Development of an Innovative Optoelectronic Nose for Detecting Adulteration in Quince Seed Oil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Oil Sample Preparation
2.2. Sensor Array Development
2.3. Color Information Extraction from Sensor Arrays
2.4. Finding the Optimal Exposure Time for Sensor Array
2.5. Feature Selection and Classification
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Sensor Array Interpretation
3.2. Adulteration Detection in Quince Seed Oils
3.3. Classification Optimization and Accuracy
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PCs | Box Constraint | Kernel Scale | Kernel Function | Data Standardization | Classification Error (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 447.66 | 0.27376 | Gaussian | True | 37.18 |
2 | 0.001255 | 11.292 | Gaussian | False | 6.41 |
3 | 993.06 | - | Polynomial of order 4 | True | 2.56 |
4 | 177.69 | - | Linear | False | 2.56 |
5 | 0.48491 | - | Polynomial of order 2 | True | 1.28 |
PQ | Su10:Q90 | Su20:Q80 | Su30:Q70 | Su40:Q60 | Su50:Q50 | PSu | Se10:Q90 | Se20:Q80 | Se30:Q70 | Se40:Q60 | Se50:Q50 | PSu | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PQ | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Su10:Q90 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Su20:Q80 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Su30:Q70 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Su40:Q60 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Su50:Q50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
PSu | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Se10:Q90 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Se20:Q80 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Se30:Q70 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Se40:Q60 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Se50:Q50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
PSe | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
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Mehdizadeh, S.A.; Noshad, M.; Chaharlangi, M.; Ampatzidis, Y. Development of an Innovative Optoelectronic Nose for Detecting Adulteration in Quince Seed Oil. Foods 2023, 12, 4350. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12234350
Mehdizadeh SA, Noshad M, Chaharlangi M, Ampatzidis Y. Development of an Innovative Optoelectronic Nose for Detecting Adulteration in Quince Seed Oil. Foods. 2023; 12(23):4350. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12234350
Chicago/Turabian StyleMehdizadeh, Saman Abdanan, Mohammad Noshad, Mahsa Chaharlangi, and Yiannis Ampatzidis. 2023. "Development of an Innovative Optoelectronic Nose for Detecting Adulteration in Quince Seed Oil" Foods 12, no. 23: 4350. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12234350