Structural Control at Monte Somma and Vesuvio during the Last 5600 Years through Time and Space Distribution of Volcanic Vents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Stratigraphical Outline
3. Regional Tectonic Framework and Previous Structural and Morpho-Structural Studies
4. Methods and Results
5. Distribution of Vents in Time and Space and Relationship with Structural Trends
5.1. Vents Formed during the Pre-Historic Vesuvius Synthem (4000 a BP–5600 a BP)
5.2. Vents Formed during the Proto Vesuvius Synthem (AD 79—4000 a BP)
5.3. Vents Formed during the Ancient Vesuvius Synthem (AD 472–AD 79)
5.4. Vents Formed during the Medieval Vesuvius Synthem (1139—AD 472)
5.5. Vents Formed during the Present Vesuvius Synthem (1944–1631)
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Vents | X Coordinate | Y Coordinate | Typology | Super-Synthem | Synthem | Sub-Synthem | Name/Locality | Assigned Age | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 441678.8639 | 4512546.465 | undersea cryptodome | Gulf of Naples | <19,000 y BP | Milia et al., 1998 [31] | |||
2 | 442228.1 | 4512121.49 | off-shore vent | Gulf of Naples | unknown | Finetti & Morelli 1974 [20] | |||
3 | 442806.87 | 4511708.08 | off-shore vent | Gulf of Naples | unknown | Finetti & Morelli 1974 [20] | |||
4 | 443036.1791 | 4511263.233 | undersea cryptodome | Gulf of Naples | <19,000 y BP | Milia et al., 1998 [31] | |||
5 | 444094.5146 | 4511355.837 | undersea cryptodome | Gulf of Naples | <19,000 y BP | Milia et al., 1998 [31] | |||
6 | 444575.3957 | 4510142.72 | undersea cryptodome | Gulf of Naples | <19,000 y BP | Milia et al., 1998 [31] | |||
7 | 444646.5468 | 4512941.136 | off-shore vent | Gulf of Naples | <19,000 y BP | Aiello et al., 2010 [32]; Paoletti et al., 2016 [33] | |||
8 | 445003.735 | 4511978.051 | off-shore vent | Gulf of Naples | <19,000 y BP | Aiello et al., 2010 [32]; Paoletti et al., 2016 [33] | |||
9 | 445049 | 4514522.02 | undersea pit crater | Gulf of Naples | unknown | Milia et al., 1998 [31] | |||
10 | 445651.9655 | 4511358.925 | off-shore vent | Gulf of Naples | <19,000 y BP | Paoletti et al., 2016 [33] | |||
11 | 446168.871 | 4517267.602 | inferred vent | Vesuvio | Medieval Vesuvius | Miglio d’Oro | Favorita | 9th−10th century | Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
12 | 446423.311 | 4524520.8 | spatter cone | Proto Somma | Trapolino | Cercola/Masseria San Giovanni | 39,000–22,000 y BP | Johnston-Lavis 1884 [57], this work | |
13 | 446627.7554 | 4509801.272 | off-shore vent | Gulf of Naples | <19,000 y BP | Aiello et al., 2010 [32]; Paoletti et al., 2016 [33] | |||
14 | 446928.46 | 4516303.66 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Medieval Vesuvius | Miglio d’Oro | Calastro | 9th−10th century | Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
15 | 447240.95 | 4517461.78 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Medieval Vesuvius | Miglio d’Oro | I Tironi | 1006–07 | Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
16 | 447432.66 | 4517463.43 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Medieval Vesuvius | Miglio d’Oro | I Tironi | 1006–07 | Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
17 | 447610.26 | 4517160.78 | inferred vent | Vesuvio | Medieval Vesuvius | Miglio d’Oro | I Tironi | 1006–07 | Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
18 | 447662.73 | 4519361.85 | lava cumulus | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Novelle di Scappa | 1858 | Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
19 | 447666.21 | 4519677.42 | lava cumulus | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Novelle di Scappa | 1858 | This work |
20 | 447696.3 | 4518866.16 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Medieval Vesuvius | Miglio d’Oro | Sotto i Troni/Novelle di San Vito | 9th−10th century | Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
21 | 447788.31 | 4513637.83 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Proto Vesuvius | Pre-Roman | Torre Bassano | AD 79–4000 y BP | Di Girolamo 1970 [54]; Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
