Socio-Cognitive Determinants of Pedestrians’ Intention to Cross on a Red Light Signal: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB)
1.3. Extended Theoretical Framework of the TPB
1.4. Present Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Questionnaire Measures
2.2.1. Behavioural Intention
2.2.2. Cognitive Attitude
2.2.3. Affective Attitude
2.2.4. Subjective Norm
2.2.5. Perceived Behavioural Control
2.2.6. Descriptive Norm
2.2.7. Normative Norm
2.2.8. Personal Norm
2.2.9. Habit
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Criterion | Percentage of Sample | Percentage of Population |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Male | 43.6 | 46.5 |
Female | 56.4 | 53.5 |
Age | ||
18–24 | 12.0 | 11.2 |
25–34 | 24.8 | 18.5 |
35–44 | 22.2 | 18.0 |
45–54 | 17.8 | 20.9 |
55–64 | 8.6 | 14.0 |
65+ | 14.6 | 17.4 |
Item | Rotated Factor Loadings | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SN | PN | NN | PBC | Hbt | Int | DN | CA | AA | |
Respecting a ‘Don’t walk’ signal makes me nervous. | −0.068 | 0.144 | 0.012 | −0.083 | 0.097 | 0.098 | 0.048 | −0.210 | 0.652 |
Respecting a ‘Don’t walk’ signal is monotonous. | −0.005 | −0.150 | −0.087 | 0.003 | −0.044 | −0.166 | −0.035 | 0.035 | 0.885 |
Respecting a ‘Don’t walk’ signal irritates me. | −0.015 | 0.103 | 0.035 | −0.024 | 0.057 | 0.035 | −0.003 | −0.055 | 0.788 |
Crossing on a ‘Don’t walk’ signal is reckless. | 0.034 | 0.043 | −0.077 | 0.059 | 0.056 | 0.136 | −0.030 | 0.826 | −0.085 |
Crossing on a ‘Don’t walk’ signal is dangerous, even when it’s done carefully. | −0.026 | −0.011 | 0.042 | −0.077 | −0.017 | −0.072 | 0.043 | 0.846 | −0.042 |
Crossing on a ‘Don’t walk’ signal increases the risk of partaking in a road accident. | −0.004 | 0.066 | −0.003 | −0.008 | 0.033 | 0.071 | 0.028 | 0.855 | −0.020 |
My best friends think that I should cross on a ‘Don’t walk’ signal. | 0.727 | 0.031 | 0.021 | −0.119 | −0.119 | 0.004 | 0.084 | −0.043 | 0.011 |
My classmates/colleagues think that I should cross on a ‘Don’t walk’ signal. | 0.843 | −0.050 | −0.039 | 0.021 | 0.008 | −0.066 | 0.040 | −0.037 | 0.020 |
My partner/spouse thinks that I should cross on a ‘Don’t walk’ signal. | 0.591 | 0.091 | −0.165 | 0.108 | 0.305 | 0.153 | 0.028 | −0.026 | 0.025 |
My parents/children think that I should cross on a ‘Don’t walk’ signal. | 0.685 | −0.014 | 0.096 | 0.018 | 0.011 | 0.118 | −0.125 | 0.040 | −0.160 |
Most people that are important to me think that I should cross on a ‘Don’t walk’ signal. | 0.863 | −0.058 | 0.153 | −0.045 | −0.052 | −0.244 | 0.018 | 0.061 | 0.031 |
How often do your best friends cross on a ‘Don’t walk’ signal? | 0.080 | −0.016 | −0.071 | −0.024 | −0.045 | 0.147 | 0.797 | −0.075 | −0.103 |
How often do your classmates/colleagues cross on a ‘Don’t walk’ signal? | 0.023 | −0.055 | −0.033 | 0.036 | −0.021 | 0.139 | 0.827 | −0.079 | −0.094 |
How often do other pedestrians cross on a ‘Don’t walk’ signal? | −0.053 | 0.035 | −0.072 | 0.062 | −0.029 | −0.036 | 0.820 | 0.086 | 0.064 |
Most people in your city do not comply with the ‘Don’t walk’ signal. | 0.005 | 0.034 | 0.167 | 0.001 | 0.098 | −0.312 | 0.609 | 0.137 | 0.140 |
If I crossed on a ‘Don’t walk’ signal, I would regret it afterwards. | −0.111 | 0.791 | 0.180 | −0.083 | −0.117 | −0.020 | 0.072 | −0.006 | −0.049 |
