2.1. Composition, Proteolysis, and Lipolysis
The composition, proteolytic, and lipolytic parameters of all samples are shown in
Table 1. The pH decreased significantly in lipolysis which may be related to the generation of free fatty acids. After proteolysis, the value of pH 4.6-WSN/TN% increased from 2.47% to 82.60%, which was consistent with the literature reported [
15]. Bas et al. (2019) hydrolyzed the slurry with Neutrase and Flavourzyme for 12 h and obtained approximately 80% pH 4.6-WSN/TN%. While this value was much higher than in previous studies (roughly 50%) which used other proteases [
5,
13]. It was speculated that the extent of proteolysis could be increased by using Flavourzyme. pH 4.6-WSN/TN% index reflects the bitterness level of EMC. The previous study reported that some cheeses undergo extensive proteolysis [
16,
17]. To our knowledge, such high proteolysis has rarely been reported for EMC production with other proteases. Therefore, Flavourzyme may be a good choice in specific EMC flavors production which requires extensive proteolysis, as the other proteases may not do the trick. Besides, proteolysis results in an increase in peptides and free amino acids. The latter contributes to the basic cheese flavor. The effect of proteolytic treatments on the mean concentration of individual FAAs (μg/g) of the control group was evaluated statistically in
Table 2. Obviously, all individual FAA were elevated in the control group compared with the substrate, reflecting the enhancement of FAA caused by addition of the proteases, and this is a prerequisite step in accelerating flavor development. In this study, most of the FAAs were branched-chain amino acids. Predominant FAAs in the control group were lysine followed by leucine, threonine, valine, arginine, and histidine. A previous study about accelerating ingredient-type Cheddar cheese flavor has also pointed out the high level of leucine, histidine, lysine, and so on [
18]. Lysine was abundant in cheese and can act as a flavoring agent in food applications. 2-methylbutyraldehyde and 3-methylbutyraldehyde are usually formed from isoleucine and leucine, respectively. Both aldehydes were detected in this experiment. This implies that amino acids liberated during the proteolysis are converted into volatile flavor compounds during EMC ripening.
The level of ADV increased from 0.22% to 20.38%. Statistically significant differences (*
p < 0.05) were found between EMC3 and other EMC products for the levels of ADV (
Figure 1). The value of ADV increased with the incubation time extended by using the same lipase, which reflected the lipolysis degree. Furthermore,
Table 3 mainly showed medium and long-chain fatty acids in all samples. The content of C16:0 was the highest long-chain fatty acid in the control group and EMC1-EMC9; similar results were previously reported [
12]. Other predominant FFA in most EMC were C10:0, C12:0, C18:1, C14:0, and C18:0. While they contribute less to final product flavor because of their high perception thresholds. The predominance of these fatty acids mainly reflects their abundance in milk fat, but not because they are preferentially released from triglycerides [
19]. In all EMCs, EMC2 had the highest total medium and long-chain FFA content, followed by EMC6, EMC1, EMC3, and EMC7. With the prolongation of hydrolysis time, the three kinds of lipases showed three different changing trends. The total content of medium and long-chain FFAs increased first and then decreased by using Palatase, and reached the highest point at about 16 h. According to the literature [
8], this could be related to some FFAs converted into other substances by chemical reactions. However, in this experiment, almost no new volatile compounds were detected within 16–24 h (EMC2, EMC3), which may be due to the high peak area of acid substances in the tested samples, so that some substances with low peak area could not be detected. Moreover, in the EMCs (EMC4-EMC6) made by Lipase AY Amano 30G, the total content of medium and long-chain FFAs were gradually increased. Furthermore, the content of medium and long-chain free fatty acids of EMCs made by Lipase MER was significantly lower than that of EMCs made by Palatase, while in the analysis of the volatile compounds, the peak area of short-chain fatty acids show the opposite trend. This suggested that Palatase and Lipase MER have completely different enzymatic properties. In other words, the ability of Lipase MER to hydrolyze short-chain fatty acids was stronger than that of Palatase, while the ability of Lipase MER to hydrolyze medium and long-chain fatty acids was weaker than that of Palatase.
FFAs are precursors for a series of reactions and contribute to some volatile compounds’ formation such as esters, ketones, methyl, secondary alcohols, and lactones. In general, saturated fatty acids are higher than unsaturated fatty acids, which is beneficial to the development of a good cheese flavor. The main reason is that unsaturated fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids, will produce various unsaturated aldehydes with strong flavor after being oxidized, leading to spoilage flavor.
2.2. Volatile Compounds
Volatile compounds (area units, AU, ×10
7) in proteolytic slurry and EMCs are shown in
Table 4. A total of 10 compounds were detected in proteolytic products (control group): 4 esters, 4 ketones, and 2 aldehydes. Compared to the proteolytic slurry (control group), 16 new volatile compounds (7 acids, 7 esters, 2 ketones) were generated during lipolysis. Moreover, four types of fatty acids (n-butanoic acid, n-hexanoic acid, n-octanoic acid, and n-decanoic acid) from the newly formed compounds were detected in all EMC products. The total content of chemical groups of volatile compounds of EMCs increased with the incubation time extension. EMC5 had the largest variety of volatile compounds, followed by EMC4, EMC6, and EMC2.
