Poly(ε-Caprolactone)/Brewers’ Spent Grain Composites—The Impact of Filler Treatment on the Mechanical Performance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials
2.2. Extrusion Grinding of BSG
2.3. Preparation of Polymer Composites
2.4. Measurements
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Spectroscopic Analysis
3.2. Physico-Mechanical Properties
4. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | PCL | 120/20 | 120/30 | 120/40 | 180/20 | 180/30 | 180/40 | 240/20 | 240/30 | 240/40 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Theoretical density, g/cm3 | 1.151 | 1.189 | 1.208 | 1.229 | 1.189 | 1.209 | 1.229 | 1.190 | 1.210 | 1.231 |
Experimental density, g/cm3 | 1.151 | 1.182 | 1.199 | 1.214 | 1.185 | 1.201 | 1.217 | 1.183 | 1.203 | 1.223 |
Porosity, % | 0.000 | 0.542 | 0.782 | 1.207 | 0.364 | 0.634 | 0.979 | 0.574 | 0.545 | 0.687 |
Filler volume fraction, % | 0.00 | 17.39 | 26.52 | 35.95 | 17.37 | 26.49 | 35.92 | 17.31 | 26.42 | 35.83 |
Average particle distance, µm | - | 99 | 57 | 30 | 73 | 42 | 22 | 70 | 40 | 21 |
Interface surface area, nm−1 | - | 4.7 | 7.1 | 9.7 | 6.4 | 9.7 | 13.1 | 6.6 | 10.1 | 13.7 |
Tensile strength, MPa | 34.6 ± 1.5 | 11.1 ± 0.1 | 10.5 ± 0.3 | 9.8 ± 0.2 | 12.8 ± 0.3 | 10.9 ± 0.7 | 10.8 ± 0.3 | 11.8 ± 0.7 | 9.9 ± 0.7 | 9.1 ± 0.4 |
Elongation at break, % | 1061 ± 82 | 33.2 ± 9.7 | 13.5 ± 1.8 | 5.9 ± 0.2 | 33.5 ± 1.8 | 12.9 ± 4.5 | 6.1 ± 1.0 | 37.2 ± 9.7 | 13.2 ± 0.8 | 9.0 ± 0.4 |
Young’s modulus, MPa | 289 ± 18 | 469 ± 6 | 502 ± 40 | 615 ± 27 | 512 ± 11 | 599 ± 63 | 677 ± 44 | 536 ± 63 | 640 ± 35 | 735 ± 39 |
Toughness, J/cm3 | 25215 ± 3359 | 283 ± 81 | 95 ± 16 | 44 ± 1 | 317 ± 27 | 106 ± 18 | 49 ± 10 | 342 ± 38 | 125 ± 14 | 58 ± 6 |
Brittleness, 1010 %·Pa | 0.0180 | 0.3932 | 0.8741 | 1.6562 | 0.3678 | 0.9309 | 1.5404 | 0.3435 | 0.7907 | 1.1125 |
E’ at 25 °C, MPa | 523.7 | 766.2 | 847.0 | 1021.1 | 812.2 | 835.4 | 1058.2 | 782.8 | 958.1 | 1002.1 |
E’ at −90 °C, MPa | 3372.6 | 3917.8 | 3846.4 | 4468.2 | 3990.0 | 3915.8 | 4522.0 | 3843.1 | 4110.0 | 4060.8 |
C factor | 1.00 | 0.79 | 0.71 | 0.68 | 0.76 | 0.73 | 0.66 | 0.76 | 0.67 | 0.63 |
E’ rule of mixture, MPa | - | 614.8 | 662.6 | 712.0 | 614.6 | 662.4 | 711.8 | 614.4 | 662.0 | 711.3 |
E’ Einstein model, MPa | - | 751.4 | 870.9 | 994.4 | 751.1 | 870.5 | 993.9 | 750.4 | 869.5 | 992.8 |
E’ Kerner model, MPa | - | 781.4 | 965.5 | 1211.0 | 781.0 | 964.8 | 1209.9 | 780.1 | 963.2 | 1207.4 |
E’ Guth model, MPa | - | 860.8 | 1216.5 | 1713.5 | 860.1 | 1215.1 | 1711.3 | 858.4 | 1211.8 | 1706.3 |
tan δ at 25 °C | 0.0360 | 0.0494 | 0.0551 | 0.0596 | 0.0466 | 0.0490 | 0.0522 | 0.0414 | 0.0455 | 0.0481 |
tan δ at Tg | 0.1027 | 0.0932 | 0.0904 | 0.0885 | 0.0921 | 0.0902 | 0.0863 | 0.0906 | 0.0872 | 0.0838 |
Tg, °C | −41.42 | −41.12 | −40.41 | −40.02 | −41.31 | −40.15 | −39.24 | −41.41 | −41.38 | −40.52 |
Area under tan δ peak, °C | 6.136 | 6.318 | 6.742 | 7.515 | 6.396 | 6.992 | 7.573 | 6.270 | 6.702 | 7.547 |
Adhesion factor | - | 0.658 | 1.079 | 1.582 | 0.565 | 0.849 | 1.258 | 0.390 | 0.716 | 1.081 |
Constrained chain volume, % | 0.00 | 7.17 | 9.33 | 10.83 | 8.01 | 9.47 | 12.55 | 9.19 | 11.87 | 14.58 |
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Hejna, A. Poly(ε-Caprolactone)/Brewers’ Spent Grain Composites—The Impact of Filler Treatment on the Mechanical Performance. J. Compos. Sci. 2020, 4, 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs4040167
Hejna A. Poly(ε-Caprolactone)/Brewers’ Spent Grain Composites—The Impact of Filler Treatment on the Mechanical Performance. Journal of Composites Science. 2020; 4(4):167. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs4040167
Chicago/Turabian StyleHejna, Aleksander. 2020. "Poly(ε-Caprolactone)/Brewers’ Spent Grain Composites—The Impact of Filler Treatment on the Mechanical Performance" Journal of Composites Science 4, no. 4: 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs4040167