Parasympathetic Nervous System Functioning Moderates the Associations between Callous-Unemotional Traits and Emotion Understanding Difficulties in Late Childhood
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
Participants
3. Procedure
3.1. Measures
3.1.1. Emotion Understanding
3.1.2. RSA
3.1.3. CU Traits
3.1.4. Covariates
3.2. Analytic Plan
4. Results
5. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site | Age | Gender | Race | Parent Edu. | Conduct Problems | Baseline RSA | CU Traits | Film RSA | Emot. Understanding | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Site | - | |||||||||
Child age | −0.06 | - | ||||||||
Child gender | −0.01 | −0.08 | - | |||||||
Child race | −0.27 | 0.15 | 0.05 | - | ||||||
Parent education | −0.47 ** | −0.17 | −0.06 | 0.38 ** | - | |||||
Conduct problems | 0.15 | −0.16 | −0.05 | −0.14 | 0.10 | - | ||||
RSA at baseline | 0.35 * | 0.24 | 0.10 | 0.11 | −0.11 | 0.09 | - | |||
CU Traits | 0.11 | −0.19 | 0.22 | −0.05 | 0.07 | 0.60 ** | 0.04 | - | ||
Avg. RSA during film | 0.14 | 0.35 * | −0.05 | −0.11 | −0.33 * | −0.01 | 0.48 ** | 0.00 | - | |
Emot. understanding accuracy (% correct) | −0.11 | 0.31 * | 0.20 | −0.12 | 0.05 | −0.04 | 0.13 | −0.28 | 0.14 | - |
M | 1.54 | 9.03 | 0.43 | 0.25 | 3.06 | 1.14 | 6.86 | 15.61 | 7.24 | 0.86 |
SD | 0.50 | 1.14 | 0.50 | 0.44 | 1.79 | 1.69 | 1.05 | 8.70 | 0.85 | 0.15 |
Min | 1.00 | 7.08 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.83 | 2.00 | 5.56 | 0.38 |
Max | 2.00 | 10.92 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 6.00 | 9.00 | 9.56 | 44.00 | 9.29 | 1.00 |
n | 55 | 53 | 53 | 52 | 53 | 51 | 45 | 51 | 41 | 51 |
Model 1, Main Effects | Model 2, Interactive Effects | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Emotion Understanding Accuracy (% Correct) | ||||
B (β) | 95% Confidence Interval | B (β) | 95% Confidence Interval | |
Main effects | ||||
Site | −0.04 (−0.13) | −0.11, 0.04 | −0.03 (−0.09) | −0.12, 0.06 |
Child age | 0.05 (0.34) ** | 0.01, 0.08 | 0.06 (0.47) ** | 0.04, 0.09 |
Child gender | 0.11 (0.34) ** | 0.04, 0.17 | 0.11 (0.37) ** | 0.04, 0.18 |
Child race | −0.09 (−0.26) * | −0.18, −0.002 | −0.10 (−0.29) * | −0.2, −0.002 |
Parent education | 0.01 (0.16) | −0.01, 0.04 | 0.01 (0.06) | −0.01, 0.02 |
Conduct problems | 0.03 (0.27) * | 0.002, 0.05 | 0.03 (0.29) ** | 0.01, 0.05 |
Baseline RSA | 0.02 (0.13) | −0.03, 0.06 | 0.00 (0.00) | −0.06, 0.06 |
CU Traits | −0.01 (−0.43) * | −0.02, −0.001 | −0.01(−0.47) ** | −0.01, −0.004 |
Avg. RSA during film | 0.01 (0.03) | −0.05, 0.06 | 0.01 (0.03) | −0.05, 0.06 |
Interaction | ||||
CU traits × Avg. RSA during film | −0.02 (−0.45) ** | −0.02, −0.01 |
