Cultural Routes as Cultural Tourism Products for Heritage Conservation and Regional Development: A Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Definition of Cultural Routes
1.2. Cultural Tourism and Heritage Sites
1.3. Cultural Routes as Cultural Tourism Products
2. Methodology
2.1. Selection of Studies to Be Included
2.2. Analysis and Classification of Cultural Route Cases
2.3. Summarizing and Evaluation of Tools for Cultural Tourism
3. Distribution and Classification of Cultural Route Products
3.1. Case Distribution
3.2. Case Classification
4. Planning Patterns for Route Tourism
4.1. Point-Based Pattern
4.2. Linear-Based Pattern
4.3. Area-Based Pattern
5. Tools of Cultural Tourism for Regional Conservation and Development
5.1. The Summary of Tools
5.2. The Evaluation of Tools
5.2.1. Establishing Route Committees or Associations
5.2.2. Integral Tourism Management and Route Planning
5.2.3. Constructing Infrastructure Facilities along the Routes
5.2.4. Community Participation
5.2.5. Establishing an Official Digital Platform
5.2.6. Holding Cultural Events
5.2.7. Commercialization
5.2.8. Offering Itinerary Planning and Travel Programs
6. Discussion
6.1. How Cultural Routes, as Cultural Tourism Products, Can Contribute to Heritage Conservation and Regional Development
6.2. How to Promote the Planning and Management of Cultural Routes
- (1)
- To establish a comprehensive planning and management framework. This should include detailed planning from the regional to the local level, ensuring that the needs and expectations of all relevant stakeholders are taken into account.
- (2)
- To implement performance assessment tools to integrate goals related to specific interests of heritage conservation, local aesthetics, recreational activities, and various stakeholders. Such tools should enable effective assessment at different stages of tourism development to help balance the preservation and use of cultural heritage while avoiding the secularization of the symbolic meaning of cultural routes.
- (3)
- To select the appropriate planning pattern. Depending on the specific content and function of the cultural route, point-, linear-, or area-based planning patterns can be selected. These patterns should be flexibly adapted to the characteristics of cultural routes and the needs of tourists.
- (4)
- To establish route committees or associations for daily management and strategy development. They can be responsible for building the necessary transport and arts infrastructure, organizing regular cultural events, or creating and updating tourist information platforms.
- (5)
- To encourage communities along the route to be involved in tourism development and route planning from the ground up. This strategy not only helps to enhance the sense of participation and belonging of community members but also promotes the conservation and rational use of cultural heritage.
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
No. | Name | Country | Types | Planning Patterns | Tools | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Via Regia | France, Germany, Poland, Ukraine, Belarus | Trade, migration, or transportation routes | Point-based planning | Official digital platform | [2,53,77] |
Constructing infrastructure facilities along the routes | ||||||
Establishing route committees or associations | ||||||
2 | Rideau Canal | Canada | Heritage canal or valley | Area-based planning | Integral tourism management and route planning | [39,75] |
Community participation | ||||||
Establishing route committees or associations | ||||||
Holding cultural events | ||||||
Offering itinerary planning and travel programs | ||||||
3 | The Danube region | Germany, Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova, Serbia, Croatia | Heritage canal or valley | Area-based planning | Community participation | [37,47,78,79] |
Constructing infrastructure facilities along the routes | ||||||
Integral tourism management and route planning | ||||||
Establishing route committees or associations | ||||||
4 | The Way of St. James (the Camino de Santiago) | Spain, France, Portugal | Pilgrimage route | Linear-based planning | Commercialization | [38,51,53,66,80,81,82] |
Offering itinerary planning and travel programs | ||||||
Holding cultural events | ||||||
Community participation | ||||||
Constructing infrastructure facilities along the routes | ||||||
Official digital platform | ||||||
Integral tourism management and route planning | ||||||
Establishing route committees or associations | ||||||
5 | Via Francigena | England, France, Switzerland, Italy | Pilgrimage route | Linear-based planning | Integral tourism management and route planning | [31,45,55,56,83,84] |
Establishing route committees or associations | ||||||
