Fabric Sol–gel Phase Sorptive Extraction Technique: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Sol–gel Technology in Developing Microextraction Sorbents
3. Preparation of FPSE Media
3.1. Pretreatment of Fabric Substrates
3.2. Preparation of the Sol Solution for the Sol–gel Coating Process
4. Applications of Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction
5. Stir Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction
6. Dynamic Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction
7. Automated Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction
8. Conclusions and Future Outlook
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Sol–gel Coating | Sorbent Loading (mg·cm−2) | Fabric Substrate | Polarity |
---|---|---|---|
PDMDPS | 1.93 | Cellulose/Polyester | Non-polar |
C18 | 2.4 | Cellulose | Non-polar |
PDMS | 2.3 | Cellulose | Non-polar |
PTHF | 3.96 | Cellulose | Medium polar |
PEO-PPO-PEO | 5.68 | Cellulose | Polar |
Graphene | 7.57 | Cellulose | Polar |
PEG-PPG-PEG | 5.68 | Cellulose | Polar |
PEG | 8.64 | Cellulose | Highly polar |
Sol–gel Precursor | Operation | |
Unchanged: | TEOS, Titanium isopropoxide, Zirconium butoxide, Tetramethoxygermane, Alumina | Inorganic component to the hybrid polymeric network. Offers active hydroxyl group to facilitate chemical bonding to the fiber/capillary surface. |
Organically modified: | MTMS, C18-MTMS, C8-TMS, TMSPA, VTEOS, PTMOS | Forms inorganic backbone of the hybrid material. Organic moieties provide intermolecular interactions between analytes and the sorbent. |
Catalyst | Operation | |
Acid/Fluoride/Base: | GAA, HCl, HNO3, Citric acid, TFA, HF, NH4OH, NaOH, Basic amino acids | Catalyzes the hydrolysis and condensation reactions and controls the network structure and porosity. Acid catalyzed sol–gel materials possess weakly branched microporous structures. Base catalyzed sol–gel materials have highly branched particulate structures with large pore sizes. |
FPSE Media | Substrate | Polymer | Precursor | Organic Solvent System | Catalyst | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sol–gel PDMDPS | Polyester | Poly(dimethyldiphenylsiloxane) | MTMS | Methylene chloride:acetone | TFA | [25,26,27,28,29,30] |
Sol–gel PDMDPS | Polyester | Poly(dimethyldiphenylsiloxane) | 3-CPTEOS | Methylene chloride | TFA | [31] |
Sol–gel PDMDPS | Cellulose | Poly(dimethyldiphenylsiloxane) | MTMS | Methylene chloride:acetone | TFA | [32] |
Sol–gel PTHF | Cellulose | Poly(tetrahydrofuran) | MTMS | Methylene chloride:acetone | TFA | [13,24,25,26,28,29,30,32,33,34,35] |
Sol–gel PTHF | Cellulose | Poly(tetrahydrofuran) | 3-CPTEOS | Methylene chloride | TFA | [31] |
Sol–gel PEO-PPO-PEO | Cellulose | Poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(propylene oxide)–poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer | MTMS | Methylene chloride: acetone | TFA | [36] |
