Carbon Self-Doped Carbon Nitride Nanosheets with Enhanced Visible-Light Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Fabrication of g-C3N4
3.2. Fabrication of C-Modified g-C3N4
3.3. Characterization
3.4. Photocatalytic Reaction
3.5. Photoelectrode Preparation and Photoelectrochemical Reaction
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Maeda, K. Photocatalytic water splitting using semiconductor particles: History and recent developments. J. Photochem. Photobiol. C 2011, 12, 237–268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.; Maeda, K.; Thomas, A.; Takanabe, K.; Xin, G.; Carlsson, J.M.; Domen, K.; Antonietti, M. A metal-free polymeric photocatalyst for hydrogen production from water under visible light. Nat. Mater. 2009, 8, 76–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ong, W.; Tan, L.; Ng, Y.; Yong, S.; Chai, S. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)-based photocatalysts for artificial photosynthesis and environmental remediation: Are we a step closer to achieving sustainability? Chem. Rev. 2016, 116, 7159–7329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bu, Y.; Chen, Z.; Xie, T.; Li, W.; Ao, J. Fabrication of C3N4 ultrathin flakes by mechanical grind method with enhanced photocatalysis and photoelectrochemical performance. RSC Adv. 2016, 6, 47813–47819. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Han, Q.; Wang, B.; Zhao, Y.; Hu, C.; Qu, L. A Graphitic-C3N4 “Seaweed” Architecture for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 11433–11437. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fu, J.; Chang, B.; Tian, Y.; Xi, F.; Dong, X. Novel C3N4-CdS composite photocatalysts with organic-inorganic heterojunctions: In situ synthesis, exceptional activity, high stability and photocatalytic mechanism. J. Mater. Chem. A 2013, 1, 3083–3090. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, J.; Wang, Y.; Jin, J.; Zhang, J.; Lin, Z.; Huang, F.; Yu, J. Efficient visible-light photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and enhanced photostability of core/shell CdS/g-C3N4 nanowires. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2013, 5, 10317–10324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, Q.; Zhang, N.; Yang, Y.; Wang, G.; Ng, D.H. High efficiency photocatalysis for pollutant degradation with MoS2/C3N4 heterostructures. Langmuir 2014, 30, 8965–8972. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, Y.; Shi, R.; Lin, J.; Zhu, Y. Enhancement of photocurrent and photocatalytic activity of ZnO hybridized with graphite-like C3N4. Energy Environ. Sci. 2011, 4, 2922–2929. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yan, H.; Yang, H. TiO2-g-C3N4 composite materials for photocatalytic H2 evolution under visible light irradiation. J. Alloys Compd. 2011, 509, L26–L29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lan, Z.; Zhang, G.; Wang, X. A facile synthesis of Br-modified g-C3N4 semiconductors for photoredox water splitting. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2016, 192, 116–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, G.; Zhang, M.; Ye, X.; Qiu, X.; Lin, S.; Wang, X. Iodine modified carbon nitride semiconductors as visible light photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 805–809. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tian, H.; Zhang, X.; Bu, Y. Sulfur-and Carbon-Codoped Carbon Nitride for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Performance Improvement. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2018, 6, 7346–7354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guo, S.; Tang, Y.; Xie, Y.; Tian, C.; Feng, Q.; Zhou, W.; Jiang, B. P-doped tubular g-C3N4 with surface carbon defects: Universal synthesis and enhanced visible-light photocatalytic hydrogen production. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2017, 218, 664–671. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yan, S.; Li, Z.; Zou, Z. Photodegradation of rhodamine B and methyl orange over boron-doped g-C3N4 under visible light irradiation. Langmuir 2010, 26, 3894–3901. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, Y.; Di, Y.; Antonietti, M.; Li, H.; Chen, X.; Wang, X. Excellent visible-light photocatalysis of fluorinated polymeric carbon nitride solids. Chem. Mater. 2010, 22, 5119–5121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, H.; Zhao, L.; Geng, F.; Guo, L.; Wan, B.; Yang, Y. Carbon dots decorated graphitic carbon nitride as an efficient metal-free photocatalyst for phenol degradation. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2016, 180, 656–662. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Niu, P.; Zhang, L.; Liu, G.; Cheng, H. Graphene-like carbon nitride nanosheets for improved photocatalytic activities. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2012, 22, 4763–4770. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, C.; Zhang, Y.; Dong, F.; Reshak, A.H.; Ye, L.; Pinna, N.; Zeng, C.; Zhang, T.; Huang, H. Chlorine intercalation in graphitic carbon nitride for efficient photocatalysis. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2017, 203, 465–474. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, G.; Zhao, G.; Zhou, W.; Liu, Y.; Pang, H.; Zhang, H.; Hao, D.; Meng, X.; Li, P.; Kako, T.; Ye, J. In situ bond modulation of graphitic carbon nitride to construct p-n homojunctions for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2016, 26, 6822–6829. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tian, N.; Zhang, Y.; Li, X.; Xiao, K.; Du, X.; Dong, F.; Waterhouse, G.I.N.; Zhang, T.; Huang, H. Precursor-reforming protocol to 3D mesoporous g-C3N4 established by ultrathin self-doped nanosheets for superior hydrogen evolution. Nano Energy 2017, 38, 72–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ding, Y.; Tang, Y.; Yang, L.; Zeng, Y.; Yuan, J.; Liu, T.; Zhang, S.; Liu, C.; Luo, S. Porous nitrogen-rich carbon materials from carbon self-repairing g-C3N4 assembled with graphene for high-performance supercapacitor. J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4, 14307–14315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cao, S.; Low, J.; Yu, J.; Jaroniec, M. Polymeric photocatalysts based on graphitic carbon nitride. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 2150–2176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, H.; Li, F.; Wang, Z.; Jiao, Y.; Liu, Y.; Wang, P.; Zhang, X.; Qin, X.; Dai, Y.; Huang, B. Fabrication of carbon bridged g-C3N4 through supramolecular self-assembly for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2018, 229, 114–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, R.; Xie, T.; Zhang, T.; Pu, T.; Bu, Y.; Ao, J.P. Fabrication of FTO-BiVO4-W-WO3 photoanode for photoelectrochemical performance improving: Based on the Z-scheme electron transfer mechanism. J. Mater. Chem. A 2018, 6, 12956–12961. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jing, L.; Qu, Y.; Wang, B.; Li, S.; Jiang, B.; Yang, L.; Fu, W.; Fu, H.; Sun, J. Review of photoluminescence performance of nano-sized semiconductor materials and its relationships with photocatalytic activity. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2006, 90, 1773–1787. [Google Scholar]
- Li, Y.; Xu, H.; Ouyang, S.; Lu, D.; Wang, X.; Wang, D.; Ye, J. In situ surface alkalinized g-C3N4 toward enhancement of photocatalytic H2 evolution under visible-light irradiation. J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4, 2943–2950. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, H.; Shi, R.; Zhao, Y.; Bian, T.; Zhao, Y.; Zhou, C.; Waterhouse, G.I.N.; Wu, L.; Tung, C.; Zhang, T. Alkali-Assisted Synthesis of Nitrogen Deficient Graphitic Carbon Nitride with Tunable Band Structures for Efficient Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Evolution. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1605148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Trasatti, S. The absolute electrode potential: An explanatory note (Recommendations 1986). Pure Appl. Chem. 1986, 58, 955–966. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Iqbal, W.; Qiu, B.; Zhu, Q.; Xing, M.; Zhang, J. Self-modified breaking hydrogen bonds to highly crystalline graphitic carbon nitrides nanosheets for drastically enhanced hydrogen production. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2018, 232, 306–313. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Wang, H.; Huang, G.; Chen, Z.; Li, W. Carbon Self-Doped Carbon Nitride Nanosheets with Enhanced Visible-Light Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production. Catalysts 2018, 8, 366. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal8090366
Wang H, Huang G, Chen Z, Li W. Carbon Self-Doped Carbon Nitride Nanosheets with Enhanced Visible-Light Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production. Catalysts. 2018; 8(9):366. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal8090366
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Hongwei, Guiqing Huang, Zhiwei Chen, and Weibing Li. 2018. "Carbon Self-Doped Carbon Nitride Nanosheets with Enhanced Visible-Light Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production" Catalysts 8, no. 9: 366. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal8090366