Official digital platform | ||||||
Offering itinerary planning and travel programs | ||||||
Community participation | ||||||
Commercialization | ||||||
Holding cultural events | ||||||
Constructing infrastructure facilities along the routes | ||||||
6 | The Phoenician Way | Albania, Belgium, Croatia, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Lebanon, Malta, Spain, Tunisia, Slovenia, Ukraine | Trade, migration, or transportation routes | Point-based planning | Establishing route committees or associations | [3,85,86,87] |
Community participation | ||||||
Holding cultural events | ||||||
7 | The Qhapaq Ñan | Peru, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador | Trade, migration, or transportation routes | Point-based planning | Establishing route committees or associations | [48,49,73,88] |
Community participation | ||||||
Commercialization | ||||||
8 | Saint Martin of Tours Route | Austria, Belgium, Croatia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Slovak, Slovenia, Poland | Pilgrimage route | Point-based planning | Establishing route committees or associations | [46] |
Official digital platform | ||||||
Community participation | ||||||
Holding cultural events | ||||||
Integral tourism management and route planning | ||||||
Commercialization | ||||||
9 | Iron Curtain Trail | Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Lithuania, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Turkey | Historical borders | Linear-based planning | Official digital platform | [59] |
Constructing infrastructure facilities along the routes | ||||||
Establishing route committees or associations | ||||||
Integral tourism management and route planning | ||||||
10 | Via Romea Germanica | Germany, Italy, Austria | Pilgrimage route | Linear-based planning | Official digital platform | [59] |
Integral tourism management and route planning | ||||||
Holding cultural events | ||||||
Establishing route committees or associations | ||||||
Constructing infrastructure facilities along the routes | ||||||
11 | Ibar Valley | Serbia | Heritage canal or valley | Area-based planning | Holding cultural events | [61] |
Integral tourism management and route planning | ||||||
Establishing route committees or associations | ||||||
12 | The Path of Peace | Italy | Military route | Linear-based planning | Integral tourism management and route planning | [62] |
Offering itinerary planning and travel programs | ||||||
Constructing infrastructure facilities along the routes | ||||||
Establishing route committees or associations | ||||||
Commercialization | ||||||
13 | Great Ocean Road | Australia | Military route | Linear-based planning | Constructing infrastructure facilities along the routes | [57] |
Integral tourism management and route planning | ||||||
Establishing route committees or associations | ||||||
14 | Batik Cultural Route | Indonesia | Trade, migration, or transportation routes | Point-based planning | Official digital platform | [68] |
Establishing route committees or associations | ||||||
15 | St. Paul Trail | Turkey | Pilgrimage route | Linear-based planning | Official digital platform | [89] |
Integral tourism management and route planning | ||||||
Establishing route committees or associations | ||||||
16 | The Lycian Way | Turkey | Trade, migration, or transportation routes | Linear-based planning | Integral tourism management and route planning | [89] |
Establishing route committees or associations | ||||||
17 | Tamsui–Kavalan trails | China (Taiwan) | Trade, migration, or transportation routes | Linear-based planning | Integral tourism management and route planning | [50] |
Establishing route committees or associations | ||||||
Community participation | ||||||
Holding cultural events | ||||||
18 | The Phrygian Way | Turkey | Trade, migration, or transportation routes | Linear-based planning | Integral tourism management and route planning | [74] |
Establishing route committees or associations | ||||||
Commercialization | ||||||
19 | The Kumano Kodo Route | Japan | Pilgrimage route | Linear-based planning | Integral tourism management and route planning | [23] |
Establishing route committees or associations | ||||||
Community participation | ||||||
Holding cultural events | ||||||
20 | Oscypek Trail | Poland | Trade, migration, or transportation routes | Area-based planning | Integral tourism management and route planning | [40] |
Establishing route committees or associations | ||||||
21 | Roman Emperors and Danube Wine Route | Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Montenegro, north Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia | Trade, migration, or transportation routes | Point-based planning | Integral tourism management and route planning | [44,72] |