Sol–gel Graphene | Cellulose | Graphene | MTMS | Methylene chloride: acetone | TFA | [36] |
Sol–gel PEG-PPG-PEG | Cellulose | Poly(ethyleneglycol)–block-poly(propyleneglycol)–block-Poly(ethyleneglycol) triblock copolymer | MTMS | Methylene chloride: acetone | TFA | [24], [29], [31], [37], |
Sol–gel PEG | Cellulose | Poly(ethyleneglycol) | MTMS | Methylene chloride: acetone | TFA | [18,24,25,26,28,29,30,31,32,34,37] |
Sol–gel C18 | Cellulose | Octadecyl carbon chain | MTMS | Methylene chloride:acetone | TFA | [24], [37] |
Sol–gel PDMS | Cellulose | Poly(dimethylsiloxane) | MTMS | Methylene chloride:acetone | TFA | [34] |
Analytical Technique | Sol–gel Coating | Fabric Substrate | Elution Solvent | E.T. min | Sample | Analyte | Type of Analyte | EF | LOD *, ng·L−1 a, ng·g−1 | LOQ ** ng·L−1 b, ng·g−1 | CCα μg ·kg−1 | CCβ μg ·kg−1 | R(%); c, Rapp (%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FPSE-HPLC-FLD | PTHF | Cellulose | Methanol | 20 | Urine, Ground-River-Drinking water | BPA | Estrogens | 13.9 | 42 | 139 | − | − | 88.7–96.4 | [13] |
E2 | 14.4 | 20 | 66 | 89.4–97.4 | ||||||||||
EE2 | 14.7 | 36 | 119 | 89.0–98.0 | ||||||||||
FPSE-HPLC-DAD | PEG | Cellulose | Methanol- acetonitrile | 20 | Blood serum | BRZ | Drugs Benzodiazepines | − | 10 | 30 | − | − | 91.6–97.6 | [26] |
DZP | 90.0–102.2 | |||||||||||||
LRZ | 87.6–95.5 | |||||||||||||
APZ | 93.2–106 | |||||||||||||
FPSE-HPLC-DAD | PEG | Cellulose | Acetonitrile | 40 | Intact milk | PENG | Antibiotics Penicillin | − | 3.0 a | 10.0 b | 11.2 | 12.3 | 89.2–104.3 | [37] |
CLO | 6.0 a | 20.0 b | 32.8 | 35.4 | 82.8–88.1 | |||||||||
DICLO | 7.5 a | 25.0 b | 33.2 | 36.1 | 80.8–92.4 | |||||||||
OXA | 9.0 a | 30.0 b | 33.0 | 36.7 | 82.6–90.5 | |||||||||
FPSE-HPLC-DAD | PEG | Cellulose | Methanol- acetonitrile | 30 | Raw milk | TAP | Antibiotics Amphenicols | − | − | − | 52.49 | 56.8 | 90.5–103.3 | [18] |
FF | 55.23 | 58.99 | 92.3–103.3 | |||||||||||
CAP | 53.8 | 55.9 | 97.0–106.6 | |||||||||||
FPSE-HPLC-UV | PEG | Cellulose | Methanol- acetonitrile | 13 | Raw milk | SMTH | Antibiotics Sulfonamides | − | − | − | 116.5 | 120.4 | 94.7–107 | [24] |
SIX | 114.4 | 118.5 | 93.0–104.6 | |||||||||||
SDMX | 94.7 | 104.1 | 96.1–102.7 | |||||||||||
FPSE-HPLC-UV | PTHF | Cellulose | Methanol | 25 | Ground-River water, Treated water, Soil, Sludge | 4-TBP | Chemicals Alkyl phenols | − | 182 | 601 | − | − | 90.1–95.0 | [33] |
4-SBP | 179 | 599 | 90.6–95.7 | |||||||||||
4-TAP | 192 | 640 | 89.0–96.1 | |||||||||||
4-CP | 161 | 531 | 91.1–96.0 | |||||||||||
FPSE-UPLC-MS | PTHF | Cellulose | Acetonitrile | 20 | Food simulants | DEP | Chemicals non-volatile Migrants | 3.1 | 5.0 a | 15 b | − | − | 67.6 | [34] |