I would feel guilty if I crossed on a ‘Don’t walk’ signal. | −0.018 | 0.777 | −0.094 | 0.015 | 0.108 | −0.001 | 0.003 | −0.073 | −0.009 |
Crossing on a ‘Don’t walk’ signal violates my principles. | 0.108 | 0.716 | −0.169 | −0.010 | −0.013 | 0.029 | −0.091 | 0.098 | 0.084 |
I would feel really bad if I crossed on a ‘Don’t walk’ signal. | 0.014 | 0.571 | −0.041 | −0.039 | −0.025 | −0.130 | 0.024 | 0.190 | −0.069 |
I have a strong personal obligation not to cross on a ‘Don’t walk’ signal. | −0.041 | 0.522 | 0.144 | 0.183 | −0.068 | −0.133 | −0.017 | 0.024 | 0.078 |
It is more important to cross the road when other pedestrians do it than to respect a ‘Don’t walk’ signal. | 0.025 | 0.148 | 0.722 | −0.077 | 0.071 | 0.142 | −0.016 | −0.111 | −0.177 |
I cross the road on a ‘Don’t walk’ signal when I see other pedestrians doing it. | 0.014 | −0.094 | 0.687 | 0.099 | 0.005 | 0.146 | −0.086 | 0.068 | 0.138 |
When a ‘Don’t walk’ signal is on, I often rely on other pedestrians’ choices, and I act as they do. | −0.007 | −0.077 | 0.718 | 0.026 | 0.093 | −0.030 | 0.062 | 0.055 | 0.039 |
Usually, when a ‘Don’t walk’ signal is on, pedestrians around me are the ones who decide if we are going to cross or not. | 0.084 | 0.012 | 0.838 | 0.027 | −0.039 | −0.039 | −0.038 | −0.039 | −0.036 |
Crossing on a ‘Don’t walk’ signal is something I do automatically. | 0.180 | 0.003 | 0.016 | 0.040 | 0.476 | 0.070 | −0.057 | 0.024 | 0.114 |
Crossing on a ‘Don’t walk’ signal is something I do without consciously remembering doing so. | −0.048 | −0.056 | −0.007 | −0.021 | 0.807 | 0.014 | 0.001 | 0.056 | 0.064 |
Crossing on a ‘Don’t walk’ signal is something I do without thinking. | −0.038 | −0.080 | 0.051 | −0.082 | 0.862 | −0.179 | −0.014 | 0.033 | −0.040 |
Crossing on a ‘Don’t walk’ signal is something I start doing before I realize I’m doing it. | −0.009 | 0.083 | 0.058 | 0.056 | 0.697 | 0.175 | 0.018 | −0.035 | −0.021 |
How easy or difficult would it be for you to respect a ‘Don’t walk’ signal when you are in a hurry? | −0.015 | 0.058 | −0.011 | 0.769 | 0.101 | −0.058 | 0.084 | −0.087 | −0.061 |
How easy or difficult would it be for you to respect a ‘Don’t walk’ signal when there are no vehicles in the vicinity? | −0.146 | −0.023 | 0.148 | 0.749 | 0.049 | −0.087 | 0.016 | 0.020 | −0.037 |
How easy or difficult would it be for you to respect a ‘Don’t walk’ signal when you are excited or nervous? | 0.065 | 0.018 | −0.099 | 0.792 | −0.186 | 0.141 | −0.075 | 0.076 | 0.133 |
How easy or difficult would it be for you to respect a ‘Don’t walk’ signal when the weather is bad (rain, snow, etc.)? | 0.035 | −0.046 | 0.022 | 0.749 | −0.022 | −0.051 | 0.055 | −0.029 | −0.105 |
How often, in the next two weeks, do you intend to cross the road on a ‘Don’t walk’ signal? | −0.009 | −0.041 | 0.149 | −0.050 | 0.016 | 0.592 | 0.112 | 0.044 | 0.106 |
I will try not to cross the road on a ‘Don’t walk’ signal in the future. (reverse coded) | −0.027 | 0.036 | 0.013 | 0.017 | 0.035 | 0.794 | −0.078 | −0.090 | −0.275 |
I think that in the future I will cross the road when a ‘Don’t walk’ signal is on. | 0.107 | 0.016 | 0.127 | 0.074 | −0.130 | 0.630 | −0.006 | 0.025 | 0.236 |
My intention of not crossing the road on a ‘Don’t walk’ signal in the future is high. (reverse coded) | −0.143 | −0.168 | −0.077 | 0.004 | 0.054 | 0.789 | 0.021 | 0.150 | 0.037 |
