Cognitive and Motivational Antecedents of Different Driving Styles in a Sample of Lithuanian Drivers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sample
2.2. Research Instruments
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Data Analysis Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
- (a)
- Professional drivers could undergo specialized training programs focusing on hazard perception skills to mitigate aggressive driving behavior. These programs could include simulated scenarios that emphasize identifying and appropriately responding to hazards or even risks on the road. Some interventions, based on direct feedback of skipped risks while driving, could be used as a method to regulate behavioral responses in risky situations [15,30].
- (b)
- Contrarily, non-professional drivers could benefit from interventions aimed at enhancing risk perception skills. Interventions based on simulated driving with expert feedback could enhance risk perception skills [31,32]. Additionally, an educational campaign highlighting the consequences of reckless and aggressive driving should be implemented in Lithuania.
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- Risk perception skills are associated with reckless, aggressive, and anxious driving styles among professional and non-professional drivers.
- (2)
- Attitudes towards risky driving are significant in determining all four of reckless, aggressive, anxious, and safe driving styles among non-professional drivers, but only reckless and aggressive driving styles among professional drivers.
- (3)
- The driving experience of non-professional drivers, as well as the frequency of driving, mileage per week, and workload of professional drivers should be controlled when analyzing psychological factors associated with different driving styles.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Different Driving Styles | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Reckless | Aggressive | Anxious | Safe | |
1 step: | ||||
Gender | −0.10 | 0.03 | 0.08 | −0.06 |
Driving experience (in years) | 0.08 | 0.14 * | 0.16 * | 0.04 |
Frequency of driving | 0.22 * | 0.17 * | −0.19 * | −0.15 * |
Mean of driven km per week | 0.05 | 0.04 | −0.19 * | 0.09 |
R2 (%) | 10.0 | 6.7 | 15.3 | 2.3 |
F | 10.9 | 7.0 | 17.6 | 2.3 |
2 step: | ||||
Gender | −0.10 | 0.04 | 0.08 | −0.05 |
Driving experience (in years) | 0.08 | 0.15 * | 0.15 * | 0.04 |
Frequency of driving | 0.22 * | 0.17 * | −0.19 * | −0.15 * |
Mean of driven km per week | 0.05 | 0.04 | −0.19 * | 0.09 |
Hazard perception skills | −0.002 | 0.04 | −0.03 | 0.03 |
R2 (%) | 10.0 | 6.9 | 15.4 | 2.4 |
ΔR2 | 0.000 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
ΔF | 0.003 | 0.59 | 0.36 | 0.39 |
3 step: | ||||
Gender | −0.05 | 0.09 | 0.04 | −0.06 |
Driving experience (in years) | 0.13 * | 0.20 * | 0.12 * | 0.04 |
Frequency of driving | 0.22 * | 0.17 * | −0.18 * | −0.14 * |
Mean of driven km per week | 0.03 | 0.02 | −0.07 | 0.09 |
Hazard perception skills | 0.02 | 0.07 | −0.05 | 0.03 |
Risk perception skills | −0.25 * | −0.24 * | 0.16 * | 0.04 |
R2 (%) | 15.6 | 12.1 | 17.7 | 2.5 |
ΔR2 | 5.6 | 5.3 | 2.3 | 0.1 |
ΔF | 25.5 * | 23.3 * | 11.1 * | 0.48 |
4 step: | ||||
Gender | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.06 | −0.09 |
Driving experience (in years) | 0.19 * | 0.24 * | 0.13 * | 0.01 |
Frequency of driving | 0.17 * | 0.14 * | −0.19 * | −0.13 * |
Mean of driven km per week | 0.05 | 0.03 | −0.17 * | 0.09 |