TBC | 6.4 | 1.0 a | 3 b | 104.8 | ||||||||||
DBM | 6.6 | 3.0 a | 10 b | 112.0 | ||||||||||
TBoAC | 7.3 | 1.0 a | 3 b | 83.3 | ||||||||||
TXIB | 5.1 | 1.0 a | 3 b | 87.4 | ||||||||||
HAA C12 | − | 7.0 a | 20 b | 53.1 | ||||||||||
DBP | 5.8 | 10 a | 30 b | 91.5 | ||||||||||
TINU326 | 11.0 | 10 a | 25 b | 72.1 | ||||||||||
CHIMA81 | 1.8 | 2.0 a | 10 b | 100.8 | ||||||||||
TINU327 | 3.2 | 10 a | 30 b | 80.6 | ||||||||||
2EHAdip | - | 1.0 a | 3 b | 9.1 | ||||||||||
2EHSeb | 2.9 | 1.0 a | 3 b | 64.7 | ||||||||||
CYA1084 | − | 12 a | 30 b | 86.5 | ||||||||||
IRGA38 | − | 1.0 a | 3 b | 78.1 | ||||||||||
TOPAC | − | 5.0 a | 15 b | 33.3 | ||||||||||
IRGA1076 | 12.0 | 3.0 a | 10 b | 80.4 | ||||||||||
IRGA168 | − | 3.0 a | 10 b | 45.7 | ||||||||||
IRGA1010 | − | 3.0 a | 10 b | 67.6 | ||||||||||
FPSE-UHPLC-MS/MS | PTHF | Cellulose | Methanol- acetonitrile | 20 | Tap water, Osmosis effluent wastewater, Untreated effluent/ biological wastewater | NORET | Drugs Androgens & Progestogens | - | 33.5 | − | − | − | 80.6–94.4 | [35] |
NOR | 1.7 | 94.1–103.5 | ||||||||||||
MGA | 21.4 | 102.2–121.2 | ||||||||||||
PRO | 6.9 | 79.8–84.2 | ||||||||||||
BOL | 46.9 | 66.6–76.2 | ||||||||||||
NAN | 50.7 | 82.8–102.4 | ||||||||||||
ADTD | 19.4 | 65.9–77.9 | ||||||||||||
DHEA | 264 | 77.6–87.4 | ||||||||||||
TES | 2.2 | 76.6–81.4 | ||||||||||||
AND | 63.6 | 92.2–98.9 | ||||||||||||
FPSE-UHPLC-MS/MS | PTHF | Cellulose | Methanol- acetonitrile | 20 | Urine | NORET | Drugs Androgens & Progestogens | - | 33.5 | − | − | − | − | [35] |
NOR | 1.7 | |||||||||||||
MGA | 11.1 | |||||||||||||
PRO | 12.8 | |||||||||||||
BOL | 37.9 | |||||||||||||
NAN | 50.1 | |||||||||||||
ADTD | 25.6 | |||||||||||||
DHEA | 110.6 | |||||||||||||
TES | 8.9 | |||||||||||||
AND | 80.0 | |||||||||||||
FPSE-UHPLC-MS/MS | PDMDPS | Polyester | Methanol | 60 | Seawater | UV P | UV Stabilizers Personal care | - | 5.63 | 18.8 | − | − | − | [28] |
UV 329 | 4.33 | 14.5 | ||||||||||||
UV 326 | 8.96 | 29.9 | ||||||||||||
UV 328 | 1.63 | 5.44 | ||||||||||||
UV 327 | 1.06 | 3.54 | ||||||||||||
UV 360 | 2.72 | 9.08 | ||||||||||||
FPSE-UHPLC-MS/MS | PDMDPS | Polyester | Methanol | 60 | Sewage | UV P | UV Stabilizers Personal care | - | 12.8–25.3 | 42.7–84.3 | 82–96 | [27] | ||
UV 329 | 12.2–19.8 | 40.7–66.0 | 48–61 | |||||||||||
UV 326 | 51.6–60.7 | 172–202 | 49–58 | |||||||||||
UV 328 | 9.44–18.1 | 31.5–60.3 | 43–59 | |||||||||||
UV 327 | 36.2–38.6 | 121–129 | 65–73 | |||||||||||
UV 571 | 40.0–44.3 | 133–148 | 49–53 | |||||||||||
UV 360 | 6.01–7.34 | 20.0–24.5 | 35–46 | |||||||||||
FPSE-LC-MS/MS | PEG | Cellulose | Methanol | 240 | River water, Effluent-Influent wastewater | MPB | Pharmaceuticals Personal care | - | 10 | 50 | − | − | 9–27 c | [31] |
CBZ | 10 | 50 | 20–92 c | |||||||||||
PrPB | 2 | 20 | 41–65 c | |||||||||||
DHB | 5 | 50 | 44–74 c | |||||||||||