22 | 447805.1536 | 4511195.629 | off-shore vent | Gulf of Naples | <19,000 y BP | Aiello et al., 2010 [32]; Paoletti et al., 2016 [33] | |||
23 | 447834.3 | 4519030.09 | lava cumulus | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Novelle di San Vito | 1858 | Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
24 | 447835.73 | 4513580.94 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Proto Vesuvius | Pre-Roman | Torre Bassano | AD 79–4000 y BP | Di Girolamo 1970 [54]; Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
25 | 447839.67 | 4520295.24 | spatter cone | Proto Somma | Trapolino | Case Sorrentino | 22,000–19,200 y BP | Brocchini 1999 [34] | |
26 | 447958.69 | 4519418.09 | lava cumulus | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Novelle di Scappa | 1858 | This work |
27 | 447990.16 | 4519194.7 | lava cumulus | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Novelle di San Vito | 1858 | Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
28 | 448138.58 | 4519206.52 | lava cumulus | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Novelle di San Vito | 1858 | Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
29 | 448202.95 | 4517736.81 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Montedoro | 1794 | Rosi et al., 1986 [2]; Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
30 | 448209.42 | 4519052.94 | lava cumulus | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Novelle di San Vito | 1858 | Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
31 | 448266.51 | 4517219.6 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Montedoro | 1861 | Rosi et al., 1986 [2]; Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
32 | 448308.62 | 4517240.07 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Montedoro | 1861 | Rosi et al., 1986 [2]; Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
33 | 448361.9 | 4517259.82 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Montedoro | 1861 | Rosi et al., 1986 [2]; Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
34 | 448365.13 | 4514499.76 | inferred vent | Vesuvio | Medieval Vesuvius | Miglio d’Oro | Torre Bassano/L’Epitaffio | 968 BC | Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
35 | 448393.14 | 4518889.7 | lava cumulus | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Piano delle Ginestre | 1858 | Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
36 | 448399.07 | 4517976.71 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Montedoro | 1794 | Rosi et al., 1986 [2]; Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
37 | 448461.57 | 4518019.46 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Montedoro | 1794 | Rosi et al., 1986 [2]; Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
38 | 448490.34 | 4517313.3 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Montedoro | 1861 | Rosi et al., 1986 [2]; Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
39 | 448539.77 | 4518062.81 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Montedoro | 1794 | Rosi et al., 1986 [2]; Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
40 | 448555.28 | 4517340.79 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Montedoro | 1861 | Rosi et al., 1986 [2]; Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
41 | 448562.09 | 4518962.98 | lava cumulus | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Piano delle Ginestre | 1858 | Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
42 | 448566.83 | 4518075.91 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Montedoro | 1794 | Rosi et al. 1986 [2]; Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
43 | 448627.82 | 4517396.22 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Montedoro | 1861 | Rosi et al., 1986 [2]; Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
44 | 448706.49 | 4517448.91 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Montedoro | 1861 | Rosi et al., 1986 [2]; Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