Fear | Pain | Happy | Anger | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emotion Understanding Accuracy (% Correct) | ||||||||
B (β) | 95% CI | B (β) | 95% CI | B (β) | 95% CI | B (β) | 95% CI | |
Main effects | ||||||||
Site | −0.06 (−0.10) | −0.23, 0.11 | −0.01 (−0.02) | −0.13, 0.11 | 0.06 (0.11) | −0.16, 0.28 | −0.08 (−0.23) | −0.20, 0.04 |
Child age | 0.11 (0.38) * | 0.02, 0.19 | 0.04 (0.19) | −0.02, 0.11 | 0.02 (0.07) | −0.08, 0.12 | 0.00 (0.01) | −0.04, 0.04 |
Child sex | 0.21 (0.32) ** | 0.06, 0.35 | 0.11 (0.21) | −0.03, 0.25 | 0.12 (0.21) | −0.09, 0.32 | −0.03 (−0.09) | −0.14, 0.07 |
Child race | −0.04 (−0.06) | −0.26, 0.17 | 0.01 (0.01) | −0.19, 0.21 | −0.17 (−0.26) | −0.41, 0.07 | −0.10 (−0.24) | −0.24, 0.04 |
Parent education | 0.02 (0.12) | −0.19, 0.83 | 0.02 (0.12) | −0.02, 0.06 | 0.01 (0.08) | −0.13, 0.49 | 0.00 (−0.04) | 0.06, 0.39 |
Conduct problems | 0.02 (0.11) | −0.32, 0.30 | −0.01 (−0.08) | −0.06, 0.04 | 0.05 (0.30) | −0.77, 0.14 | 0.04 (0.33) * | −0.27, 0.04 |
Baseline avg. RSA | −0.01 (−0.02) | −0.53, 0.25 | 0.02 (0.08) | −0.05, 0.10 | 0.00 (0.00) | −0.29, 0.27 | 0.03 (0.14) | −0.07, 0.27 |
CU traits | −0.01 (−0.17) | −0.02, 0.07 | −0.01 (−0.36) * | −0.02, 0.00 | −0.01 (−0.19) | −0.03, 0.06 | 0.00 (−0.07) | −0.03, 0.02 |
Avg. RSA during film | 0.07 (0.19) | −0.05, 0.09 | 0.03 (0.08) | −0.09, 0.14 | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.00, 0.10 | −0.06 (−0.28) | 0.00, 0.07 |
Fear | Pain | Happy | Anger | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emotion Understanding Accuracy (% Correct) | ||||||||
B (β) | 95% CI | B (β) | 95% CI | B (β) | 95% CI | B (β) | 95% CI | |
Main effects | ||||||||
Site | −0.02 (−0.04) | −0.19, 0.15 | 0.00 (−0.01) | −0.14, 0.13 | 0.07 (0.13) | −0.15, 0.29 | −0.08 (−0.23) | −0.20, 0.04 |
Child age | 0.17 (0.61) ** | 0.08, 0.26 | 0.09 (0.39) * | 0.01, 0.17 | 0.02 (0.08) | −0.10, 0.14 | 0.03 (0.17) | −0.03, 0.09 |
Child sex | 0.27 (0.42) ** | 0.11, 0.42 | 0.16 (0.31) * | 0.01, 0.32 | 0.12 (0.22) | −0.08, 0.33 | 0.00 (0.00) | −0.11, 0.11 |
Child race | −0.09 (−0.12) | −0.31, 0.13 | −0.03 (−0.05) | −0.24, 0.18 | −0.16 (−0.24) | −0.38, 0.07 | −0.12 (−0.28) | −0.25, 0.01 |
Parent edu. | 0.00 (0.01) | −0.04, 0.04 | 0.01 (0.06) | −0.03, 0.05 | 0.01 (0.08) | −0.04, 0.06 | −0.01 (−0.08) | −0.04, 0.02 |
Conduct problems | 0.03 (0.18) | −0.03, 0.10 | 0.00 (−0.01) | −0.05, 0.04 | 0.05 (0.31) | 0.00, 0.10 | 0.04 (0.35) * | 0.01, 0.07 |
Baseline avg. RSA | −0.07 (−0.22) | −0.18, 0.05 | −0.01 (−0.05) | −0.09, 0.06 | −0.01 (−0.05) | −0.13, 0.11 | 0.02 (0.10) | −0.04, 0.07 |
