Thermally Stable Bulk Heterojunction Prepared by Sequential Deposition of Nanostructured Polymer and Fullerene
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Device Fabrication
2.2. Film Characterization
2.3. Device Characterization
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AFM | atomic force microscopy |
BHJ | bulk heterojunction |
BSD | blended solution deposition |
CB | chlorobenzene |
CN | 1-chloronaphthalene |
DCE | 1,2-dichloroethane |
DCM | dichloromethane |
DIM | diiodomethane |
DIO | 1,8-diiodooctane |
DPE | diphenyl ether |
EQE | external quantum efficiency |
GIWAXS | grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering |
ID-BHJ | inter-diffused bilayer |
IP | in-plane |
IPCE | incident photon-to-current efficiency |
ITO | indium tin oxide |
OA | ordering agent |
OOP | out-of-plane |
OPV | organic photovoltaics |
PC71BM | phenyl-C71-butyric-acid-methyl ester |
PCE | power conversion efficiency |
PCPDTBT | poly[2,6-(4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta [2,1-b;3,4-b′]dithiophene)-alt-4,7(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)] |
PEDOT:PSS | poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrene sulfonate) |
PVDF | polyvinylidene fluoride |
SCLC | space-charge-limited current |
SqD | sequential deposition |
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Solvent | PC71BM Solubility (mg/mL) [18] | PCPDTBT Solubility | T100kPa a (°C) [19] |
---|---|---|---|
Chlorobenzene | 60.6 | Good | 131.3 |
Chloroform | 61.1 | Good | 60.8 |
1,2-Dichlorobenzene | 203.0 | Good | 180.0 |
1,2-Dichloroethane b (anhydrous) | 15.4 | Poor | 83.1 |
Dichloromethane | 4.479 | Poor | 39.3 |
Diiodomethane | 356.8 | Poor | 181.6 |
Toluene | 27.4 | Good | 110.1 |
Type | Voc (V) | Jsc (mA/cm2) | FF (%) | PCE (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
ID-BHJ(M) | 0.63 ± 0.01 | 6.88 ± 0.24 | 43.7 ± 2.20 | 1.90 ± 0.10 |
ID-BHJ(E) | 0.64 ± 0.00 | 6.25 ± 0.02 | 50.2 ± 0.91 | 2.00 ± 0.03 |
OA | Index | q a (Å−1) | d b (Å) | ∆q c (Å−1) | ξ d (Å) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | OOP (100) | 0.555 | 11.3 | 0.202 | 28.1 |
OOP (010) | 1.58 | 3.98 | 0.294 | 19.2 | |
IP (001) | 0.489 | 12.9 | 0.199 | 28.4 | |
IP (010) | 1.44 | 4.36 | 0.455 | 12.4 | |
C5 | OOP (100) | 0.548 | 11.5 | 0.111 | 51.0 |
IP (001) | 0.538 | 11.7 | 0.0856 | 66.1 | |
IP (010) | 1.62 | 3.89 | 0.184 | 30.8 | |
D5 | OOP (100) | 0.549 | 11.4 | 0.0922 | 61.3 |
IP (001) | 0.532 | 11.8 | 0.0945 | 59.9 | |
IP (010) | 1.62 | 3.89 | 0.140 | 40.3 |
Photoactive Layer Structure | PCPDTBT Bottom Layer | Voc (V) | Jsc (mA/cm2) | Fill Factor (FF) (%) | PCE (%) | μh+ (cm2/Vs) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BHJ | - | 0.62 ± 0.00 | 11.88 ± 0.13 | 52.5 ± 0.19 | 3.87 ± 0.06 | 4.9 × 10−5 |
ID-BHJ | N | 0.64 ± 0.00 | 6.23 ± 0.07 | 49.3 ± 0.86 | 1.95 ± 0.05 | 7.0 × 10−5 |
C5 | 0.63 ± 0.00 | 10.16 ± 0.10 | 48.0 ± 0.00 | 3.06 ± 0.03 | 9.7 × 10−5 | |
C10 | 0.62 ± 0.00 | 9.39 ± 0.16 | 46.6 ± 0.73 | 2.72 ± 0.06 | 6.8 × 10−5 | |
C20 | 0.62 ± 0.00 | 9.19 ± 0.22 | 46.3 ± 0.48 | 2.62 ± 0.06 | 1.4 × 10−4 | |
D5 | 0.63 ± 0.00 | 10.66 ± 0.15 | 49.9 ± 0.25 | 3.36 ± 0.03 | 2.0 × 10−4 | |
D10 | 0.63 ± 0.00 | 10.35 ± 0.12 | 48.7 ± 0.09 | 3.15 ± 0.02 | 2.5 × 10−4 | |
D20 | 0.62 ± 0.00 | 9.77 ± 0.11 | 47.5 ± 0.11 | 2.90 ± 0.03 | 1.6 × 10−4 |
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Hwang, H.; Lee, H.; Shafian, S.; Lee, W.; Seok, J.; Ryu, K.Y.; Yeol Ryu, D.; Kim, K. Thermally Stable Bulk Heterojunction Prepared by Sequential Deposition of Nanostructured Polymer and Fullerene. Polymers 2017, 9, 456. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9090456
Hwang H, Lee H, Shafian S, Lee W, Seok J, Ryu KY, Yeol Ryu D, Kim K. Thermally Stable Bulk Heterojunction Prepared by Sequential Deposition of Nanostructured Polymer and Fullerene. Polymers. 2017; 9(9):456. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9090456
Chicago/Turabian StyleHwang, Heewon, Hoyeon Lee, Shafidah Shafian, Wooseop Lee, Jeesoo Seok, Ka Yeon Ryu, Du Yeol Ryu, and Kyungkon Kim. 2017. "Thermally Stable Bulk Heterojunction Prepared by Sequential Deposition of Nanostructured Polymer and Fullerene" Polymers 9, no. 9: 456. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9090456