Walnut Oligopeptide Delayed Improved Aging-Related Learning and Memory Impairment in SAMP8 Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Animal
2.3. Behavioral Tests
2.4. Biochemical Assays and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
2.5. Western Blot Analysis
2.6. Quantitative Real-Time PCR and Analyses of mtDNA Content
2.7. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Effects of WOPs on the Body Weight, Food and Water Consumption of Mice
3.2. Effects of WOPs on Learning and Memory Performance
3.2.1. The Space Exploration Capability of the Open-Field Test
3.2.2. The Learning and Memory Capability in the Morris Water Maze Test
3.2.3. The Trend of AAR and PAR in the Shuttle Box Test
3.2.4. The Number of Errors and Latency in the Step-Down Test
3.3. Effects of WOPs on Oxidative Stress in Serum and Hippocampus Tissue
3.4. Effects of WOPs on the Cholinergic Nervous System and Proinflammatory Factors in the Hippocampus Tissue
3.5. Effects of WOPs on Phosphorylate Synaptic Plasticity, Neurotrophic Factors, and Aβ Generation in the Hippocampus Tissue
3.6. Effects of WOPs on Mitochondrial Function Factors and mtDNA Copy Number in the Hippocampus Tissue
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Groups | No. of Rearing | No. of Squares Crossed | No. Fecal Boli | No. of Inner Squares Entered | Time Spent in Inner Squares (s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
young control | 5.1 ± 8.4 | 61.9 ± 38.8 | 1.8 ± 1.7 | 3.1 ± 3.1 | 12.82 ± 15.00 |
SAMR1 control | 4.1 ± 2.0 | 92.9 ± 25.9 | 1.8 ± 1.4 | 1.1 ± 1.0 | 2.35 ± 3.50 |
SAMP8 control | 4.3 ± 5.6 | 71.8 ± 49.8 | 1.0 ± 1.3 | 1.2 ± 1.5 | 6.59 ± 8.50 |
WOPs-LG | 1.8 ± 2.1 | 46.3 ± 36.9 # | 1.4 ± 1.2 | 1.1 ± 1.0 | 8.16 ± 9.09 |
WOPs-MG | 2.3 ± 4.1 | 36.9 ± 33.2 ## | 2.1 ± 1.8 | 0.8 ± 1.0 | 5.77 ± 9.99 |
WOPs-HG | 1.2 ± 1.5 * | 26.8 ± 18.3 *## | 2.3 ± 2.1 | 1.1 ± 1.2 | 5.50 ± 8.65 |
Groups | Time Spent in the Target Quadrant (s) | Times of Platform Crossed |
---|---|---|
young control | 18.30 ± 4.14 | 3.4 ± 1.5 |
SAMR1 control | 16.23 ± 6.30 | 1.8 ± 1.5 * |
SAMP8 control | 6.61 ± 6.54 *# | 0.9 ± 1.6 ** |
WOPs-LG | 13.69 ± 8.20 Δ | 0.3 ± 0.7 **# |
WOPs-MG | 20.12 ± 9.28 ΔΔ | 0.8 ± 1.4 ** |
WOPs-HG | 15.30 ± 7.93 Δ | 2.3 ± 1.9 Δ |
Groups | the Number of Errors (No.) | Latency (s) |
---|---|---|
young control | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 206.08 ± 63.98 |
SAMR1 control | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 171.63 ± 54.35 |
SAMP8 control | 3.1 ± 1.2 *# | 71.49 ± 55.60 *## |
WOPs-LG | 1.8 ± 1.0 | 147.46 ± 55.50 *Δ |
WOPs-MG | 1.5 ± 0.7 Δ | 165.85 ± 45.54 ΔΔ |
WOPs-HG | 1.6 ± 0.7 Δ | 163.34 ± 45.69 ΔΔ |
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Du, Q.; Xu, M.; Wu, L.; Fan, R.; Hao, Y.; Liu, X.; Mao, R.; Liu, R.; Li, Y. Walnut Oligopeptide Delayed Improved Aging-Related Learning and Memory Impairment in SAMP8 Mice. Nutrients 2022, 14, 5059. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235059
Du Q, Xu M, Wu L, Fan R, Hao Y, Liu X, Mao R, Liu R, Li Y. Walnut Oligopeptide Delayed Improved Aging-Related Learning and Memory Impairment in SAMP8 Mice. Nutrients. 2022; 14(23):5059. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235059
Chicago/Turabian StyleDu, Qian, Meihong Xu, Lan Wu, Rui Fan, Yuntao Hao, Xinran Liu, Ruixue Mao, Rui Liu, and Yong Li. 2022. "Walnut Oligopeptide Delayed Improved Aging-Related Learning and Memory Impairment in SAMP8 Mice" Nutrients 14, no. 23: 5059. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235059