X-ray Synchrotron Radiation to Look at Pigments in Antiquities: Overview and Examples
Abstract
:1. Synchrotron for Cultural Heritages and Pigments Studies: Overview
1.1. Synchrotron Beamlines for Cultural Heritages in Europe
1.2. X-ray Synchrotron Techniques for Pigments Studies
1.3. Pigments in Archaeological Artifacts: From Rock Art to Potteries
1.4. Pigments in Glazes
1.5. Ink, Dyes and Organic Colorants
1.6. Paintings: Pigments Characterization and Degradation Products
1.7. Pigments and Radiation Damage
2. Painted Architectural Terracottas: A Meaningful Example of Integrated Approach
2.1. Materials and Methods
2.2. Results and Discussion
2.2.1. The Case of the Manganese-Black Technique
2.2.2. Looking at Pigment Grains: Stratigraphies or Mixtures of Hues?
2.2.3. SR-µXRD for Solving Ambiguities: The Case of Blue and Green Pigments
3. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Beamline | Facility | Country | Energy Range [keV] | Available Techniques | Beam Size [µm] | Sample Environment | Applications |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PUMA | SOLEIL | France | 7–22 | µXRF, µXANES, µXRD | 5 × 7 | Air | CH (70%), other (30%) |
LUCIA | SOLEIL | France | 0.8–8 | µXRF, µXANES | 2 × 3 | Vacuum | Life sciences, materials sciences, CH |
Nanoscopium | SOLEIL | France | 5–20 | µXRF, µXANES | 0.03–1 | Air | Life sciences, materials sciences, environmental science, geobiology, CH |
Psiche | SOLEIL | France | 15–100 | µCT | 1 × 1 * | Air | Geosciences, physics, chemistry, biology. CH |
ID21 | ESRF | France | 2–11 | µXRF, µXANES, µXRD | 0.03 × 0.07 | Vacuum | Life sciences, materials sciences, CH |
ID16B | ESRF | France | 6–65 | µXRF, µXANES, µXRD | 0.05 × 0.05 | Air | Life sciences, materials sciences, CH |
ID22 | ESRF | France | 6–80 | XRD, µXRD | 50 × 50–2000 × 1000 | Air | Chemistry, physics, engineering, CH |
ID13 | ESRF | France | 7–30 | µXRF, µXRD, SAXS | 0.1 × 0.1–20 × 20 | Air | Materials sciences, physics, engineering, CH |
TwinMic | Elettra | Italy | 0.2–2.2 | µXRF, µXANES, STXM | circular, diameter from 0.1 to 2.5 | Vacuum | Life sciences, materials sciences, CH |
X-ray Fluorescence | Elettra | Italy | 2–15 | µXRF, µXANES, | 100–200 | Vacuum | Life sciences, materials sciences, CH |
MCX | Elettra | Italy | 6–20 | µXRD | 300–2000 | Air | Life sciences, materials sciences, CH |
Esca Microscopy | Elettra | Italy | 90–1200 | SPEM, XPS | 0.1–0.2 | Vacuum | Life sciences, materials sciences, CH |
XAFS | Elettra | Italy | 2.4–25 | XAS, XANES | 2000 | Air | Life sciences, materials sciences, CH |
SYRMEP | Elettra | Italy | 9–40 | µCT | 0.9 * | Air | Life sciences, materials sciences, CH |
I08 | Diamond | UK | 0.2–4.2 | µXRF, µXANES, STXM | circular, diameter from 0.1 to 2 | Vacuum, cryostat | Life sciences, materials sciences, CH |
I13 | Diamond | UK | 8–30 | µCT | 0.05 | Air | Life sciences, materials sciences, CH |
I14 | Diamond | UK | 5–23 | XRF, XRD, XANES mapping, ptychography | 0.05 | Air | Life sciences, materials sciences, CH |
I18 | Diamond | UK | 2–20.7 | XAS-CT, XRD-CT, XAS/XRF, XRD/XRF | 2 × 2 | Air or helium enclosure, He/N2 cryostat, sample heating | Life sciences, materials sciences, CH |
B18 | Diamond | UK | 2–35 | XAS/XRD, XAS/DRIFTSXAS/Raman, XAS/UV-Vis | 200 × 250 | Air | Life sciences, materials sciences, CH |
NanoMAX | MAXIV | Sweden | 6–28 | µXRF, µXANES, ptychography | 0.05 to 0.2 | Air | Life sciences, materials sciences, CH |
SoftiMAX | MAXIV | Sweden | 0.275–2.5 | µXRF, µXANES, STXM | 0.01 to 0.1 | Vacuum | Life sciences, materials sciences, CH |
P06 | DESY | Germany | 8–30 | nanoXRF, XAS, XRD, ptychography | 0.05–0.1 | Air | Life sciences, materials sciences, CH |
P05 | DESY | Germany | 5–50 | µCT | ≤0.1 * | Air | Life sciences, materials sciences, CH |
Sample ID | Mineralogical Phases (in Order of Relative Abundance) |
---|---|
L1c | Quartz, anorthite (Na-bearing, disordered), melilite, Mn-Fe spinel (jacobsite; [MnFe]2O4)), clay minerals (illite, ?). |
L9 | Quartz, anorthite (Na-bearing), hematite, Mn-Fe spinel (jacobsite; [MnFe]2O4), bixbyite (Mn2O3). |
Pal1 | Quartz, Mn-Fe spinel (jacobsite; [MnFe]2O4). |
Pal3 | Mn-Fe spinel (jacobsite; [MnFe]2O4)), quartz. |
Pal13 | Quartz, calcite, Fe-Mn spinel (jacobsite; [MnFe]2O4), gehlenite. |
Sample ID | Mineralogical Phases (in Order of Relative Abundance) |
---|---|
L14 | Quartz, gypsum, illite, hematite, pyrolusite. |
L16 | Albite (Ca-bearing), quartz, gehlenite, Fe-Mn spinel. |
Pal12 | Calcite, Fe-Mn spinel, melilite. |
Pal15 | Hematite, MnOx (pyrolusite, MnO2, ?). |
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Share and Cite
Gianoncelli, A.; Schöder, S.; Plaisier, J.R.; Fugazzotto, M.; Barone, G.; Russo, A.; Mazzoleni, P.; Raneri, S. X-ray Synchrotron Radiation to Look at Pigments in Antiquities: Overview and Examples. Heritage 2024, 7, 2118-2137. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7040100
Gianoncelli A, Schöder S, Plaisier JR, Fugazzotto M, Barone G, Russo A, Mazzoleni P, Raneri S. X-ray Synchrotron Radiation to Look at Pigments in Antiquities: Overview and Examples. Heritage. 2024; 7(4):2118-2137. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7040100
Chicago/Turabian StyleGianoncelli, Alessandra, Sebastian Schöder, Jasper R. Plaisier, Maura Fugazzotto, Germana Barone, Alfonsina Russo, Paolo Mazzoleni, and Simona Raneri. 2024. "X-ray Synchrotron Radiation to Look at Pigments in Antiquities: Overview and Examples" Heritage 7, no. 4: 2118-2137. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7040100