During the following two weeks, how probable is it that you will cross the road on a ‘Don’t walk’ signal? | 0.015 | −0.048 | 0.093 | −0.166 | −0.059 | 0.633 | 0.050 | 0.082 | 0.060 |
Eigenvalues | 8.83 | 3.02 | 2.30 | 2.20 | 1.83 | 1.43 | 1.38 | 1.22 | 1.03 |
% of variance | 23.86 | 8.18 | 6.22 | 5.95 | 4.95 | 3.87 | 3.72 | 3.29 | 2.77 |
Cronbach’s alpha | 0.815 | 0.783 | 0.808 | 0.785 | 0.760 | 0.803 | 0.763 | 0.804 | 0.722 |
M | SD | CA | SN | PBC | AA | DN | NN | PN | Hbt | Int | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CA | 5.79 | 1.41 | - | ||||||||
SN | 1.92 | 1.02 | −0.25 ** | - | |||||||
PBC | 4.15 | 1.51 | 0.17 ** | −0.09 | - | ||||||
AA | 3.00 | 1.51 | −0.11 * | 0.26 ** | −0.21 ** | - | |||||
DN | 3.96 | 1.28 | 0.01 | 0.32 ** | −0.04 | 0.16 ** | - | ||||
NN | 2.08 | 1.13 | −0.19 ** | 0.37 ** | −0.20 ** | 0.37 ** | 0.16 ** | - | |||
PN | 4.36 | 1.49 | 0.30 ** | −0.19 ** | 0.29 ** | −0.35 ** | −0.16 ** | −0.28 ** | - | ||
Hbt | 2.31 | 1.33 | −0.17 ** | 0.31 ** | −0.16 ** | 0.35 ** | 0.16 ** | 0.44 ** | −0.19 ** | - | |
Int | 2.27 | 1.12 | −0.32 ** | 0.44 ** | −0.29 ** | 0.43 ** | 0.23 ** | 0.46 ** | −0.50 ** | 0.42 ** | - |
Predictor | β (Step 1) | β (Step 2) | β (Step 3) | β (Step 4) | β (Step5) | β (Step 6) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TPB components | CA | −0.19 ** | −0.19 ** | −0.20 ** | −0.18 ** | −0.12 ** | −0.11 ** |
SN | 0.37 ** | 0.30 ** | 0.27 ** | 0.22 ** | 0.22 ** | 0.21 ** | |
PBC | −0.22 ** | −0.16 ** | −0.16 ** | −0.14 ** | −0.09 * | −0.08 * | |
Additional components | AA | 0.30 ** | 0.29 ** | 0.23 ** | 0.16 ** | 0.14 ** | |
DN | 0.09 * | 0.09 * | 0.06 | 0.05 | |||
NN | 0.22 ** | 0.19 ** | 0.15 ** | ||||
PN | −0.28 ** | −0.28 ** | |||||
Hbt | 0.15 ** | ||||||
R2 | 0.29 | 0.37 | 0.38 | 0.41 | 0.47 | 0.49 | |
R2 adjusted | 0.28 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.40 | 0.46 | 0.47 | |
ΔR2 | 0.29 ** | 0.08 ** | 0.01 * | 0.03 ** | 0.06 ** | 0.02 ** |
RW | Percentage | |
---|---|---|
Personal norm | 0.12 | 24.6 |
Subjective norm | 0.08 | 16.7 |
Normative norm | 0.07 | 14.6 |
Affective attitude | 0.06 | 13.3 |
Habit | 0.06 | 12.8 |
Cognitive attitude | 0.04 | 8.3 |
Perceived behavioural control | 0.03 | 6.0 |
Descriptive norm | 0.02 | 3.8 |
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Matović, B.; Petrović, A.; Damjanović, M.; Bulajić, A.; Ilić, V. Socio-Cognitive Determinants of Pedestrians’ Intention to Cross on a Red Light Signal: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Safety 2024, 10, 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10010033
Matović B, Petrović A, Damjanović M, Bulajić A, Ilić V. Socio-Cognitive Determinants of Pedestrians’ Intention to Cross on a Red Light Signal: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Safety. 2024; 10(1):33. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10010033
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatović, Boško, Aleksandra Petrović, Milanko Damjanović, Aleksandar Bulajić, and Vladimir Ilić. 2024. "Socio-Cognitive Determinants of Pedestrians’ Intention to Cross on a Red Light Signal: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour" Safety 10, no. 1: 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10010033