45 | 448724.33 | 4519353 | lava cumulus | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Piano delle Ginestre | 1858 | Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
46 | 448748.29 | 4519486.13 | lava cumulus | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Piano delle Ginestre | 1858 | This work |
47 | 448780.85 | 4517494.39 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Montedoro | 1861 | Rosi et al., 1986 [2]; Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
48 | 448813.74 | 4519405.35 | lava cumulus | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Piano delle Ginestre | 1858 | This work |
49 | 448948.89 | 4521815.89 | spatter cone | Somma | Cognoli di Ottaviano | Canale dell’Arena | Pollena Quarry | 22,000–19,200 y BP | Rosi et al. 1986 [2]; this work |
50 | 449012.39 | 4521752.39 | spatter cone | Proto Somma | Trapolino | Pollena Quarry | 39,000–22,000 y BP | Rosi et al., 1986 [2]; this work | |
51 | 449162.87 | 4518099.51 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Piano delle Ginestre | 1794 | Rosi et al., 1986 [2]; Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
52 | 449225.22 | 4518134.47 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Piano delle Ginestre | 1794 | Rosi et al., 1986 [2]; Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
53 | 449247.07 | 4519178.75 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Piano delle Ginestre | 1858 | Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
54 | 449253.69 | 4519308.21 | lava cumulus | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Piano delle Ginestre | 1858 | Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
55 | 449349.48 | 4518156.97 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Piano delle Ginestre | 1794 | Rosi et al., 1986 [2]; Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
56 | 449462.52 | 4519511.37 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Piano delle Ginestre | 1858 | Allievi 1875 (Tav.5) [40]; this work |
57 | 449492.31 | 4518683.72 | central vent | Vesuvio | Proto Vesuvius | Avellino | Avellino tuff-cone/Piano delle Ginestre | 4000 y BP | Principe et al., 2021 [56] |
58 | 449599.9 | 4518232.51 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Piano delle Ginestre | 1794 | Rosi et al., 1986 [2]; Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
59 | 449817 | 4514547.44 | cinder cone | Vesuvio | Proto Vesuvius | Pre-Roman | Camaldoli della Torre | AD 79–4000 y BP | Rosi et al., 1986 [2]; Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
60 | 450010.59 | 4518508.78 | lava cumulus | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Piano delle Ginestre | 1858 | Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
61 | 450075.8 | 4518642.97 | lava cumulus | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Piano delle Ginestre | 1858 | Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
62 | 450140.05 | 4518492.72 | lava cumulus | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Piano delle Ginestre | 1858 | Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
63 | 450285.57 | 4518744.08 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Piano delle Ginestre | 1858 | Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
64 | 450388.08 | 4519188.24 | lava cumulus | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cono | 1858 | Paolillo et al., 2016 [17] |
65 | 450398.35 | 4519277.82 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cono | 1858 | Allievi 1875 (Tav.4) [40]; this work |
66 | 450457.89 | 4519751.32 | lava cumulus | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Colle Umberto | 1895–99 | Rosi et al., 1986 [2]; this work |
67 | 450472.17 | 4519227.02 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cono | 1858 | Allievi 1875 (Tav.4) [40]; this work |
68 | 450593.61 | 4519284.17 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cono | 1858 | Allievi 1875 (Tav.4) [40]; this work |
