Primary and Secondary Variants of Callous-Unemotional Traits in Community Youths: Differences in Anticipatory Fear
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Countdown Task
2.4. Psychophysiological Data Recording and Quantification
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Group Differences in Anticipatory Fear Responses
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Overall Sample (n = 92) | Primary Variant (n = 13) | Secondary Variant (n = 16) | Control (n = 16) | Group Comparisons | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male (%) | 57% | 83% | 35% | 45% | χ2 (2) = 9.76, p = 0.008 |
Age | 14.20 (0.73) | 14.77 (0.50) | 14.46 (0.89) | 14.47 (0.78) | F (2, 58) = 1.02, p = 0.37 |
Race | 32% White, 42% Black, 26% others | 0% White, 78% Black, 22% others | 26% White, 32% Black, 42% others | 41% White, 27% Black, 32% others | χ2 (4) = 14.92, p = 0.005 |
CU traits | 30.25 (9.44) | 38.78 (2.60) | 42.76 (5.53) | 19.41 (4.61) | F (2, 58) = 164.58, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.85, Secondary > Primary > Control |
Anxiety | 2.06 (2.71) | 0.89 (1.45) | 3.30 (3.10) | 1.04 (1.17) | F (2, 58) = 8.35, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.73, Secondary > Primary = Control |
Valance Rating | 2.96 (0.93) | 3.12 (1.00) | 2.74 (0.81) | 3.05 (1.31) | F (2, 52) = 0.68, p = 0.51 |
Arousal Rating | 2.88 (1.21) | 2.12 (1.17) | 3.11 (1.24) | 3.31 (1.06) | F (2, 52) = 5.39, p = 0.007, η2 = 0.17, Primary < Secondary = Control |
Sound Unpleasantness Rating | 4.18 (1.73) | 3.94 (1.89) | 4.45 (1.76) | 4.37 (1.83) | F (2, 53) = 0.40, p = 0.67 |
Skin Conductance Responses | 0.61 (0.73) | 0.28 (0.32) | 0.73 (0.79) | 0.64 (0.58) | F (2, 39) = 0.39, p = 0.68 |
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Gao, Y.; Raine, A. Primary and Secondary Variants of Callous-Unemotional Traits in Community Youths: Differences in Anticipatory Fear. Children 2024, 11, 359. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11030359
Gao Y, Raine A. Primary and Secondary Variants of Callous-Unemotional Traits in Community Youths: Differences in Anticipatory Fear. Children. 2024; 11(3):359. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11030359
Chicago/Turabian StyleGao, Yu, and Adrian Raine. 2024. "Primary and Secondary Variants of Callous-Unemotional Traits in Community Youths: Differences in Anticipatory Fear" Children 11, no. 3: 359. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11030359