A Comparison of In Vivo Bone Tissue Generation Using Calcium Phosphate Bone Substitutes in a Novel 3D Printed Four-Chamber Periosteal Bioreactor
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design of the Four-Chambered Bioreactors
2.2. Additive Manufacturing of PEEK Bioreactors
2.3. Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation Treatment of PEEK Bioreactors
2.4. Implantation Surgery
2.5. MicroCT Scanning and Analysis of the Harvested PEEK Bioreactor Contents
2.6. Histology
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Histology
3.2. microCT Analysis of the Bioreactor Contents
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
3D | Three dimensional |
PIII | Plasma immersion ion implantation |
PEEK | Polyether ether ketone |
BTE | Bone tissue engineering |
BMP-2 | Bone morphogenetic protein-2 |
PRF | Platelet-rich fibrin |
NBF | Neutral buffered formalin |
microCT | micro computed tomography |
TV | Total tissue volume |
MV | Mineral volume |
MV/TV | Mineral volume–total tissue volume ratio |
MD | Mineral density |
HU | Hounsfield units |
H&E | Hematoxylin and eosin |
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Nozzle Temperature | 405 °C |
---|---|
Platform temperature | 170 °C |
Chamber temperature | 120 °C |
Layer height | 0.25 mm |
Extrusion width | 0.5 mm |
Print speed | 30 mm/s |
Outline underspeed | 70% |
Shells | 2 |
Infill percentage | 100% |
Infill pattern: raster angles | Rectilinear: 45°, −45° |
Raft | 3 layers of PEEK, 100% density |
Week | Histological Features | Autologous Bone | Novabone® | BioOss® | Zengro® |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
8. | Bone | +++ | − | − | − |
Cartilage | + | − | − | + | |
Foreign body reaction | + | ++ | + | + | |
8 | Bone | +++ | − | + | + |
Cartilage | − | − | + | − | |
Foreign body reaction | + | ++ | + | + | |
10 | Bone | ++ | − | + | − |
Cartilage | ++ | − | − | − | |
Foreign body reaction | + | ++ | + | + | |
12 | Bone | − | − | − | − |
Cartilage | − | − | − | − | |
Foreign body reaction | + | ++ | + | + | |
12 | Bone | + | − | + | + |
Cartilage | + | − | − | − | |
Foreign body reaction | + | ++ | + | + |
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Al Maruf, D.S.A.; Cheng, K.; Xin, H.; Cheung, V.K.Y.; Foley, M.; Wise, I.K.; Lewin, W.; Froggatt, C.; Wykes, J.; Parthasarathi, K.; et al. A Comparison of In Vivo Bone Tissue Generation Using Calcium Phosphate Bone Substitutes in a Novel 3D Printed Four-Chamber Periosteal Bioreactor. Bioengineering 2023, 10, 1233. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10101233
Al Maruf DSA, Cheng K, Xin H, Cheung VKY, Foley M, Wise IK, Lewin W, Froggatt C, Wykes J, Parthasarathi K, et al. A Comparison of In Vivo Bone Tissue Generation Using Calcium Phosphate Bone Substitutes in a Novel 3D Printed Four-Chamber Periosteal Bioreactor. Bioengineering. 2023; 10(10):1233. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10101233
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl Maruf, D. S. Abdullah, Kai Cheng, Hai Xin, Veronica K. Y. Cheung, Matthew Foley, Innes K. Wise, Will Lewin, Catriona Froggatt, James Wykes, Krishnan Parthasarathi, and et al. 2023. "A Comparison of In Vivo Bone Tissue Generation Using Calcium Phosphate Bone Substitutes in a Novel 3D Printed Four-Chamber Periosteal Bioreactor" Bioengineering 10, no. 10: 1233. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10101233