Wastewater Management Efficiency and Determinant Factors in the Chinese Industrial Sector from 2004 to 2014
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Water Problems in China
1.2. Industrial Wastewater Management Policies and Trends in China
1.3. Objective and Research Framework
2. Methodology
2.1. Weighted Russell Directional Distance Model (WRDDM)
2.2. Determinant Analysis Using a Panel Tobit Regression Model
3. Data and Model
4. Results
4.1. Efficiency Scores for Industrial Wastewater Management
4.2. Determinants of Industrial Wastewater Management Efficiency
5. Conclusions and Policy Implications
5.1. Conclusions
5.2. Policy Implications
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Input Variables | Desirable Output Variable | Undesirable Output Variables | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wages of labor | Capital assets | Cost of sales | Industrial water use | Revenue | Industrial wastewater | COD emissions | NH3-N emissions | |
Year | (million yuan) | (million yuan) | (million yuan) | (10,000 tons) | (million yuan) | (10,000 tons) | (tons) | (tons) |
2004 | 218 | 7540 | 5945 | 396,410 | 7133 | 71,336 | 164,419 | 13,607 |
2005 | 245 | 9026 | 7671 | 414,581 | 9108 | 78,423 | 178,946 | 16,938 |
2006 | 284 | 10,443 | 9441 | 433,471 | 11,203 | 77,482 | 174,326 | 13,697 |
2007 | 328 | 12,267 | 11,585 | 452,597 | 13,857 | 79,564 | 164,859 | 10,994 |
2008 | 360 | 13,974 | 13,710 | 450,674 | 16,199 | 77,952 | 147,608 | 9578 |
2009 | 437 | 17,004 | 15,734 | 448,684 | 18,663 | 77,952 | 147,608 | 9578 |
2010 | 486 | 19,125 | 18,879 | 466,877 | 22,508 | 76,604 | 140,247 | 8798 |
2011 | 608 | 20,543 | 21,530 | 471,484 | 25,589 | 74,476 | 114,452 | 9071 |
2012 | 682 | 23,762 | 24,264 | 445,323 | 28,730 | 71,479 | 109,179 | 8521 |
2013 | 984 | 26,882 | 27,667 | 453,710 | 32,441 | 67,690 | 103,054 | 7930 |
2014 | 1088 | 30,902 | 30,339 | 437,548 | 35,597 | 66,240 | 100,436 | 7471 |
Variables (Code) | Units | Mean Value | Std. Dev. | Min. | Max. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
COD emissions reduction target (COD target) | Dummy variable | 0.818 | 0.386 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
NH3-N emissions reduction target (NH3-N target) | Dummy variable | 0.364 | 0.481 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
Total investment by foreign-funded companies (Foreign) | Billion US$ | 7.910 | 12.233 | 0.030 | 71.810 |
Production-scale change of high water pollution intensity products (Polluted) | Year 2004 = 1 | 2.311 | 4.259 | 0.364 | 36.342 |
Capacity of industrial wastewater treatment facilities (Capacity) | Million tons per day | 7.441 | 7.323 | 0.008 | 63.912 |
Pollution abatement cost of wastewater treatment (Abatement) | Billion yuan | 1.607 | 1.594 | 0.001 | 9.667 |
Wastewater Reuse Efficiency | COD Management Efficiency | NH3-N Management Efficiency | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. | z-Value | Coef. | z-Value | Coef. | z-Value | ||||
COD target | 0.114 | 2.6 | *** | ||||||
NH3-N target | 0.091 | 2.36 | ** | ||||||
Foreign | 0.019 | 5.13 | *** | 0.016 | 3.81 | *** | 0.012 | 3.01 | *** |
Polluted | 0.002 | 0.42 | 0.001 | 0.14 | −0.002 | −0.48 | |||
Capacity | 0.001 | 0.23 | −0.002 | −0.58 | −0.003 | −0.75 | |||
Abatement | 0.086 | 3.74 | *** | 0.058 | 2.13 | ** | 0.076 | 2.78 | *** |
West x Foreign | 0.109 | 4.50 | *** | 0.052 | 1.82 | * | 0.059 | 2.03 | ** |
West x Polluted | −0.025 | −1.08 | −0.033 | −1.24 | −0.046 | −1.73 | * | ||
West x Capacity | −0.01 | −0.66 | −0.015 | −0.93 | −0.011 | −0.71 | |||
West x Abatement | −0.024 | −0.46 | 0.003 | 0.05 | 0.058 | 0.97 | |||
Constant | 0.2 | 2.48 | ** | 0.137 | 1.77 | * | 0.245 | 3.15 | *** |
Number of observations | 341 | 341 | 341 | ||||||
chi-square | 143.4 | 82.7 | 92.76 | ||||||
Prob > chi-square | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||
Log likelihood | −75.38 | −123.32 | −117.41 |
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Fujii, H.; Managi, S. Wastewater Management Efficiency and Determinant Factors in the Chinese Industrial Sector from 2004 to 2014. Water 2017, 9, 586. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9080586
Fujii H, Managi S. Wastewater Management Efficiency and Determinant Factors in the Chinese Industrial Sector from 2004 to 2014. Water. 2017; 9(8):586. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9080586
Chicago/Turabian StyleFujii, Hidemichi, and Shunsuke Managi. 2017. "Wastewater Management Efficiency and Determinant Factors in the Chinese Industrial Sector from 2004 to 2014" Water 9, no. 8: 586. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9080586