Official digital platform | ||||||
Commercialization | ||||||
Establishing route committees or associations | ||||||
22 | The Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty | China | Historical borders | Linear-based planning | Integral tourism management and route planning | [54,90] |
Establishing route committees or associations | ||||||
23 | The Illinois and Michigan Canal | USA | Heritage canal or valley | Area-based planning | Integral tourism management and route planning | [41,76] |
Establishing route committees or associations | ||||||
Community participation | ||||||
Constructing infrastructure facilities along the routes | ||||||
Offering itinerary planning and travel programs | ||||||
24 | The Grand Canal | China | Heritage canal or valley | Area-based planning | Integral tourism management and route planning | [52,58,91] |
Establishing route committees or associations | ||||||
25 | Meiguan Historical Trail | China | Trade, migration, or transportation routes | Area-based planning | Integral tourism management and route planning | [92] |
Establishing route committees or associations | ||||||
26 | Cane River | USA | Heritage canal or valley | Area-based planning | Community participation | [35,36] |
Establishing route committees or associations | ||||||
Integral tourism management and route planning | ||||||
27 | Blackstone River Valley | USA | Heritage canal or valley | Area-based planning | Integral tourism management and route planning | [35,36] |
Establishing route committees or associations | ||||||
28 | Delaware and Lehigh National Heritage Corridor | USA | Heritage canal or valley | Area-based development | Integral tourism management and route planning | [35,36] |
Establishing route committees or associations | ||||||
29 | The Piast Trail | Poland | Trade, migration, or transportation routes | Area-based planning | Establishing route committees or associations | [42] |
Integral tourism management and route planning | ||||||
30 | The Underground Military Galleries of the Petrovaradin Fortress | Serbia | Military route | Area-based planning | Integral tourism management and route planning | [43] |
Construction of infrastructure facilities along the routes | ||||||
Establishing route committees or associations | ||||||
31 | The Silk Road | Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Korea, Egypt, Georgia, Greece, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Republic of Korea, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan | Trade, migration, or transportation routes | Point-based planning | Establishing route committees or associations | [25,26,27] |
Official digital platform | ||||||
32 | Erie Canal | USA | Heritage canal or valley | Area-based planning | Constructing infrastructure facilities along the routes | [64,93] |
Establishing route committees or associations | ||||||
Integral tourism management and route planning | ||||||
Official digital platform | ||||||
33 | Chishui River | China | Trade, migration, or transportation routes | Point-based planning | Constructing infrastructure facilities along the routes | [60] |
34 | Canal du Midi | France | Heritage canal or valley | Area-based planning | Constructing infrastructure facilities along the routes | [53,94] |
Official digital platform | ||||||
Establishing route committees or associations | ||||||
Integral tourism management and route planning | ||||||
35 | Cyprus Government Railways | Cyprus | Railway heritage | Point-based planning | Constructing infrastructure facilities along the routes | [65] |
36 | Puffing Billy | Austria | Railway heritage | Linear-based planning | Integral tourism management and route planning | [63] |
Establishing route committees or associations | ||||||
Constructing infrastructure facilities along the routes | ||||||
Community participation | ||||||
Holding cultural events | ||||||
Offering itinerary planning and travel programs | ||||||
37 | Kuranda Train | Austria | Railway heritage | Linear-based planning | Integral tourism management and route planning | [63] |
Community participation | ||||||
Official digital platform | ||||||
Offering itinerary planning and travel programs | ||||||
38 | Route 66 | USA | Highway heritage | Linear-based planning | Integral tourism management and route planning | [95] |
Establishing route committees or associations |
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Keywords | Definitions |
---|---|
Cultural route | Cultural routes display route systems of cultural assets and historical sites created by cultural exchange and dialogue. These routes can integrate spiritual, economic, environmental, and cultural values into tourism systems [17]. |