69 | 450669.22 | 4518904.72 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cono | 1858 | Allievi 1875 (Tav.4) [40]; this work |
70 | 450719.33 | 4519968.37 | central vent | Proto Somma | Cognoli di Trocchia | Trocchia volcano/Atrio del Cavallo | 39,000–22,000 y BP | Principe et al., 2021 [56] | |
71 | 450806.2 | 4519712.08 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Bocca di Countrel | 1820 | Allievi 1875 (Tav.4) [40]; this work |
72 | 450932.31 | 4516471 | cinder cone | Vesuvio | Medieval Vesuvius | Miglio d’Oro | Montagnelle/Monticelli | 999 AD | Allievi 1875 (Tav.4) [40]; Rosi et al., 1986 [2]; Principe et al., 2004 [15]; this work |
73 | 451040.87 | 4516393.72 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Medieval Vesuvius | Miglio d’Oro | Montagnelle/Monticelli | 999 AD | Rosi et al., 1986 [2]; Principe et al., 2004 [15]; this work |
74 | 451137.29 | 4516306.2 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Medieval Vesuvius | Miglio d’Oro | Montagnelle/Monticelli | 999 AD | Rosi et al., 1986 [2]; Principe et al., 2004 [15]; this work |
75 | 451327.88 | 4519760.2 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cono | 1872 | This work |
76 | 451389.6 | 4519652.31 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cono | 1941 | This work |
77 | 451510.97 | 4518315.55 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cono | 1737 | Allievi 1875 (Tav.5) [40]; this work |
78 | 451548 | 4519743.74 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cono | 1872 | Allievi 1875 (Tav.5) [40]; this work |
79 | 451554.02 | 4520003.01 | lava cumulus | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Colle Margherita | 1891–94 | Fiechter 1906 [43]; Rosi et al., 1986 [2]; this work |
80 | 451606.88 | 4519075.37 | central vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cratere | 1944 | Rosi et al., 1986 [2]; this work |
81 | 451618.86 | 4520141.62 | central vent | Somma | Cognoli di Ottaviano | Canale dell’Arena | Arena volcano/Valle del Gigante | 22,000–19,200 y BP | Principe et al., 2021 [56] |
82 | 451618.89 | 4520053.17 | lava cumulus | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Colle Margherita | 1891–94 | Fiechter 1906 [43]; Rosi et al., 1986 [2]; this work |
83 | 451675.04 | 4515698.51 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Le Voccole | 1760 | Allievi 1875 (Tav.5) [40]; Rosi et al., 1986 [2]; this work |
84 | 451692.9346 | 4520819.426 | welded spatter | Somma | Cognoli di Ottaviano | Punta del Nasone | Punta del Nasone | 19,200–8900 y BP | Brocchini 1999 [34]; this work |
85 | 451693.41 | 4515540.22 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Le Voccole | 1760 | Allievi 1875 (Tav.5) [40]; this work |
86 | 451694.2 | 4515465.61 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Le Voccole | 1760 | Allievi 1875 (Tav.5) [40]; this work |
87 | 451695.94 | 4519203.7 | central vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cratere | 1872 | Allievi 1875 (Tav.5) [40] |
88 | 451710.76 | 4515347.31 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Le Voccole | 1760 | Allievi 1875 (Tav.6) [40]; Rosi et al., 1986 [2]; this work |
89 | 451743.25 | 4519196.94 | central vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cratere | 1906 | Fiechter 1906 [43] |
90 | 451769.159 | 4520865.885 | welded spatter | Somma | Cognoli di Ottaviano | Punta del Nasone | Punta del Nasone | 19,200–8900 y BP | Brocchini 1999 [34]; this work |
91 | 451853.9649 | 4513973.256 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Medieval Vesuvius | Miglio d’Oro | Viulo | 991 AD | Allievi 1875 (Tav.6) [40]; Rosi et al., 1986 [2]; Principe et al., 2004 [15]; this work |
92 | 451873.24 | 4517959.91 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cono | 1906 | This work |
93 | 451892.74 | 4519615.6 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cono | 1834 | Fiechter 1904 [42]; this work |
94 | 451898.64 | 4518052.78 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cono | 1906 | This work |
