Removal of Natural Organic Matter and Organic Micropollutants during Riverbank Filtration in Krajkowo, Poland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description
- a gallery of 29 vertical wells (RBF-c) on the left side of the Warta River located at a distance of 60–80 m from the river channel (Figure 3),
- a horizontal well (HW) with drains placed 5 m below the river bottom (Figure 3). The drains were installed by excavation (dredging) of the riverbed sediments.
2.2. Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Colour (mg Pt/L) | EC (μS/cm) | NO3 (mg/L) | NO2 (mg/L) | NH4 (mg/L) | COD (mg O2/L) | DOC (mg/L) | Coliform Bacteria MPN/100 mL |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Warta river (n = 37) | ||||||||
Average | 25 | 624 | 18.6 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 28.2 | 8.4 | 6154 |
Median | 25 | 619 | 14.0 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 28.0 | 8.0 | 5475 |
Minimum | 20 | 542 | 0.5 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 17.0 | 5.0 | 308 |
Maximum | 40 | 703 | 48.0 | 0.18 | 0.58 | 44.0 | 13.0 | 24,200 |
Standard deviation | 4 | 49 | 13.0 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 6.6 | 1.8 | 5432 |
Horizontal well (HW) (n = 32) | ||||||||
Average | 17 | 626 | 18.4 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 16.5 | 6.2 | 1 |
Median | 17 | 614 | 16.0 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 17.5 | 5.9 | 1 |
Minimum | 10 | 539 | 3.6 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 0 |
Maximum | 30 | 695 | 44.0 | 0.11 | 0.06 | 29.0 | 9.0 | 2 |
Standard deviation | 5 | 56 | 12.0 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 6.2 | 1.5 | 1 |
Reduction/Increase (average) | 32.5% | −0.4% | 0.9% | 74.8% | 80.5% | 41.5% | 26.01% | 99.98% |
RBF barrier (Point H) (n = 21) | ||||||||
Average | 13 | 650 | 7.8 | 0.09 | 0.19 | 13.8 | 5.0 | 0 |
Median | 15 | 662 | 6.4 | 0.11 | 0.18 | 13.0 | 5.0 | 0 |
Minimum | 7.5 | 581 | 0.0 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 3.0 | 3.9 | 0 |
Maximum | 15 | 695 | 18.0 | 0.16 | 0.25 | 29.0 | 6.6 | 0 |
Standard deviation | 2 | 33 | 6.8 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 5.2 | 0.7 | 0 |
Reduction/Increase (average) | 49.8% | −4.3% | 58.1% | −6.9% | −91.5% | 51.1% | 40.3% | 100% |
Well 19L (n = 10) | ||||||||
Average | 15 | 614 | 0.58 | 0.03 | 0.19 | 9.8 | 5.0 | 0 |
Median | 15 | 622 | 0.23 | 0.02 | 0.21 | 9.0 | 5.1 | 0 |
Minimum | 10 | 580 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 3.0 | 4.3 | 0 |
Maximum | 20 | 652 | 1.91 | 0.09 | 0.27 | 20.0 | 5.8 | 0 |
Standard deviation | 4 | 29 | 0.68 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 6.83 | 0.6 | 0 |
Reduction/Increase (average) | 42.1% | 1.5% | 96.9% | 64.2% | −99.9% | 65.3% | 40.4% | 100% |
Well 1AL (n = 12) | ||||||||
Average | 13.75 | 598 | 1.55 | 0.04 | 0.61 | 8.6 | 4.9 | 0 |
Median | 10 | 612 | 1.23 | 0.03 | 0.42 | 8.5 | 4.9 | 0 |
Minimum | 10 | 563 | 0.91 | 0.01 | 0.14 | 3.7 | 4.1 | 0 |
Maximum | 25 | 618 | 2.83 | 0.12 | 1.18 | 15.0 | 5.4 | 0 |
Standard deviation | 5 | 24 | 0.80 | 0.04 | 0.45 | 4.7 | 0.6 | 0 |
Reduction/Increase (average) | 46.9% | 4.1% | 91.7% | 54.0% | -529% | 69.6% | 42.4% | 100% |
Sampling Point | 1H-Benzotriazole | Carbamazepine | Caffeine | Sulfamethoxazole | Tolytriazole | Chlorothiazide | Ibuprofen | Sucralose | Sum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Warta River | 120 | 40 | 60 | 15 | 30 | <LOQ | 20 | 40 | 450 |
Horizontal well | 180 | 50 | 5 | <LOQ | 40 | <LOQ | <LOQ | 45 | 320 |
168b/2 | 180 | 60 | 15 | <LOQ | 30 | <LOQ | <LOQ | 55 | 340 |
177b/1 | 110 | 70 | 5 | 15 | 25 | 5 | 40 | 55 | 325 |
19L | 50 | 60 | <LOQ | <LOQ | 15 | 10 | <LOQ | 40 | 175 |
1AL | 80 | 60 | 5 | <LOQ | 15 | 5 | <LOQ | 50 | 215 |
78b/1s | <LOQ | 30 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 10 | 40 |
50A | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ |
Sampling Period | Sampling Point | Imidacloprid | Isoproturon | M-Metalaxyl | Metazachlor | Nicosulfuron | Terbuthylazine | Chlortoluron | S-Metolachlor | Prometryn | Terbutryn | Sum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
August 2017 | Warta | 0.007 | 0.008 | 0.005 | 0.036 | 0.012 | 0.008 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 0.112 |
Horizontal well | 0.005 | <LOQ | 0.007 | 0.015 | 0.021 | 0.008 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 0.086 | |
168b/2 | 0.009 | 0.006 | 0.015 | <LOQ | 0.03 | 0.012 | 0.012 | 0.006 | 0.006 | <LOQ | 0.112 | |
177b/1 | 0.011 | <LOQ | 0.006 | <LOQ | 0.012 | 0.008 | 0.017 | 0.006 | 0.008 | <LOQ | 0.068 | |
19L | 0.007 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 0.017 | <LOQ | 0.018 | <LOQ | 0.007 | <LOQ | 0.049 | |
1AL | 0.005 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 0.016 | <LOQ | 0.016 | <LOQ | 0.008 | <LOQ | 0.045 | |
78b/1s | <LOQ | 0.012 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 0.007 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 0.019 | |
50A | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | ||
November 2017 | Warta | <LOQ | 0.009 | 0.005 | 0.03 | 0.023 | 0.006 | 0.047 | 0.009 | <LOQ | 0.007 | 0.171 |
Horizontal well | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.005 | 0.021 | 0.019 | 0.007 | 0.032 | 0.008 | <LOQ | 0.007 | 0.137 | |
168b/2 | 0.008 | <LOQ | <LOQ | 0.007 | 0.018 | <LOQ | 0.005 | 0.005 | <LOQ | 0.006 | 0.058 | |
177b/1 | 0.007 | <LOQ | <LOQ | 0.007 | 0.017 | 0.007 | 0.008 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.008 | 0.076 | |
19L | 0.007 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 0.024 | <LOQ | 0.01 | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.058 | |
1AL | 0.007 | 0.006 | <LOQ | <LOQ | 0.02 | <LOQ | 0.012 | 0.006 | 0.007 | 0.006 | 0.064 | |
78b/1s | <LOQ | 0.014 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 0.009 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 0.023 | |
50A | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | ||
February 2018 | Warta | 0.005 | 0.008 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 0.012 | <LOQ | 0.006 | <LOQ | 0.031 |
Horizontal well | <LOQ | 0.006 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 0.013 | <LOQ | 0.005 | <LOQ | 0.024 | |
168b/2 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 0.005 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 0.005 | |
177b/1 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | ||
19L | <LOQ | 0.005 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 0.009 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 0.014 | |
1AL | <LOQ | 0.005 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 0.009 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 0.014 | |
78b/1s | <LOQ | 0.015 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 0.009 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 0.024 | |
50A | <LOQ | 0.008 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 0.008 |
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Dragon, K.; Górski, J.; Kruć, R.; Drożdżyński, D.; Grischek, T. Removal of Natural Organic Matter and Organic Micropollutants during Riverbank Filtration in Krajkowo, Poland. Water 2018, 10, 1457. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10101457
Dragon K, Górski J, Kruć R, Drożdżyński D, Grischek T. Removal of Natural Organic Matter and Organic Micropollutants during Riverbank Filtration in Krajkowo, Poland. Water. 2018; 10(10):1457. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10101457
Chicago/Turabian StyleDragon, Krzysztof, Józef Górski, Roksana Kruć, Dariusz Drożdżyński, and Thomas Grischek. 2018. "Removal of Natural Organic Matter and Organic Micropollutants during Riverbank Filtration in Krajkowo, Poland" Water 10, no. 10: 1457. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10101457