Low-Cost Multispectral Sensor Array for Determining Leaf Nitrogen Status
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Designed Hardware for N Sensing System
2.2. Greenhouse Experimental Setup
2.3. Field Experiment Setup
2.4. Data Collection and Modeling
2.5. Evaluation Metrics
3. Result and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hardware Components | Summary of the Technical Specifications |
---|---|
Sensor1 (SEN-14347) | 6 channel multi-spectral sensor in the visible range (450, 500, 550, 570, 600, 650 nm). The measurement unit of the channel is μW/. Built-in source light (5700 K white LED) |
Sensor2 (SEN-14351) | 6 channel multi-spectral sensor in the NIR range (610, 680, 730, 760, 810, and 860 nm). The measurement unit of the channel is μW/. Onboard source light is a 2700 K warm LED |
Microprocessor-based control circuitry | Raspberry Pi 3 model B. 1.2 GHz AR processor. 1 GB LPDDR2 main memory |
Multiplexer | 8 configurable addresses |
Accuracy (%) | Precision (%) | Recall (%) | Specificity (%) | F1-Score (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Category1 | 92.8 ± 1.5 | 81.2 ± 2.1 | 92.8 ± 1.2 | 92.1 ± 1.1 | 86.6 ± 2.2 |
Category2 | 71.4 ± 1.1 | 99.9 ± 0.2 | 71.4 ± 2.0 | 100 ± 0.0 | 83.3 ± 2.5 |
Category3 | 90.9 ± 3.1 | 99.9 ± 0.1 | 90.9 ± 1.6 | 100 ± 0.0 | 95.2 ± 1.6 |
Category4 | 99.9 ± 0.1 | 81.2 ± 1.5 | 99.9 ± 0.3 | 92.3 ± 1.3 | 89.6 ± 1.8 |
Total | 88.4 ± 3.0 | 90.6 ± 2.3 | 88.8 ± 2.9 | 96.1 ± 2.0 | 88.7 ± 2.6 |
Environment | Accuracy (%) | Precision (%) | Recall (%) | Specificity (%) | F1-Score (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Greenhouse | 94.2 ± 1.8 | 90.9 ± 2.1 | 100.0 ± 0.0 | 90.9 ± 1.9 | 95.2 ± 1.8 |
Field | 79.2 ± 2.5 | 80.1 ± 2.7 | 79.6 ± 2.1 | 80.2 ± 2.3 | 79.3 ± 2.4 |
Training Algorithms | Testing Accuracy (%) of the Greenhouse Experiment | Testing Accuracy (%) of Field Experiment |
---|---|---|
Decision Tree | 65.1 ± 2.7 | 73.6 ± 2.6 |
Support Vector Machine (SVM) | 65.0 ± 2.0 | 70.1 ± 2.1 |
Ensemble Bagged Tree | 73.3 ± 2.2 | 75.0 ± 2.3 |
K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) | 88.4 ± 3.0 | 79.2 ± 2.5 |
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Habibullah, M.; Mohebian, M.R.; Soolanayakanahally, R.; Bahar, A.N.; Vail, S.; Wahid, K.A.; Dinh, A. Low-Cost Multispectral Sensor Array for Determining Leaf Nitrogen Status. Nitrogen 2020, 1, 67-80. https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen1010007
Habibullah M, Mohebian MR, Soolanayakanahally R, Bahar AN, Vail S, Wahid KA, Dinh A. Low-Cost Multispectral Sensor Array for Determining Leaf Nitrogen Status. Nitrogen. 2020; 1(1):67-80. https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen1010007
Chicago/Turabian StyleHabibullah, Mohammad, Mohammad Reza Mohebian, Raju Soolanayakanahally, Ali Newaz Bahar, Sally Vail, Khan A. Wahid, and Anh Dinh. 2020. "Low-Cost Multispectral Sensor Array for Determining Leaf Nitrogen Status" Nitrogen 1, no. 1: 67-80. https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen1010007