95 | 451919.55 | 4514262.26 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Medieval Vesuvius | Miglio d’Oro | Fossa Monaca | 991 AD | Allievi 1875 (Tav.6) [40]; Rosi et al., 1986 [2]; Principe et al., 2004 [15]; this work |
96 | 451927.51 | 4519900.45 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cono | 1834 | Allievi 1875 (Tav.5) [40]; this work |
97 | 451939.12 | 4518063.1 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cono | 1906 | Fiechter 1904 [42]; this work |
98 | 451945.65 | 4520154.49 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Atrio del Cavallo | 1834 | Allievi 1875 (Tav.5) [40]; this work |
99 | 451953.35 | 4519673.79 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cono | 1834 | Fiechter 1904 [42] |
100 | 451996.99 | 4519721.07 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cono | 1834 | Allievi 1875 (Tav.5) [40]; this work |
101 | 452014.83 | 4519840.13 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Atrio del Cavallo | 1834 | Allievi 1875 (Tav.5) [40] |
102 | 452044.29 | 4517811.08 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cono | 1906 | This work, |
103 | 452065.34 | 4517788.19 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cono | 1906 | This work |
104 | 452073.56 | 4520040.95 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Atrio del Cavallo | 1834 | Allievi 1875 (Tav.5) [40]; this work |
105 | 452093.92 | 4517742.55 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cono | 1906 | This work |
106 | 452152.03 | 4518254.97 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cono | 1754 | Allievi 1875 (Tav.5) [40]; this work |
107 | 452250.67 | 4517885.3 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cono | 1906 | This work |
108 | 452265.63 | 4518163.64 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cono | 1754 | Allievi 1875 (Tav.5 [40]); this work |
109 | 452301.67 | 4518718.28 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cono | 1754 | Allievi 1875 (Tav.5) [40]; this work |
110 | 452343.02 | 4518032.8 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cono | 1906 | This work |
111 | 452379.01 | 4518300.03 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cono | 1754 | Allievi 1875 (Tav.5) [40]; this work |
112 | 452396.87 | 4518111.78 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cono | 1906 | This work |
113 | 452401.1 | 4518017.59 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cono | 1906 | This work |
114 | 452418.66 | 4518959.87 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cono | unknown | This work |
115 | 452450.7627 | 4520781.245 | welded spatter | Somma | Cognoli di Ottaviano | Punta del Nasone | Cognoli di Ottaviano | 19,200–8900 y BP | Brocchini 1999 [34]; this work |
116 | 452453.5906 | 4513203.357 | inferred vent | Vesuvio | Medieval Vesuvius | Miglio d’Oro | Torre Annunziata/Case Cirillo | 10th century | Principe et al., 2004 [15]; this work |
117 | 452512.62 | 4518639.63 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cono | 1754 | Allievi 1875 (Tav.5) [40]; this work |
118 | 452530.35 | 4518448.99 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cono | 1906 | This work |
119 | 452531.6 | 4519088.27 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cono | 1882 | Fiechter 1904 [42]; this work |
120 | 452546.03 | 4519360.15 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cono | 1903–04 | Fiechter 1906 [43]; this work |
121 | 452546.23 | 4518575.33 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cono | 1906 | This work |
122 | 452554.16 | 4518510.51 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cono | 1906 | This work |
123 | 452575.86 | 4518363.53 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cono | 1850 | Fiechter 1904 [42]; this work |
124 | 452578.24 | 4518845.72 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cono | 1754 | Allievi 1875 (Tav.5) [40]; this work |
125 | 452587.63 | 4519466.57 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cono | 1882 | Fiechter 1904 [42]; this work |
