Dibenzylideneacetone Induces Apoptosis in Cervical Cancer Cells through Ros-Mediated Mitochondrial Damage
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents
2.2. Compound
2.3. Cell Lines and Culture Conditions
2.4. Cytotoxic Activity
2.5. Assessment of the Morphology of Cervical Cancer Cells
2.5.1. Phase Contrast Microscopy
2.5.2. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
2.6. Determination of Cell Volume
2.7. ROS Production
2.8. GSH Levels
2.9. Assessment of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (Δψm)
2.9.1. TMRE Labeling
2.9.2. Marking with Rh123
2.10. Intracellular Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Level Determination
2.11. Cell Membrane Assessment
2.11.1. Lipid Peroxidation (LPO)
2.11.2. Cell Membrane Integrity
2.12. DNA Damage Evaluation
2.12.1. Cell Cycle
2.12.2. Hoechst 33342 Staining
2.12.3. Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
2.13. Cell Death Assessment
2.13.1. Detection of Phosphatidylserine Exposure
2.13.2. Dual Staining of AO and PI
2.13.3. Western Blotting
2.14. Clonogenic Assay
2.15. Wound Healing Assay
2.16. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Cytotoxic Activity of A3K2A3 in Cervical Cancer Cell Lines
3.2. Effects of A3K2A3 on Cell Morphology
A3K2A3 Induces Changes in the Morphology of Cervical Cancer Cells Visualized by Optical and SEM
3.3. A3K2A3 Reduce Cell Volume in Cervical Cancer Cells
3.4. A3K2A3 Induces Oxidative Stress in Cells
Increased Production of ROS and Reduced Level of Antioxidant Defense in Cervical Cancer Cells
3.5. A3K2A3 Decreases in ΔΨm and Intracellular ATP Levels in Cervical Cancer Cell Lines
3.6. Effects of A3K2A3 on the Membrane of Cells
A3K2A3 Induce LPO and Cell Membrane Damage of Cervical Cancer Cells
3.7. Effects of A3K2A3 on the DNA of Cells
A3K2A3 Induces Cell Cycle Arrest in G2/M, Cell Chromatin Condensation, and DNA Fragmentation in Cervical Cancer Cells
3.8. Effects of A3K2A3 on the Possible Type of Death Induced in Cells
A3K2A3 Induces Apoptosis in Cervical Cancer Cells
3.9. Effects of A3K2A3 on Cell Survival
A3K2A3 Reduces Colony Formation of Cervical Cancer Cells
3.10. Effects of A3K2A3 on Cell Migration
A3K2A3 Inhibited Cell Migration and Decreases the Expression of MMP-9 in Cervical Cancer Cells
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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A3K2A3 | IC50 (µM) | SI |
---|---|---|
HeLa | 18.9 ± 1 2.68 | 2.54 |
SiHa HaCaT | 17.4 ± 2.89 48.06 ± 2.92 | 2.75 |
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Zani, A.P.; Zani, C.P.; Din, Z.U.; Rodrigues-Filho, E.; Ueda-Nakamura, T.; Garcia, F.P.; de Oliveira Silva, S.; Nakamura, C.V. Dibenzylideneacetone Induces Apoptosis in Cervical Cancer Cells through Ros-Mediated Mitochondrial Damage. Antioxidants 2023, 12, 317. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020317
Zani AP, Zani CP, Din ZU, Rodrigues-Filho E, Ueda-Nakamura T, Garcia FP, de Oliveira Silva S, Nakamura CV. Dibenzylideneacetone Induces Apoptosis in Cervical Cancer Cells through Ros-Mediated Mitochondrial Damage. Antioxidants. 2023; 12(2):317. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020317
Chicago/Turabian StyleZani, Aline Pinto, Caroline Pinto Zani, Zia Ud Din, Edson Rodrigues-Filho, Tânia Ueda-Nakamura, Francielle Pelegrin Garcia, Sueli de Oliveira Silva, and Celso Vataru Nakamura. 2023. "Dibenzylideneacetone Induces Apoptosis in Cervical Cancer Cells through Ros-Mediated Mitochondrial Damage" Antioxidants 12, no. 2: 317. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020317