Hazard perception skills | 0.05 | 0.09 | −0.04 | 0.02 |
Risk perception skills | −0.09 * | −0.13 * | 0.19 * | −0.03 |
Attitudes towards risky driving | 0.48 * | 0.35 * | 0.11 * | −0.21 * |
R2 (%) | 35.4 | 22.3 | 18.8 | 6.3 |
ΔR2 | 19.8 | 10.2 | 1.1 | 3.8 |
ΔF | 118.5 * | 50.9 * | 5.0 * | 15.7 * |
Reckless | Aggressive | Anxious | |
---|---|---|---|
1 step: | |||
Gender | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
Driving experience (in years) | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.11 |
Frequency of driving | 0.36 * | 0.25 * | −0.12 |
Mean of driven km per week | 0.14 | 0.13 * | −0.03 |
Driving experience working as professional driver | −0.34 * | −0.29 | −0.25 * |
Mean working hours per week | −0.005 | 0.19 | −0.29 * |
Driving route | −0.13 | −0.13 | 0.14 |
R2 (%) | 14.5 | 22.0 | 37.7 |
F | 2.50 | 2.2 | 4.7 |
2 step: | |||
Gender | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.02 |
Driving experience (in years) | 0.05 | 0.001 | 0.09 |
Frequency of driving | 0.36 * | 0.24 * | −0.13 |
Mean of driven km per week | 0.12 | 0.18 | 0.03 |
Driving experience working as professional driver | −0.34 * | −0.29 * | −0.26 * |
Mean working hours per week | −0.02 | 0.23 | −0.25 * |
Driving route | −0.12 | −0.15 | 0.11 |
Hazard perception skills | 0.06 | −0.15 | −0.16 |
R2 (%) | 13.3 | 23.7 | 39.6 |
ΔR2 | 0.003 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
ΔF | 0.19 | 1.17 | 1.76 |
3 step: | |||
Gender | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.09 |
Driving experience (in years) | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.02 |
Frequency of driving | 0.37 * | 0.24 * | −0.13 |
Mean of driven km per week | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.16 |
Driving experience working as professional driver | −0.33 * | −0.29 * | −0.24 * |
Mean working hours per week | −0.10 | 0.21 | −0.41 * |
Driving route | −0.11 | −0.15 | 0.12 |
Hazard perception skills | 0.05 | −0.15 | −0.18 |
Risk perception skills | 0.20 | 0.04 | 0.38 * |
R2 (%) | 14.5 | 10.8 | 48.3 |
ΔR2 | 0.02 | 0.001 | 0.08 |
ΔF | 1.80 | 0.06 | 8.83 * |
4 step: | |||
Gender | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.09 |
Driving experience (in years) | 0.02 | 0.02 | −0.02 |
Frequency of driving | 0.24 * | 0.21 * | −0.14 |
Mean of driven km per week | 0.39 * | 0.34 * | 0.18 |
Driving experience working as professional driver | −0.09 | −0.05 | −0.22 |
Mean working hours per week | −0.26 * | 0.05 | −0.42 * |
Driving route | −0.03 | −0.07 | 0.12 |
Hazard perception skills | −0.09 | −0.29 * | −0.19 |
Risk perception skills | 0.37 * | 0.21 * | 0.39 * |
Attitudes towards risky driving | 0.68 * | 0.70 * | 0.05 |
R2 (%) | 51.8 | 51.3 | 48.5 |
ΔR2 | 32.6 | 35.4 | 0.002 |
ΔF | 42.0 * | 45.1 * | 0.19 |
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Slavinskienė, J.; Endriulaitienė, A. Cognitive and Motivational Antecedents of Different Driving Styles in a Sample of Lithuanian Drivers. Safety 2024, 10, 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10010027
Slavinskienė J, Endriulaitienė A. Cognitive and Motivational Antecedents of Different Driving Styles in a Sample of Lithuanian Drivers. Safety. 2024; 10(1):27. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10010027
Chicago/Turabian StyleSlavinskienė, Justina, and Auksė Endriulaitienė. 2024. "Cognitive and Motivational Antecedents of Different Driving Styles in a Sample of Lithuanian Drivers" Safety 10, no. 1: 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10010027