126 | 452595.36 | 4518441.99 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Vesuvius cone | 1906 | Fiechter 1906 [43]; this work |
127 | 452632.42 | 4520567.05 | welded spatter | Somma | Cognoli di Ottaviano | Punta del Nasone | Cognoli di Ottaviano | 19,200–8900 y BP | Brocchini 1999 [34]; this work |
128 | 452635.32 | 4518471.79 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Vesuvius cone | 1906 | Fiechter 1906 [43]; this work |
129 | 452638.2701 | 4515223.323 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Medieval Vesuvius | Miglio d’Oro | Masseria Angeloni | Middle Age | This work |
130 | 452661.36 | 4518504.78 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Vesuvius cone | 1906 | Fiechter 1906 [43]; this work |
131 | 452664.55 | 4518179.71 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Valle dell’Inferno | 1751 | Allievi 1875 (Tav.5) [40]; this work |
132 | 452676.27 | 4518523.92 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Vesuvius cone | 1906 | Fiechter 1906 [43]; this work |
133 | 452687.16 | 4518944.73 | central vent | Somma | Levante | Cognoli di Levante | Levante volcano/Valle dell’Inferno | 8900–5600 y BP | Principe et al., 2021 [56] |
134 | 452691.18 | 4518191.19 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Valle dell’Inferno | 1751 | Allievi 1875 (Tav.5) [40]; this work |
135 | 452702.34 | 4518536.73 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Valle dell’Inferno | 1906 | Fiechter 1906 [43]; this work |
136 | 452717.41 | 4518461.42 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Gran Cono | 1850 | Fiechter 1904 [42]; this work |
137 | 452717.84 | 4518371.32 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Valle dell’Inferno | 1751 | Allievi 1875 (Tav.5) [40]; this work |
138 | 452720.61 | 4518227.26 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Valle dell’Inferno | 1751 | Allievi 1875 (Tav.5) [40]; this work |
139 | 452735.3 | 4518386.14 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Valle dell’Inferno | 1751 | Allievi 1875 (Tav.5) [40]; this work |
140 | 452755.94 | 4518393.02 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Valle dell’Inferno | 1751 | Allievi 1875 (Tav.5) [40]; this work |
141 | 452773.19 | 4518573.99 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Valle dell’Inferno | 1906 | Fiechter 1906 [43]; this work |
142 | 452784.56 | 4518242.52 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Valle dell’Inferno | 1751 | Allievi 1875 (Tav.5) [40]; this work |
143 | 452824.82 | 4518291.82 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Valle dell’Inferno | 1751 | Allievi 1875 (Tav.5) [40]; this work |
144 | 452863.65 | 4518262.27 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Valle dell’Inferno | 1751 | Allievi 1875 (Tav.5) [40]; this work |
145 | 452886.95 | 4520218.33 | welded spatter | Somma | Cognoli di Ottaviano | Punta del Nasone | Cognoli di Levante | 19,200–8900 y BP | Brocchini 1999 [34]; this work |
146 | 452917.06 | 4518263.32 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Valle dell’Inferno | 1751 | Allievi 1875 (Tav.5) [40]; this work |
147 | 452943.97 | 4518287.51 | covered vent | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Valle dell’Inferno | 1751 | Allievi 1875 (Tav.5) [40]; this work |
148 | 452981.15 | 4520884.55 | inferred vent | Somma | Cognoli di Ottaviano | Canale dell’Arena | Vallone San Severino | 22,000–19,200 y BP | Johnston-Lavis (1884 and 1891b) [57,58]; this work |
149 | 453003.36 | 4518773.89 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Valle dell’Inferno | 1906 | Fiechter 1906 [43] |
150 | 453026.53 | 4518759.43 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Valle dell’Inferno | 1906 | Fiechter 1906 [43] |
151 | 453060.16 | 4519206.1 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Valle dell’Inferno | 1882 | Fiechter 1904 [42]; this work |
152 | 453071.1 | 4520003.49 | welded spatter | Somma | Cognoli di Ottaviano | Punta del Nasone | Cognoli di Levante | 19,200–8900 y BP | Brocchini 1999 [34]; this work |
