medication (2) | TZD (−) | 477 | 2.28 ± 1.92 | 0.973 | <0.001 | 0.213 |
TZD (+) | 30 | 2.06 ± 1.72 | 0.989 | <0.001 | ||
(b) Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass (ASMM) | ||||||
Anemia | Hb ≥ 12 g/dL | 457 | 2.01 ± 1.12 | 0.967 | <0.001 | 0.617 |
Hb < 12 g/dL | 50 | 1.92 ± 1.12 | 0.956 | <0.001 | ||
Kidney function | eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 480 | 2.01 ± 1.11 | 0.973 | <0.001 | 0.407 |
eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 27 | 2.32 ± 1.13 | 0.962 | <0.001 | ||
DM | DM (+) | 327 | 2.16 ± 2.04 | 0.971 | <0.001 | 0.697 |
DM (−) | 180 | 2.48 ± 1.70 | 0.973 | <0.001 | ||
Medication (1) | Diuretics (−) | 457 | 2.03 ± 1.12 | 0.973 | <0.001 | 0.704 |
Diuretics (+) | 50 | 1.92 ± 1.12 | 0.971 | <0.001 | ||
Medication (2) | TZD (−) | 477 | 2.01 ± 1.13 | 0.971 | <0.001 | 0.299 |
TZD (+) | 30 | 1.82 ± 1.14 | 0.973 | <0.001 |
Whole Body Muscle Mass | Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Co-Efficient | 95% CI | Co-Efficient | 95% CI | ||||
Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | ||||
Intercept | 4.01 | 0.80 | 7.22 | Intercept | 5.07 | 3.67 | 6.47 |
BIA-WBMM | 0.61 | 0.48 | 0.74 | BIA-ASMM | 0.24 | 0.12 | 0.37 |
(BIA-WBMM)2 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | (BIA-ASMM)2 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
BMI | 0.28 | 0.19 | 0.38 | BMI | 0.26 | 0.21 | 0.31 |
Gender | −2.93 | −3.37 | −2.48 | Gender | −1.19 | −1.45 | −0.93 |
BIA-fat percent | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.15 | BIA-fat percent | −0.06 | −0.08 | −0.04 |
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Lee, S.Y.; Ahn, S.; Kim, Y.J.; Ji, M.J.; Kim, K.M.; Choi, S.H.; Jang, H.C.; Lim, S. Comparison between Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry and Bioelectrical Impedance Analyses for Accuracy in Measuring Whole Body Muscle Mass and Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass. Nutrients 2018, 10, 738. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10060738
Lee SY, Ahn S, Kim YJ, Ji MJ, Kim KM, Choi SH, Jang HC, Lim S. Comparison between Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry and Bioelectrical Impedance Analyses for Accuracy in Measuring Whole Body Muscle Mass and Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass. Nutrients. 2018; 10(6):738. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10060738
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Seo Young, Soyeon Ahn, Young Ji Kim, Myoung Jin Ji, Kyoung Min Kim, Sung Hee Choi, Hak Chul Jang, and Soo Lim. 2018. "Comparison between Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry and Bioelectrical Impedance Analyses for Accuracy in Measuring Whole Body Muscle Mass and Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass" Nutrients 10, no. 6: 738. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10060738