BzPB | 1 | 20 | 45–67 c | |||||||||||
DHMB | 2 | 20 | 50–74 c | |||||||||||
DICLO | 1 | 20 | 44–73 c | |||||||||||
BP-3 | 2 | 20 | 59–93 c | |||||||||||
TCC | 3 | 10 | 57–59 c | |||||||||||
TCS | 50 | 200 | 43–54 c | |||||||||||
FPSE-GC-MS | PEG | Cellulose | Ethyl acetate | 120 | River water, Wastewater | IBU | Drugs anti-inflammatory | 418 | 0.8 | 3 | − | − | 82–109 | [25] |
NAP | 263 | 2 | 3 | 93–111 | ||||||||||
KET | 223 | 5 | 15 | 92–108 | ||||||||||
DIC | 162 | 2 | 7 | 94–116 | ||||||||||
Stir-FPSE-UPLC-DAD | PEG | Cellulose | Methanol | 60 | River water | Simazine | Herbicides | 444 | 140 | 460 | − | − | 84–124 | [30] |
Atrazine | 729 | 240 | 790 | 75–126 | ||||||||||
Secbumeton | 988 | 80 | 260 | 76–103 | ||||||||||
Terbumeton | 1165 | 80 | 260 | 75–104 | ||||||||||
Propazine | 996 | 110 | 360 | 75–97 | ||||||||||
Prometryn | 1286 | 470 | 1500 | 78–111 | ||||||||||
Terbutryn | 1411 | 80 | 260 | 78–99 | ||||||||||
Stir-FPSE-HPLC-DAD | PTHF | Cellulose | Acetonitrile | 15 | Wastewater, Reservoir water | TBBPA | Flame Retardants | − | 30 | − | − | − | 93 | [32] |
TBBPA-BAE | 20 | 95 | ||||||||||||
TBBPA-BDBPE | 40 | 92–99 | ||||||||||||
Stir-bar-FPSE-HPLC-DAD | PTHF | Cellulose | Acetonitrile | 10 | Wastewater, Reservoir water | TBBPA | Flame Retardants | − | 10 | − | − | − | 92–95 | [32] |
TBBPA-BAE | 50 | 90–97 | ||||||||||||
TBBPA-BDBPE | 10 | 91–98 | ||||||||||||
DPSE-LC-MS/MS | PEG | Cellulose | Ethyl acetate | 10 | River water, Influent-Effluent wastewater | MPB | Pharmaceuticals Personal care | − | 4 | 50 | − | − | 12–30 c | [29] |
CBZ | 4 | 50 | 18–53 c | |||||||||||
PrPB | 2 | 50 | 20–64 c | |||||||||||
DHB | 2 | 50 | 21–68 c | |||||||||||
BzPB | 2 | 50 | 33–70 c | |||||||||||
DHMB | 2 | 20 | 39–76 c | |||||||||||
DICLO | 2 | 50 | 23–50 c | |||||||||||
BP-3 | 2 | 100 | 45–52 c | |||||||||||
TCC | 8 | 50 | 15–49 c | |||||||||||
TCS | 20 | 100 | 22–43 c | |||||||||||
FDSE-FI-FAAS | PDMDPS | Polyester | Methyl isobutyl ketone | 1.5 | River-Coastal-Ditch water | Lead | Toxic Metals | 140 | 1.8 μg ·L-1 | 6.0 μg ·L-1 | − | − | 95.0–101.0 | [36] |
Cadmium | 38 | 0.4 μg ·L-1 | 1.2 μg ·L-1 | 94.0–98.0 |
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Kazantzi, V.; Anthemidis, A. Fabric Sol–gel Phase Sorptive Extraction Technique: A Review. Separations 2017, 4, 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations4020020
Kazantzi V, Anthemidis A. Fabric Sol–gel Phase Sorptive Extraction Technique: A Review. Separations. 2017; 4(2):20. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations4020020
Chicago/Turabian StyleKazantzi, Viktoria, and Aristidis Anthemidis. 2017. "Fabric Sol–gel Phase Sorptive Extraction Technique: A Review" Separations 4, no. 2: 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations4020020