Volumetrics of Hydrogen Storage by Physical Adsorption
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Adsorption Fundamentals
2.1. Adsorption Measurements
2.2. Adsorption Analysis
2.3. Assessments of System, Skeletal, and Void Volumes
2.4. System Performance Metrics
3. Density and Densification
3.1. Tapping and Jolting
3.2. Mechanical Compaction
3.3. Binders/Pelletization
3.4. Direct Monolith Synthesis
4. Volumetric Hydrogen Storage
4.1. Zeolites
4.2. Porous Carbons
Model | Spacing (Å) | Pore Width (Å) | (g L−1) | Ref | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 bar | 50 bar | 100 bar | ||||
SLG9Å | 9.0 | 5.8 2 | 47.1 | 56.9 | 57.6 | [87] |
SLG12Å | 12 | 8.7 2 | 32.5 | 53.0 | 53.8 | [87] |
SLG15Å | 15 | 11.7 2 | 23.5 | 48.4 | 51.9 | [87] |
SLG18Å | 18 | 14.7 2 | 19.1 | 43.6 | 49.8 | [87] |
SLG20Å | 20 | 16.7 2 | 16.8 | 40.9 | 48.2 | [87] |
ZTC [86] | 13.9 1 | 11.3 2 | 20.1 | 40.6 | 48.5 | [98] |
ZTC+ | 14.2 1 | 12.3 2 | 18.9 | 39.0 | 47.4 | 3 |
ZTC- | 13.6 1 | 11.7 2 | 21.4 | 42.3 | 49.8 | 3 |
ZTC-- | 12.2 1 | 10.3 2 | 29.2 | 52.3 | 56.7 | 3 |
4.3. Metal-Organic Frameworks
5. Guiding Principles
6. Conclusions
- i.
- researchers should accurately measure and report the skeletal density of all adsorbents investigated,
- ii.
- researchers should accurately measure and report the apparent density of all adsorbents investigated, prior to performing adsorption measurements,
- iii.
- automated tapping (jolting) is a key strategy to increasing H2 PS delivery at any temperature,
- iv.
- light mechanical compaction (e.g., as performed for SNU-70 [32]) can result in very high volumetric capacity and delivery gains over a loose powder,
- v.
- volumetric H2 storage and delivery should be reported based on the “skeletal approximation” (Equation (9)), especially but not only for powders, and
- vi.
- novel adsorbents should be designed with large void volume, high gravimetric surface area, and a dense, well-organized skeletal framework with a primary focus on improving H2 delivery at cryogenic conditions, where current system-level energy densities clearly outperform commercial batteries.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Form | Calculation | (g L−1) | Ref | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 bar | 50 bar | 100 bar | ||||
MOF-5 | Powder 2,5 | (Equation (8)) | 8.3 | 17.8 | 20.5 | [36] |
Powder 2,4 | (Equation (9)) | 9.3 | 27.9 | 39.7 | [36] | |
Powder 4,5 | (Equation (10)) | 21.4 | 46.0 | 52.9 | [36] | |
Powder 6 | (Equation (11)) | 22.6 | 48.9 | 56.5 | [36] | |
MOF-5 | Powder 1 | (Equation (9)) | 6.1 | 23.3 | 36.3 | [36] |
Powder 2 | (Equation (9)) | 9.3 | 27.9 | 39.7 | [36] | |
Pellet 3 | (Equation (9)) | 16.7 | 38.0 | 45.2 | [37] | |
MOF-5/ENG | Pellet 3 | (Equation (9)) | 13.2 | 33.9 | 41.5 | [37] |
Material | Form | (g mL−1) | (g mL−1) | (mL g−1) | SA 5 (m2 g−1) | SA (m2 mL−1) | (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOF-5 | powder | 0.13 1 | 2.03 | 1.27 | 2763 | 359 | 94% |
MOF-5 | powder | 0.22 2 | 2.03 | 1.27 | 2763 | 608 | 89% |
MOF-5 | pellet | 0.52 3 | 2.03 | 1.12 | 2263 | 1177 | 74% |
MOF-5/ENG | pellet | 0.47 3 | 2.03 | 1.14 | 2623 | 1233 | 77% |
MOF-177 | powder | 0.21 1 | 1.56 | 1.74 | 4143 | 858 | 87% |
MOF-177 | pellet | 0.39 3 | 1.56 | 1.62 | 4029 | 1551 | 75% |
SNU-70 | powder | 0.20 1 | 1.95 | 2.03 | 4944 | 989 | 90% |
SNU-70 | pellet | 0.243 | 1.95 | NR | NR | NR | 88% |
ZTC | powder | 0.19 1 | 1.75 | 1.70 | 3792 | 720 | 89% |
ZTC/rGO | pellet | 0.67 3 | 1.69 | 1.35 | 2585 | 1732 | 60% |
Zeolite 13X | powder | 0.595 1 | 2.36 4 | NR | NR | NR | 75% |
T (K) | Material | Form | Calculation | (g L−1) | Ref | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 bar | 50 bar | 100 bar | |||||
77 | MOF-5 | crystal | 1 | 22.6 | 48.9 | 56.5 | [36] |
MOF-5 | pellet | 2,3 | 16.5 | 37.9 | 45.7 | [37] | |
MOF-5/ENG | pellet | 2,3 | 12.9 | 33.7 | 42.0 | [37] | |
MOF-177 | crystal | 1 | 15.9 | 41.7 | 50.2 | [53] | |
MOF-177 | pellet | 2,3 | 13.1 | 35.9 | 44.4 | [53] | |
SNU-70 | crystal | 1 | 14.5 | 41.4 | 50.0 | [32] | |
SNU-70 | compact | 2,3 | 9.0 | 30.7 | 41.8 | [32] | |
ZTC | “crystal” | 1 | 20.1 | 40.6 | 48.5 | [37] | |
ZTC/rGO | pellet | 2,3 | 22.4 | 37.8 | 42.8 | SI | |
Zeolite 13X | crystal | 1 | 15.0 | 22.7 | 27.9 | [87] | |
298 | MOF-5 | crystal | 1 | 0.5 | 4.8 | 8.9 | [36] |
IRMOF-20 | crystal | 1 | 0.6 | 5.0 | 9.2 | [32] | |
HKUST-1 | crystal | 1 | 0.7 | 5.9 | 10.2 | [99] | |
HKUST-1 | pellet | 2,3 | 0.5 | 4.6 | 7.8 | [103] | |
Ni2(m-dobdc) | crystal | 1 | 0.8 | 6.9 | 11.8 | [102] | |
ZTC | “crystal” | 1 | 0.6 | 5.1 | 9.2 | [57] | |
ZTC/rGO | pellet | 2,3 | 0.5 | 4.9 | 8.4 | [57] | |
Zeolite 13X | crystal | 1 | 0.5 | 4.3 | 7.7 | [84] |
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Samantaray, S.S.; Putnam, S.T.; Stadie, N.P. Volumetrics of Hydrogen Storage by Physical Adsorption. Inorganics 2021, 9, 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics9060045
Samantaray SS, Putnam ST, Stadie NP. Volumetrics of Hydrogen Storage by Physical Adsorption. Inorganics. 2021; 9(6):45. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics9060045
Chicago/Turabian StyleSamantaray, Sai Smruti, Seth T. Putnam, and Nicholas P. Stadie. 2021. "Volumetrics of Hydrogen Storage by Physical Adsorption" Inorganics 9, no. 6: 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics9060045