153 | 453117.8 | 4518094.4 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Cognoli | 1751 | Fiechter 1904 [42]; this work |
154 | 453181.87 | 4518794.41 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Valle dell’Inferno | 1937 | This work |
155 | 453189.37 | 4518461.51 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Valle dell’Inferno | 1883 | Fiechter 1904 [42]; this work |
156 | 453196.64 | 4518505.83 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Valle dell’Inferno | 1883 | Fiechter 1904 [42]; this work |
157 | 453258.72 | 4518547.51 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Valle dell’Inferno | 1883 | Fiechter 1904 [42]; this work |
158 | 453261.25 | 4519101.32 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Valle dell’Inferno | 1882 | Fiechter 1904 [42]; this work |
159 | 453262.91 | 4517745.36 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Present Vesuvius | Piano delle Ginestre | Cognoletto | 1906 | Fiechter 1906 [43]; Rosi et al., 1986 [2]; this work |
160 | 453499.73 | 4521276.14 | spatter cone | Proto Somma | Trapolino | Vallone San Severino | 39,000–22,000 y BP | Johnston-Lavis (1884 and 1891b) [57,58]; Santacroce & Sbrana (2003) [3] | |
161 | 453506.3133 | 4513247.015 | spatter cone | Vesuvio | Medieval Vesuvius | Miglio d’Oro | Masseria Bosco del Monaco | 10th century | Principe et al., 2004 [15] |
162 | 453669.06 | 4521456.05 | spatter cone | Proto Somma | Trapolino | Vallone San Severino | 39,000–22,000 y BP | Johnston-Lavis (1884 and 1891b) [57,58]; Santacroce & Sbrana (2003) [3] | |
163 | 453817.23 | 4521593.64 | spatter cone | Proto Somma | Trapolino | Vallone San Severino | 39,000–22,000 y BP | Johnston-Lavis (1884 and 1891b) [57,58]; Santacroce & Sbrana (2003) [3] | |
164 | 454060.65 | 4521752.39 | spatter cone | Proto Somma | Trapolino | Vallone San Severino | 39,000–22,000 y BP | Johnston-Lavis (1884 and 1891b) [57,58]; Santacroce & Sbrana (2003) [3] | |
165 | 454124.15 | 4521995.8 | spatter cone | Proto Somma | Trapolino | Trapolino quarry | 39,000–22,000 y BP | Rosi et al., 1986 [2]; this work | |
166 | 454452.23 | 4521953.47 | spatter cone | Proto Somma | Trapolino | Vallone San Severino | 39,000–22,000 y BP | Johnston-Lavis (1884 and 1891b) [57,58]; Santacroce & Sbrana (2003) [3] | |
167 | 456304.1152 | 4511473.239 | cinder cone | Vesuvio | Proto Vesuvius | Pre-Roman | Pompei volcano/Civita di Pompei | AD 79–4000 y BP | Cinque & Irollo 2004 [49], this work |
168 | 458207.8762 | 4522660.428 | spatter cone | unknown | unknown | Strocchioni | unknown | Rosi et al., 1986 [2] |
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DIRECTION | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | NNE | NE | ENE | E | ESE | SE | SSE | S | SSW | SW | WSW | W | WNW | NW | NNW | ||
ERUPTION | 1698–99 | ● | |||||||||||||||
1701 | ● | ||||||||||||||||
1707 | ● | ||||||||||||||||
1714 | ● | ||||||||||||||||
1717 | ● | ||||||||||||||||
1723 | ● | ||||||||||||||||
1724–26 | ● | ||||||||||||||||
1730 | ● | ||||||||||||||||
1737 | ● | ● | |||||||||||||||
1751 | ● | ||||||||||||||||
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Principe, C.; Giordano, D.; Paolillo, A.; Arrighi, S.; Brocchini, D.; La Felice, S. Structural Control at Monte Somma and Vesuvio during the Last 5600 Years through Time and Space Distribution of Volcanic Vents. Geosciences 2024, 14, 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14040091
Principe C, Giordano D, Paolillo A, Arrighi S, Brocchini D, La Felice S. Structural Control at Monte Somma and Vesuvio during the Last 5600 Years through Time and Space Distribution of Volcanic Vents. Geosciences. 2024; 14(4):91. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14040091
Chicago/Turabian StylePrincipe, Claudia, Daniele Giordano, Annarita Paolillo, Simone Arrighi, Debora Brocchini, and Sonia La Felice. 2024. "Structural Control at Monte Somma and Vesuvio during the Last 5600 Years through Time and Space Distribution of Volcanic Vents" Geosciences 14, no. 4: 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14040091