CU traits | −0.01 (−0.27) | −0.02, 0.00 | −0.01(−0.43) ** | −0.02, 0.00 | −0.01 (−0.20) | −0.02, 0.01 | 0.00 (−0.13) | −0.01, 0.01 |
Avg. RSA during film | −0.01 (−0.02) | −0.12, 0.10 | −0.01 (−0.02) | −0.12, 0.11 | 0.01 (0.04) | −0.13, 0.15 | −0.08 (−0.36) * | −0.14, −0.01 |
Interaction | ||||||||
CU traits × Avg. RSA during film | −0.04(−0.60) ** | −0.06, −0.02 | −0.02(−0.37) * | −0.04, −0.01 | 0.00 (−0.01) | −0.03, 0.03 | −0.01 (−0.27) | −0.03, 0.01 |
Fear | Pain | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Emotion Understanding Accuracy (% Correct) | ||||
B (β) | 95% CI | B (β) | 95% CI | |
Main effects | ||||
Site | −0.02 (−0.04) | −0.19, 0.14 | 0.00 (0.01) | −0.13, 0.13 |
Child age | 0.15 (0.55) ** | 0.07, 0.24 | 0.05 (0.23) | −0.01, 0.12 |
Child sex | 0.24 (0.37) ** | 0.09, 0.38 | 0.11 (0.2) | −0.02, 0.23 |
Child race | −0.09 (−0.12) | −0.30, 0.12 | −0.01 (−0.01) | −0.21, 0.19 |
Happy accuracy | −0.05 (−0.04) | −0.36, 0.26 | 0.13 (0.14) | −0.07, 0.33 |
Anger accuracy | −0.03 (−0.02) | −0.46, 0.40 | 0.33 (0.23) | −0.19, 0.84 |
Parent education | −0.002 (−0.01) | −0.04, 0.04 | 0.01 (0.06) | −0.03, 0.05 |
Conduct problems | 0.04 (0.20) | −0.03, 0.11 | −0.01 (−0.06) | −0.06, 0.04 |
Baseline avg. RSA | −0.07 (−0.23) | −0.18, 0.04 | 0.00 (0.01) | −0.07, 0.07 |
CU traits | −0.01 (−0.18) | −0.02, 0.00 | −0.01 (−0.38) ** | −0.02, 0.00 |
Avg. RSA during film | −0.01 (−0.02) | −0.13, 0.11 | −0.01 (−0.02) | −0.13, 0.12 |
Interaction | ||||
CU traits × avg. RSA during film | −0.04 (−0.55) ** | −0.05, −0.02 | −0.01 (−0.22) | −0.03, 0.00 |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Lynch, S.F.; Perlstein, S.; Ordway, C.; Jones, C.; Lembcke, H.; Waller, R.; Wagner, N.J. Parasympathetic Nervous System Functioning Moderates the Associations between Callous-Unemotional Traits and Emotion Understanding Difficulties in Late Childhood. Children 2024, 11, 184. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11020184
Lynch SF, Perlstein S, Ordway C, Jones C, Lembcke H, Waller R, Wagner NJ. Parasympathetic Nervous System Functioning Moderates the Associations between Callous-Unemotional Traits and Emotion Understanding Difficulties in Late Childhood. Children. 2024; 11(2):184. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11020184
Chicago/Turabian StyleLynch, Sarah F., Samantha Perlstein, Cora Ordway, Callie Jones, Hanna Lembcke, Rebecca Waller, and Nicholas J. Wagner. 2024. "Parasympathetic Nervous System Functioning Moderates the Associations between Callous-Unemotional Traits and Emotion Understanding Difficulties in Late Childhood" Children 11, no. 2: 184. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11020184