Figure 2 showed the total peak areas (10
7) of the four kinds of volatile compounds in all samples. The total peak areas of acid compounds accounted for the largest proportion in these four kinds of volatile compounds, followed by esters and ketones compounds. Especially in EMC7-EMC9, the volatile substances consist almost entirely of acids.
Carboxylic acids were the most abundant volatile compounds isolated in the headspace of EMCs at all times of lipolysis with a percentage of 65.9–96.3% of total compounds. EMCs (EMC7–EMC9) made by Lipase MER had the highest peak areas percentage of acids. Moreover, n-butanoic acid and n-hexanoic acid were the main acid compounds. Acids accounted for 87.2% of total volatile compounds in EMC2 and EMC6, and there are very close values that support these results available in EMC studies in the literature [
14]. Butanoic acid plays an important role in the flavor of many cheese types such as Cheddar, Swiss [
20]. Pentanoic acid and heptanoic acid were found in EMCs prepared by Palatase and Lipase MER. Pentanoic acid was detected as nutty, grain flavor.
Compared to the proteolytic product, the total content of esters in EMC1, EMC2, and EMC3 was slightly different, while some other flavor esters are produced in EMC4, EMC5, and EMC6, especially ethyl butanoate and ethyl hexanoate. In EMC7–EMC9, the content of esters tended to decrease. That means the use of Lipase AY 30G was accompanied by the production of some other flavor esters, which made the final hydrolysates more fragrant, while Lipase MER may barely contain ester activity.
Most esters encountered in cheese are described as having sweet, fruity, and floral notes. Ethenyl acetate was detected in all products and was perceived as a fruity and sweet aroma. As far as we are concerned, this ester has not been previously isolated in EMC products, and they could provide unique and characteristic aromatic notes to the EMCs. 2-methylpropyl butanoate and pentyl butanoate were only detected in EMCs incubated by Lipase AY 30G. Ethyl butanoate and ethyl hexanoate were the main ethyl esters in EMCs by Lipase AY 30G and Palatase. Both of them contribute to fruity cheese flavor and can suppress the overall intensity of cheese [
21]. Therefore, this experiment provides a basis for the production of different target flavors of EMC, for example, to produce EMC with fruity cheese flavor such as Swiss cheeses, Lipase AY 30G may be a good choice.
Ketones, especially methyl ketones (such as 2-heptanone, 2-nonanone, 2-undecanone) were found in all samples, which are known to be formed from FFA via β-oxidation reactions [
8]. They are primarily known for their contribution to the aroma of surface-mold ripened and blue cheeses and they have typical odors and low perception thresholds [
22]. Compared with the proteolytic products, the concentration of 3-hydroxybutanone (sour milk flavor) significantly decreased over incubation time, while higher amounts of 2-heptanone (fruity, sweet flavor) and 2-nonanone (hot milk flavor) were detected significantly in EMC1-EMC9 (*
p < 0.05). 2-heptanone and 2-nonanone were also reported as flavor characteristics in numerous cheeses [
23].
The content of the aldehydes was the lowest of the detected compound groups. In cheese, aldehydes are not the major compounds, as they are rapidly reduced to primary alcohols or even oxidized to the corresponding acids. The low level of aldehydes indicated an optimal maturation because a high concentration of aldehydes may cause off-flavors. In EMCs prepared by Palatase and Lipase MER, only 3-methylbutyraldehyde was detected.
2.3. Aroma Compounds
In many cases, only a small fraction of the most abundant volatile compounds may play a role in cheese flavor. Taste and aroma are very important features of cheese quality because consumers make their choice of cheeses primarily based on the characteristics of the flavor. After the substrate was incubated at 16 h by the three lipases, both the variety of volatile compounds reach its maximum, and esters and acids compounds accounted for the vast majority of the total volatile substances. Therefore, aroma characteristics and aroma intensity of volatile compounds in the headspace of EMC2, EMC5, and EMC8 are shown in
Table 5. In general, the aromatic substances and their strength were improved after the hydrolysis of fat, especially esters and acids, such as ethyl butanoate, decanoic acid, octanoic acid, and hexanoic acid. Samples after lipolysis had an obvious rancid and pungent taste, especially when hydrolyzed by Palatase and Lipase MER. In EMC2, rancid, roast potato, and the pungent taste were strong, and there was also a hint of fruity flavor, while EMC5 had a more intense overall fruity flavor and less rancid smell. In EMC8, the rancid and pungent flavor were very strong, which was considered by most Chinese to be an unpleasant smell. There were still some unidentified compounds that have typical aromas at the olfactory port. An intense roast potato aroma was perceived at the olfactory port at a retention index of 909.2. Roasty odor was one of the typical aromas that was isolated at the olfactory port in the retention index of 1091. These aromas contribute to the overall flavor of EMCs.