Heritage corridor | Cultural corridors are networks of cultural creativity and economic exchange based on a wide range of stakeholders. They form historical axes of ancient cultural and economic ties [6]. |
Route heritage | A heritage route is composed of tangible elements of which the cultural significance comes from exchanges and a multi-dimensional dialogue across countries or regions and that illustrate the interaction of movement along the route in space and time [18]. |
Keywords | Definitions |
---|---|
Origin | A geographically defined pathway of human movement that might have been created as a planned project or taken advantage (fully or partially) of pre-existing roads and evolved over a long period to fulfill a collective purpose [4]. |
Context | Within a given cultural region or extended across different geographical areas that share a process of reciprocal influences in the formation or evolution of cultural values [5]. |
Fundamental features | Long-lasting history with continuity in space and time, multi-dimensional function, wholeness, crossing and connecting borders, reflecting cross-fertilization of cultures (include a dynamic factor), associational value [3,5,19]. |
Content | The communication routes itself, tangible heritage assets and intangible heritage elements [5]. |
The Conservation Principle of Cultural Routes | Description | References | |
---|---|---|---|
Authenticity | Historical and cultural characteristics | Authenticity should be evident in the natural and cultural context to prove its historic functionality. | [5] |
Heritage discovery and restoration | Authenticity should be reflected in every part of the route and evident by the tangible and intangible heritage. | ||
Integrity | Historical and cultural background | To ensure that the significance of the cultural and historical processes of routes can be fully demonstrated. | [5] |
Route structure | Evidence of the historic relationships and dynamic functions essential to the distinctive character of the cultural route, whether its physical fabric and/or its significant features are in good condition, and whether the impact of deterioration processes is controlled. | ||
Sustainability | Environmental protection | To protect the environment and natural landscape around the routes. | [2] |
Activation and utilization | To promote local community well-being and economic development. | [2,20] | |
Education and promotion | To improve the visibility of the routes and people’s awareness of heritage conservation. | [21] |
Categories | Description | Subcategories | References |
---|---|---|---|
A | Routes used for specific events in a period of history | Pilgrimage route | [18] |
Military route | |||
B | Routes defined with the use of heritage or landscape | Heritage canal or valley | [22] |
Historical border | |||
Railway heritage | |||
Highway heritage | |||
C | Important routes in ancient times because of the need for transportation and trade | Trade, migration, or transportation routes | [5,22] |
Tools of Cultural Tourism | Authenticity | Integrity | Sustainability | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Historical and Cultural Characteristics | Heritage Discovery and Restoration | Historical and Cultural Background | Route Structure | Environmental Protection | Activation and Utilization | Education and Promotion | |
Establishing route committees or associations | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | √ |
Integral tourism management and route planning | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | / |
Constructing infrastructure facilities along the routes | √ | √ | √ | √ | / | √ | / |
Community participation | √ | / | / | / | √ | √ | √ |
Establishing an official digital platform | √ | / | √ | / | √ | / | √ |
Holding cultural events | √ | / | √ | / | × | - | √ |
Commercialization | × | - | / | / | × | √ | / |
Offering itinerary planning and travel programs | √ | / | √ | / | / | / | √ |
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Lin, X.; Shen, Z.; Teng, X.; Mao, Q. Cultural Routes as Cultural Tourism Products for Heritage Conservation and Regional Development: A Systematic Review. Heritage 2024, 7, 2399-2425. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7050114
Lin X, Shen Z, Teng X, Mao Q. Cultural Routes as Cultural Tourism Products for Heritage Conservation and Regional Development: A Systematic Review. Heritage. 2024; 7(5):2399-2425. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7050114
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Xinyue, Zhenjiang Shen, Xiao Teng, and Qizhi Mao. 2024. "Cultural Routes as Cultural Tourism Products for Heritage Conservation and Regional Development: A Systematic Review" Heritage 7, no. 5: 2399-2425. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7050114